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Viral Enteritis of Rabbits

Zeinab M. S. Amin Girh¹, Nagwa S. Rabie¹, Mona S. Zaki² and Olfat M. Fawzi³

¹Department of Poultry Diseases, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

²Hydrobiology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza Egypt

³Biochemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza Egypt

drmonazaki@yahoo.com

Abstract: The three most important viruses of rabbits include: Myxoma virus (MV), the poxvirus that causes Myxomatosis, the calici virus (genus Lagovirus) of Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease (RHDV), and Lapine Rotavirus (LRV), which is an enteric agent. In particular, MV and RHDV can cause severe losses and a huge economic impact due to high level of morbidity and mortality, and their occurrence in most countries is followed by the application of strict measures of health policy. The impact of LRV is lower but indeed it should be considered an important aetiological agent of the so-called “enteritis complex”. These viral infections can be efficiently controlled and limited by a correct management plan through the use of hygienic measures of direct prophylaxis together with the application of specific vaccination programs. There are other viral agents in rabbits, but both their occurrence and their pathological value are negligible. Most of them have been detected in rabbits with enteritis, i.e. parvovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus, calicivirus (genus Vesuvius), enterovirus-like, reovirus, and are generally not considered as primary agents of disease. Herpesvirus and coronavirus (the agent of pleural effusion disease) cancause a systemic disease but they have been very rarely reported.

[Zeinab M. S. Amin Girh, Nagwa S. Rabie, Mona S. Zaki and Olfat M. Fawzi. Viral Enteritis of Rabbits. World Rural Observ 2019;11(3):1-7]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 1. doi:10.7537/marswro110319.01.

Keywords: Viral; Enteritis; Rabbit; Myxoma virus (MV)

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A New Answer to A Big Why: New Idea about the Main Reason of Unknown Cause for Changes in Human Body and Human Life

Najmeh Sobhani Nezhad

B.Sc. in Accounting, Shiraz, Fars Province, Iran

najmeh.sobhaninezhad@gmail.com

Abstract: This paper prepares a new idea about the main reason of unknown cause for changes in human body and human life. Human beings experience physical and mental diseases and disorders, emotional turmoil, financial losses, events that leads to deaths and also unexpected changes in event. The main reason of these changes is inconsistent waves. There are tens of types of inconsistent waves that human beings absorb these waves form different ways. To neutralize the inconsistent waves, we need to create more positive energy than negative energy of inconsistent waves or we have to turn inconsistent waves into another form. To neutralize the inconsistent waves about different people, an experiment has been conducted by breaking the egg. The result of the destruction of inconsistent waves is safer and healthier life.

[Sobhani Nezhad N. A New Answer to A Big Why: New Idea about the Main Reason of Unknown Cause for Changes in Human Body and Human Life. World Rural Observ 2019;11(3):8-10]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 2. doi:10.7537/marswro110319.02.

Keywords: Inconsistent waves, Breaking the egg, Human body, Human life

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An Appraisal of the Role of Community Development Committees (CDCs) in Rural Communities

Sokeipirim Godstime Douglas¹ and Sampson Thompson Ekpo²

¹Department of Urban and Regional Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic, Rumuola, P.M.B. 5936, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

²Centre for Children with Development and Communication Disorders. University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

Tel: +2347034543973; soso.phpoly@gmail.com

Abstract: Rural development is a process whereby people who reside and work outside the urban areas are made to function without lowering their honour or quality of living. Activities and persons who are to make this possible must be seen to be determined, transparent and knowledgeable. Community Development Committees (CDCs) should be prepared in all ramifications to bring about rural development. There are functions lined out for them which many CDCs seem not to know or have abandoned. The chiefs should help their communities to make peace. Members of CDCs should have the interest of their community at heart as it is seen to be happening at Abonnerna. This paper critically examined the role of CDCs and also observed works they do. It is important that accountability should be taken seriously by the members; while proper monitoring and funding by the Local Government Areas.

[Douglas, S. G. and Ekpo, S. T. An Appraisal of the Role of Community Development Committees (CDCs) in Rural Communities. World Rural Observ 2019;11(3):11-14]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 3. doi:10.7537/marswro110319.03.

