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Huntington Disease resolution using an effective RNA strand displacement technique

Dr. Russell Hanson PhD. 1, Jason Fuller 1, Andrew Cheng 1, Yoonsung Joshua Ryu 2, Si On Jessica Kim 3, Catherine Joh 3, Erin Cho 4, Sohee Lee 3, Jeong Woo Rachel Kwon 3, Minuk Kim 3, Timothy Kim19, Julia Lee 3, Abraham Lee 3, Wooyoung Justin Park 5, Erik Kim 6, Stacy Kim 7, Yunsu Eric Ha 8, Joo Hyung Daniel Lee 9, Christi Kim 10, Yeji Cho 11, Justin Lee 12, Jeehwan Kim 13, Esther Yu 14, Jun Kim 15, Sungbin Kim 16, Tabby Yoon 16, Si Yeon Sean Cho 17, Jamie Lee 18, Marianne Lee 3

1 Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital
2 Yongsan International School of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea
3 Stuyvesant High School, New York NY
4 Kent School, Kent CT
5 Avenues: The World School, New York NY
6 Port Richmond High School, Staten Island NY
7 Staten Island Technical High School, Staten Island NY
8 St. Francis Preparatory School, Fresh Meadows NY
9 Brooklyn Technical High School, Brooklyn NY
10 The Bronx High School of Science, Bronx NY
11 Hunter College Campus School, New York NY
12 Canterbury School, New Milford CT
13 Choate Rosemary Hall, Wallingford CT
14 Rye High School, Rye NY
15 New York University, New York NY
16 Columbia University, New York NY
17Avon Old Farms School, Avon CT
18 School of Visual Arts, New York NY
19 Greenwich High School, Greenwich CT
hdresolutionigem@gmail.com

Abstract: Huntington’s disease (HD) is a disorder that progresses with age and affects the motor, cognitive, and psychiatric abilities of an individual. It is primarily caused by the expansion of CAG trinucleotide in the first exon of the huntingtin (Htt) gene that results in abnormally long polyglutamine tract in the protein. Several pharmaceutical and genetic interventions have been developed, however so far there has been no success in curing the disease. In an attempt to understand the disease and find a cure for it, we are developing a strategy for treating the disease by the exchange of mutated RNA for normal RNA in the cell. This method would effectively remove mutated RNA from the cell and would be effective in reducing the copied number of mutated RNA. The strategy of RNA strand displacement in vitro would make use of a duplex of mutated strand and a guide RNA. The mutated strand in this duplex would be replaced by corrected strand via attachment to a toehold. Both the strands would be attached to different fluorophores such that when one strand is replaced by the other there will be a shift in the fluorescence intensity of the fluorescent proteins. This method is quite promising because it will target mutated RNA directly instead of DNA, which is a difficult task, and would prevent further production of mutant protein. However, the method needs further investigation both in vitro and in vivo before it can be used as a potential cure for Huntington’s disease.
[Russell Hanson, Jason Fuller, Andrew Cheng, Yoonsung Joshua Ryu, Si On Jessica Kim, Catherine Joh, Erin Cho Sohee Lee, Jeong Woo Rachel Kwon, Minuk Kim, Timothy Kim, Julia Lee, Abraham Lee, Wooyoung Justin Park, Erik Kim, Stacy Kim, Yunsu Eric Ha, Joo Hyung Daniel Lee, Christi Kim, Yeji Cho, Justin Lee, Jeehwan Kim, Esther Yu, Jun Kim, Sungbin Kim, Tabby Yoon, Si Yeon Sean Cho, Jamie Lee, Marianne Lee. Huntington Disease resolution using an effective RNA strand displacement technique. N Y Sci J 2018;11(3):1-8]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 1. doi:10.7537/marsnys110318.01.