Keywords: Rural development, urban areas, Community Development Committees, Abonnerna

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Impact of Urban Renewal Projects on the Socio-Economic Groups in Port Harcourt

Iyowuna F. Tubobereni¹ and Opiriba K. Ikiriko²

^{1 & 2}Department of Urban and Regional Planning, School of Environmental Science, Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic, Rumuola, P.M.B. 5936, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

iyofeshu@yahoo.com; opiribai@yahoo.com

Abstract: The study reviewed urban renewal exercises embarked upon by the Rivers State Government from 1988 to 2019 in some parts of Port Harcourt metropolis, namely, Marine Base, Ndoki Water Front; Aggrey Road-end, and Rainbow Town, to ascertain the impact of the renewal schemes on the different socio- economic groups in the city. Primary and secondary sources of data, as well as participant observation techniques were utilized to obtain the data for the study. Our findings revealed that urban renewal exercises have led to the dislocation of social interactions; displacement of original residents, as a large majority of these residents are unable to meet the required initial deposit for occupation since there are no mortgage facilities even when allocation is made to them. A fall-out of the renewal schemes result in the creation of incidental spaces abutting the developments and are taken over by some of the displaced people leading to the situation that called for the renewal. However, in one of the renewal schemes (Rainbow Town), initial occupants are totally displaced due to the types and cost of the housing developments which are of the high socio-economic category. Displaced residents end-up establishing and proliferating further slums and squatter areas. We recommend that government should embark on integrated rural development planning to stem the incidence of rural-urban migration. Second and third-order cities should be created along the lines of rural raw materials. Resettlement of displaced residents should be the primary consideration before any demolition exercise is carried out.

[Tubobereni, I. F. and Ikiriko, O. K. Impact of Urban Renewal Projects on the Socio-Economic Groups in Port Harcourt. World Rural Observ 2019;11(3):15-24]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 4. doi:10.7537/marswro110319.04.

Keywords: Urban Renewal; Slums; Waterfront Settlements; Housing

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Pavement Management System in Urban Roadways using Geographic Information System (GIS): A Case Study of Sari city in Mazandaran Province

Nima Shabannezhad¹ (Corresponding author), Amir Masoud Shemirani Motlagh², Arman Roshan³

^1. M.S Transportation Planning, Tehran South university, Tehran, Iran

^2. B.S. Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University of Gorgan, Golestan Province, Iran

^3. BSc in Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University of Sanandaj, Technological Institute, Iran

nima.shabannezhad@gmail.com

Abstract: Pavement Management System (PMS) is a set of tools that can help decision-makers to find cost effective strategies for providing, evaluating and maintaining pavement in a serviceable condition. The pavement condition index (PCI) is a simple and economical method to monitor the condition of roads’ surface. Road maintenance and pavement rehabilitation are pretty costly, so the considered budget should be used wisely; otherwise it would be uneconomical. Thus, in order to have an acceptable situation in managing the foundation, management support system is needed. Nowadays, there are various systems to approach this goal. This paper denotes using Geographic Information System (GIS) in pavement management system (PMS) to reduce heavy upkeep costs and charges assigned to users considering the vast of roadways network. GIS has provided an appropriate platform to all indexes intercommunicated with PMS. As a result, a strong tool derives from PMS/GIS to improve all PMS aspects. Hence, creating and initiating of a road management system plus using capabilities of GIS in it, will highly reduce the costs of repairs and optimize the maintenance schedule. In this research, in addition to review the main concepts of PMS, some GIS capabilities has been introduced and their usage in PMS will be presented. At the end, by doing fieldwork on main streets, some failures in asphalt surface was distinguished and began creating a database which could help us monitor the urban roadways pavement condition.

[Shabannezhad N, Shemirani Motlagh AM, Roshan R. Pavement Management System in Urban Roadways using Geographic Information System (GIS): A case study of Sari city in Mazandaran Province. World Rural Observ 2019;11(3):25-32]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 5. doi:10.7537/marswro110319.05.

Keywords: Pavement, Maintenance, Roadway, Repair, Failure

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Phone Usage Patterns and Bacterial Contamination of Mobile Phones of Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko Students

Adejoro, Damola Olabanji; Ayodele, Oluwafunto Comfort; Oke, Adejoke Mary; and Arogundade, Adedotun Adedayo

Department of Microbiology, Adekunle Ajasin University, PMB 001, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria.

Corresponding author: Email: damola.adejoro@aaua.edu.ng

Abstract: Mobile phones have become a crucial gadget used by students for communication, research, and entertainment. Studies have indicated the colonization of phones and their potentials to spread diseases. This study evaluated the bacterial contamination on mobile phones of students attending Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko and assessed the phone usage patterns of the students. A total of 120 mobile phones of students from various faculties in the University were randomly selected. A sterile swab stick was used to collect samples from each mobile phone and then taken to the laboratory for microbiological analysis. A questionnaire was administered to each participant who consented to have their phone sampled. Bacterial growth was observed in 50 out of 120 phones sampled. Twenty-three isolates were obtained from the samples, and biochemical characterization showed the bacteria belonged to 13 genera, with Staphylococcus being the commonest. Evaluation of questionnaires showed a high rate of phone usage in toilets, with four out of five respondents reported using their phone in the toilet. The results of this study showed the phones contained potentially pathogenic bacteria and may serve as reservoirs for pathogens. Frequent cleaning and good personal hygiene are recommended for the reduction of bacterial load on these phones.

[Adejoro DO, Ayodele OC, Oke AM, Arogundade AA. Phone Usage Patterns and Bacterial Contamination of Mobile Phones of Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko Students. World Rural Observ 2019;11(3):33-39]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 6. doi:10.7537/marswro110319.06.

Keywords: smartphone, fomites, pathogens, Staphylococcus, communication, keyboard, students

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Pesticidal Indications Of Crude Aqueous Leaf Extracts Of Vernonia Amygdalina (Dell) On Tuber Rot Microbes

Ijato, J. Y

Department Of Plant Science, Faculty Of Science, Ekiti State   University, Ado-   Ekiti P.M.B 5363, Ekiti State, Nigeria

E-mail: considerureternity@gmail.com, GSM: 08067335124

Abstract: Biological control approach of phyto-diseases on the field and in store (postharvest) is gaining attention as a practice in plant disease management system due to the negative resultant effects of synthetic chemicals application on the ecosystem as they accentuate in the plant tissue, thereby eliciting mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic effects on man and animal. The aqueous leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina was screened using poisoned medium technique for its fungitoxic effects on four isolated fungal rot microbes of yam tubers viz: B. theobromae, A. niger, A. glaucus and A. flavus. All the concentrations of both cold and hot extracts remarkably inhibited the mycelia extension of the rot pathogens. Forty grams in 100ml of hot water inhibited B. theobromae and A. flavus by 99.05% and 98.05% respectively. Also, as low as 10 and 20g in 100ml of cold water inhibited A. flavus to 95.82 %. In an era where consumers request chemical-free product and still want food devoid of corruptions as a result of microbial growth, toxins as well as other qualities-deteriorating factors, using aqueous leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina to checkmate yam rot as an alternative to petrochemical-based fungicide, becomes an appreciable alternative for food security.

[Ijato, J. Y. Pesticidal Indications Of Crude Aqueous Leaf Extracts Of Vernonia Amygdalina (Dell) On Tuber Rot Microbes. World Rural Observ 2019;11(3):40-43]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 7. doi:10.7537/marswro110319.07.

Key word: V. amygdalina, fungitoxic, crude aqueous leaves extract, yam tuber rot pathogens

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Antimycelial Properties Of Ethanol Leaf Extracts Of Chromolaena Odorata On Yam Tuber Soft Rot Fungi

Ijato, J.Y

Department Of Plant Science, Faculty Of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti P.M.B 5363, Ekiti State, Nigeria

E-mail: considerureternity@gmail.com. GSM: 08067335124

Abstract: The menace of yam tuber rot calls for an alternative control approach such as using antimicrobial agents of plant origin. The ethanol extract of Chromolaena odorata was prepared by adding 10-50g of its powdered leaves into100ml of varied concentrations of ethanol 10, 30 and 50%, 1ml of the plant leaf extract was mixed with molten PDA into the Petri dish and allowed to solidify together. The isolates: Botryodiplodia theobromae, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus glaucus from rotten yam tubers were inoculated and incubated separately for 5 days. Mycelial inhibition was determined by measuring with metre rule along two perpendicular lines drawn at the base of the Petri dishes. The results showed that all the concentrations of the plant leaf extracts had remarkable reduction effects on radial growth of the isolates. This finding proved the efficacy of the plant leaf extracts for the control of post harvest rot of yam tuber.

[Ijato, J.Y. Antimycelial Properties Of Ethanol Leaf Extracts Of Chromolaena Odorata On Yam Tuber Soft Rot Fungi. World Rural Observ 2019;11(3):44-48]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 8. doi:10.7537/marswro110319.08.

Keywords: pathogenicity, antimycelial, tuber rot, plant leaf extract

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Influence of Water Quality on Zooplankton Community Structure of Etim Ekpo River, Akwa Ibom State, South-South, Nigeria

Jonah, U. E¹., George, U. U².

¹Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State.

²Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Mkpat Enin, Akwa Ibom State.

talk2georgeubong@gmail.com

Abstract: A stretch of Etim Ekpo River was studied in three stations from May, 2018 to February, 2019 to ascertain the level at which water quality influence zooplankton community structure. Samples were collected on monthly basis, between the hours of 8.00 am and 12.00 am each sampling day. Water samples were collected with sterile plastic bottles (1 litre), and it was carefully analyzed in the laboratory following standard laboratory analytical procedures. Water temperature, DO, pH, EC and TDS were determined in situ using Hanna Portable Meter (H19811-5 MODEL). Zooplankton samples were collected by filtering 100 litres of water samples through 50µm mesh size plankton nets. The mean range values of water temperature were 26.55-26.81 ⁰C, EC 43.14-57.42 µs/cm, pH 6.5-6.7, TDS 33.18-38.10 mg/L, DO 3.16-6.31mg/L, BOD 1.13-2.63mg/L, hardness 50.50-55.31 mg/L, phosphate 3.15-5.35 mg/L, and nitrate 3.35-6.86 mg/L. A total number of 11 species of zooplankton were identified, comprising of 835 individuals, belonging to 3 taxonomic groups. The species encountered were dominated by Cladocera (52.0%) and the lowest was Copepoda (19.6%). Station 2 recorded the highest number of zooplankton species (39.2%), followed by station 3 (33.3%), and station 1 had the least (27.5%) in terms of abundance. Higher zooplankton species were recorded during dry season over the wet season. There was a significant difference in physicochemical parameters obtained between dry and wet season (p<0.05). Low species of zooplankton recorded in station 1 and 3 when compared to station 2 indicate that water quality had an influenced on the zooplankton community structure of the study area.

[Jonah, UE, George, UU. Influence of Water Quality On Zooplankton Community Structure of Etim Ekpo River, Akwa Ibom State, South-South, Nigeria. World Rural Observ 2019;11(3):49-57]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 9. doi:10.7537/marswro110319.09.

Keywords: Influence; Water Quality; Zooplankton; Community; Structure

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Effect of sowing date, density and seed priming on silage yield dependents parameters of corn in summer delay cropping after rice harvesting in the north of Iran

Farshid Alipour Abokheily¹, Hamid Reza Mobasser¹, Salman Dastan², Abbas Ghanbari Malidarreh³

^1. Department of Agronomy, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran.

^2. Department of Agriculture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mazandaran, Iran.

^3. Department of Agronomy, Jouybar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jouybar, Iran.

sdastan@srbiau.ac.ir

Abstract: To evaluate the effectiveness of pretreatment of seed priming on the plant and determine the optimum planting date and plant density of silage corn cv. 704 in late summer after rice harvesting, an experiment design was carried out in randomized complete block design in split-split plot with four replications in the Agricultural Research Center of Gharakheil, Mazandaran, Iran in 2010 and 2011. Planting dates in two levels (July 28 and August 12) as main factors, two planting densities (7 and 9 plants per square meter) as sub plots and subplots - including four levels of seed priming (pure water, PEG (8000), KNO₃ and control) respectively. The results showed that the number of days to leave the coleoptiles in 1389 than in 1390 which led to the increase in hay yield and total dry weight ratio in 1389 was to the ear. Hay yield with delayed planting 7.31 percent decrease. Compared to the total dry ear and all morphological traits with delayed planting decreased. Days from planting to emergence of coleoptiles were less delay in planting. Hay yield increased with density 4.21 percent increase was less but the number of days from planting to emergence of coleoptiles. Ear length and ear height from ground level, with increasing density decreased and increased respectively. Before seed priming with water and PEG (8000), respectively, decreased the number of days to different stages of plant growth by increasing the ratio to the total dry weight per ear was forage.

[Alipour Abokheily F, Mobasser H. R, Dastan S, Ghanbari Malidarreh A. Effect of sowing date, density and seed priming on silage yield dependents parameters of corn in summer delay cropping after rice harvesting in the north of Iran. World Rural Observ 2019;11(3):58-65]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 10. doi:10.7537/marswro110319.10.

Keywords: Corn; density; priming; sowing date; year

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Ecotourism Importance of Sumela Monastery in Trabzon, Turkey

Bahriye Gülgün¹, Ayşegül Dikmen¹, Kübra Karaman Yazici², Sukru Dursun³

¹Ege University, Agriculture Faculty, Landscape Architecture Department, Bornova, İzmir, bahriye.gulgun@hotmail.com, ayseguldikments@hotmail.com

²Gazıosmanpasa Un., Agriculture Faculty, Horticulture Department, Taşlıçiftlik, Tokat, k-yazici-karaman@hotmail.com;

³Department of Industrial Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, sdursun1@hotmail.com;

Tel: + 966 533 107628; Fax: +966 2 2486695

Abstract: With the developing of the ecotourism concept worldwide, local and foreign tourists, individually and in small groups, wish to be away from the sea-sand-sun trio, in touch with nature and see natural and cultural assets in situ. Ecotourism, which is not limited to a certain season, includes rural and cultural tourism elements and is seen as the most appropriate tourism type that can be developed in natural and cultural areas. Sumela Monastery, also known as the Virgin Mary Monastery, has an important position in our country with its natural and cultural assets. The monastery is within the boundaries of Trabzon province, Maçka district. The site, which is approximately 300 meters above the valley, continues the tradition of building monasteries out of the city, in the forest, near caves and by the banks of waters. In this study, Sumela Monastery is assessed in terms of ecotourism, taking into account the contribution made to the country and consequently to the region in terms of economic input.