Keywords: Huntingtin, Huntington’s disease, brain disease, genetic disorder

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Behaviour of Balady Mandarin Trees to Some Yeast, Amino Acid and Salicylic Acid Treatments

Faissal. F. Ahmed¹; Ahmed H. Abdel aal²; Ahmed A. E. Mohamed² and Mobarak A. Shoug²

¹Hort. Dept. Fac. of Agric. Minia Univ., Egypt.

²Hort. Dept. Fac. of Agric. El Azhar Univ. (Assiut branch). Egypt

Faissalfadel@yahoo.com

Abstract: During 2016 and 2017 seasons Balady mandarin trees grown under Minia region treated four times at growth start (1st week of March), just after fruit setting (mid of April) and at two months intervals with yeast via soil at 2.5 to 10 g/tree and via leaves at 0.25 to 1.0% and amino acids at 0.5% and/ or salicylic acid at 50 ppm as a trial for improving leaf area, tree nutritional status as well as productivity of the trees. Treating the trees with yeast via soil at 2.5 to 10.0 g/tree or via foliage at 0.25 to 1.0% and amino acids at 0.5% and/ or salicylic acid at 50 ppm significantly stimulate, leaf area, total chlorophylls, N, P, K (as %) and Zn (as ppm) in the leaves and promoted yield expressed in weight and improved fruit quality in terms of increasing fruit weight, T.S.S %, total sugars %, and decreasing total acidity % over the check treatment. Using yeast via soil materially favourable than using yeast via leaves in all parameters. Spraying amino acids was remarkably superior to using salicylic acid. Treating Balady mandarin trees grown under Minia region conditions four times with yeast via soil at 5.0 g/tree plus carrying out four sprays of amino acids at 0.5% and salicylic acid at 50 ppm gave the best results with regard to yield and fruit quality.

[Faissal. F. Ahmed; Ahmed H. Abdel aal; Ahmed A. E. Mohamed and Mobarak A. Shoug. Behaviour of Balady Mandarin Trees to Some Yeast, Amino Acid and Salicylic Acid Treatments. N Y Sci J 2018;11(3):9-19]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 2. doi:10.7537/marsnys110318.02.

Keywords: Balady mandarin, yeast, amino acids, salicylic acid, vegetative growth characteristics, tree nutritional status, yield.

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Assessment of Hand Grip Strength Using Modified Sphygmomanometer versus Dynamometer In Stroke Patients

Nawal Abd El-Raouf Abou-Shady¹, PhD, Tamer H. Emara², PhD, Ibrahim M. I. Hamoda³, PhD, Nada M. Waziry¹, B.SC

¹Department of Neuromuscular disorders and its surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Egypt.

²Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt.

³Department of Neuromuscular disorders and its surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Kafr Elsheikh University, Egypt.

Email: nadawaziry91@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Grip strength is an important indicator of an individual’s hand function and is tested in different hand and wrist disorders and even in other conditions that grossly affect the strength of the muscles. One of the pathologies that greatly affects grip strength is stroke. Stroke is a sudden loss of neurologic functions caused by an interruption of the blood flow to the brain. It is the leading cause of disability with residual neurologic deficits that persistently impair functions. Different tools in grip strength testing can be used such as hand dynamometers and alternatively, a modified sphygmomanometer. Objective This study was to compare the validity of modified sphygmomanometer with hand dynamometer in grip strength measurement among post- stroke patients. Methodology Thirty individuals with post- stroke in sub-acute phase of both genders, aged 45 to 60 were included in the study. Pearson correlation coefficient test was used to analyze the data. Results revealed that both hand-held dynamometer and modified sphygmomanometer have a positive moderate significant correlation between mean values of measuring hand grip strength of post- stroke (P=0.001). Conclusion Either of the two instruments can be used to assess the baseline and post-treatment measure for hand grip in post stroke. However, the results can be interpolated for The Modified Sphygmomanometer Test (MST) also provides objective and adequate measures at low-cost.

[Nawal Abd El-Raouf Abou-Shady, Tamer H. Emara, Ibrahim M. I. Hamoda, Nada M. Waziry. Assessment of Hand Grip Strength Using Modified Sphygmomanometer versus Dynamometer In Stroke Patients. N Y Sci J 2018;11(3):20-25]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 3. doi:10.7537/marsnys110318.03.

Keywords: assessment; physical therapy; stroke; muscle strength; hand grip strength; hand function

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Challenges of post-harvest losses among Tomato (Solanium lycopersium) farmers in Zing Local Government Area of Taraba State, Nigeria

Emodi, Angela Izukanne and Osilem, Message Chinweota

Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Port Harcourt 500262 Nigeria

emodizee@gmail.com

Abstract: One of the great challenges in tomato production is to improve yield stability through post-harvest losses in its production. This study investigated the challenges of post-harvest losses among tomato farmers in Zing Local Government Area of Taraba state, Nigeria. Simple random sampling technique was used in selecting 35 tomato farmers from 2 randomly selected communities who participated in the study. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and interview schedule. Descriptive statistics such as percentage and mean were used for analysis. The findings show that all the farmers were learned, 65.7% of them were married, 71.4% had farming experience of 10 years and below. The majority 80.0% of the farmers used sodium hydroxide to preserve tomato, while 74.3% of them stored their tomato in native woven basket. High cost of storage facilities ( QUOTE  =2.86); Poor packaging technology deepen the loss of farmers tomato at post-harvest ( QUOTE  = 2.83) and pests and disease infestation ( QUOTE  = 2.71), were the major constraints faced by farmers in tomato production. The average amount of tomato loss on the farm in monetary terms as a result of poor storage facilities was N30371.43k. Perceived strategies to enhance tomato preservation by farmers include: canning of tomato to extend shell-life ( QUOTE  = 2.80), farmers arranging with buyers to buy-off tomatoes on timely basis ( QUOTE  = 3.20). Based on the findings, the study recommended need for extension agents to teach farmers improved skills and knowledge required to overcome the challenges in tomato preservation, especially in pests management. The study further recommended the need for the government to make available refrigeration centers to farmers for quick tomato preservation.

[Emodi, Angela Izukanne and Osilem, Message Chinweota. Challenges of post-harvest losses among Tomato (Solanium lycopersium) farmers in Zing Local Government Area of Taraba State, Nigeria. N Y Sci J 2018;11(3):26-32]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 4. doi:10.7537/marsnys110318.04.

Keywords: Tomato production, post-harvest losses, challenges

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Response of Okra [Abelmoschus Esculentus (L) Moench] to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Crude Oil contaminated Soil

Aminanyanaba Onari Asimiea and Henry Ifeanyi Anozie

Department of Crop and Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

amina.asimiea@uniport.edu.ng

Abstract: Symbiotic organisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to play important roles in sustainable agroecosystems, improving plant performance under different environmental conditions. The influence of AMF (Gigaspora gigantea) on growth of Okra on crude oil contaminated soil was investigated in the Screen house of Department of Crop and Soil Science, University of Port Harcourt. The experiment was laid in a completely randomized designed (CRD) with 6 replicates. Gigaspora gigantea was used to inoculate 30 pots, containing 8 kg of sterilized soil contaminated with 500ml crude oil per pot at 1 weeks before planting (WAP) at the rate of 0g (Control), 10g, 12g, 14g and 16 g per pot. Results showed that AMF significantly improved the growth and nutrient uptake in inoculated pot over un-inoculated pots. Pots inoculated with AMF significantly (P<0.001) increased phosphorus, nitrogen and organic carbon in post-planting analysis when compared with soil before planting (BF). The value of Total hydrocarbon content (THC) before planting (1877 Cmol/kg) was reduced to 1688 Cmol/kg after AMF inoculation. The pH value of the soil was slightly acidic with range, 5.87 – 5.92. Available Phosphorus on the AMF inoculated pots was significantly higher than that of soil before planting and Control. Total number of leaves and plant height were also higher in AMF inoculated pots when compared with the control. Pots inoculated with 16g AMF showed the optimum growth performance. This study has shown that okra grown in crude oil contaminated soils when inoculated with Giagaspora gigantea can overcome physiological stress caused by the contamination. Therefore, it becomes pertinent that crude oil contaminated soils should be bio-stimulated with Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi by farmers in order to improve crop productivity.