[Gülgün B, Dikmen A, Yazici KK, Dursun S. Ecotourism Importance of Sumela Monastery in Trabzon, Turkey. World Rural Observ 2019;11(3):66-73]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 11. doi:10.7537/marswro110319.11.

Keywords: Faith tourism, Sumela, Monastery, Cultural Site, Ecotourism, Trabzon, Turkey

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Problems in Access to Finance for Female Entrepreneurs: A case of Khushhali Bank ltd, Hyderabad, Pakistan

Paras S. Katper ^1, Sheeraz A. Katper ²

Institute of Science, Technology and development, Mehran University of Engineering and technology, Jamshoro 71000, Pakistan

Email: paras.sheeraz@gmail.com; +92-3332452799, +92-3343836003

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to analyze Pakistani microfinance institution namely Khushhali Bank ltd with it in terms of lending to female entrepreneurs in particular. The study was conducted to have an overview of the existing conditions, problems / barriers / hindrances in access of finance for female entrepreneurs based in Hyderabad. It was also conducted to come up with recommendations / suggestions to address existing problems to promote entrepreneurship in Hyderabad. The analysis was based on primary data collection through structured questionnaire. The total sample size was of (50) fifty female entrepreneurs of Hyderabad. The findings of the report based on in‐depth interviews with office and field staff of Khushhali bank, as well as survey from female entrepreneurs, both clients and non clients of Khushhali bank for these factors is taken in order to know which is the most influential factor amongst all hindering the access to finance for them. The results shows most of the female entrepreneurs that is 60% favor the individual lending programs and only 18% favor the group lending methodology. Things that matter in individual lending programs are the need of collateral, high interest rate and other tough requirements. These factors are analyzed through regression model to find out which are the most influential factors that hamper the female borrowings through micro financial institutions. The paper concludes the collateral to be the most influential factor followed by interest rates, literacy and loan processing timings which haunts the female entrepreneurs to access finance from a micro financial institution.

[Paras S. Katper, Sheeraz A. Katper. Problems in Access to Finance for Female Entrepreneurs: A case of Khushhali Bank ltd, Hyderabad, Pakistan. World Rural Observ 2019;11(3):74-79]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 12. doi:10.7537/marswro110319.12.

KeyWords: KBL = khushhali bank ltd, MFI= micro finance institutions

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A study of correlation between the board features and the information asymmetry in companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange

Hassan Balali Varnosfaderani ¹, Mojtaba Javidnia ²

^1. Master of Accounting, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

^2. Master of Industrial Management, young Researchers Club, semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, semnan, Iran

Abstract: This research is applied based on the objective, analytical-descriptive in terms of inference method and is a kind of post-event research based on the research proposal. This study investigates the correlation between the board features and the information asymmetry in companies listed on Tehran stock exchange. Evaluating the asymmetry has been done through the mean difference between the highest and lowest offered price per share during 12 months of a financial year and the board features such as the members' financial knowledge, number of meetings, and composition of executive and non-executive board members. First, the significant correlation of dependent and independent variables was studied through Pearson correlation coefficient test and then the reliability-determining tests such as Dickey-Fuller unit root test were used in order to determine the reliability or stability of variables applied in different forms. Investigating the stability (statics or reliability) of variables was done by the software E Views and the statistics R², Statistics F and Durbin-Watson Statistics were used in the analysis as the software outputs. It is concluded in this study that the independent variables of research (board financial knowledge, number of board meetings, board composition or the number of executive and non-executive board members) have a positive effect on the information symmetry and the significant correlation with the information symmetry. Therefore, non complying and considering the obtained correlation from the calculations of this study in the field of mentioned variables will lead to increased level of information asymmetry and the society (especially the main stakeholders) will loss financially due to this asymmetry.

[Hassan Balali Varnosfaderani, Mojtaba Javidnia. A study of correlation between the board features and the information asymmetry in companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange. World Rural Observ 2019;11(3):80-89]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 13. doi:10.7537/marswro110319.13.

Keywords: Information asymmetry, free cash flow, board structure

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