[Aminanyanaba Onari Asimiea and Henry Ifeanyi Anozie. Response of Okra [Abelmoschus Esculentus (L) Moench] to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Crude Oil contaminated Soil. N Y Sci J 2018;11(3):33-38]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 5. doi:10.7537/marsnys110318.05.

Keywords: Crude oil, Mycorrhiza, Bioremediation, Total hydrocarbons

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Effect of Pre-Compression on Unbonded Fully and Partially Post-Tensioned Concrete Beams under Cyclic Loading.

A. El-Thakeb1, H. El-Esnawi2, A. Hafiz3, M. A. Asran 4

1Prof. Civil Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
2Ass. Prof. Civil Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
3Lecturer Civil Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
4 Lecturer Assistant, Civil Engineering Dept., Higher Technological Institute 10th of Ramadan City, Egypt
eng.m_asran@hotmail.com

Abstract: A total of four pre-stressed beams, three of them are partial pre-stressed concrete beams and one fully pre-stressed beam are tested under cyclic vertical displacement to investigate the dynamic behaviors of partial and fully pre-stressed concrete beams. In the design of pre-stressed concrete beams it is necessary to estimate their deflections under service loads in order to satisfy the requirements of serviceability limit state. The moment of inertia of cracked section as well as Branson’s effective moment of inertia can be easily determined. The computed deflections are compared with experimental results, including beams with variable PPR ratio to evaluate the accuracy of the equation for cracked moment of inertia, which was suggested precast/pre-stressed concrete institute (PCI) Design Handbook. [ 9] for pre-stressed concrete beams, is also evaluated in the study. The results of this study indicate that the PCI equation can give satisfactory results compared with experimental results.
[A. El-Thakeb, H. El-Esnawi, A. Hafiz, M. A. Asran. Effect of Pre-Compression on Unbonded Fully and Partially Post-Tensioned Concrete Beams under Cyclic Loading.. N Y Sci J 2018;11(3):39-45]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 6. doi:10.7537/marsnys110318.06.

Key words: pre-stressed beams, cyclic loading, Inertia, effective moment

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Shear Strength of Prestressed Concrete Deep Beams and Current Design Methods

A. Asran¹, H. El-Esnawi², A. Hafiz³, M.A. Eita⁴

¹Prof. Civil Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

²Ass. Prof. Civil Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

³Lecturer Civil Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

⁴Lecturer Assistant, Civil Engineering Dept., Higher Technological Institute 10^th of Ramadan City, Egypt

Mostafa_anter55@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this paper, fourteen un-bonded post-tensioned deep beams without web reinforcement were tested under monotonically increasing single load up to failure. The investigated parameters included; the clear span to height ratio (), the beam size h, the average pre-compression (), and the Concrete compressive strength . In addition, the validity of some models was examined against test results. The assessment those models indicated some models to be conservative while other models overestimated the shear capacity of the tested beams. The model developed by S. Teng et al. was found to be in a good agreement with test results.

[A. Asran, H. El-Esnawi, A. Hafiz, M.A. Eita. Shear Strength of Prestressed Concrete Deep Beams and Current Design Methods. N Y Sci J 2018;11(3):46-53]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 7. doi:10.7537/marsnys110318.07.

Keywords: deep beams; diagonal tension; prestressed concrete; shear strength; Post-tensioned.

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Parasitic Fauna of Landed Fishes from Qua Iboe River Estuary, South- South, Nigeria: It’s Application in Bio-monitoring Studies

^*1 George Ubong, ² Inyang-Etoh Aniema

¹Department of Zoology & Environmental Biology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria

²Faculty of Oceanography, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria

talk2georgeubong@gmail.com

Abstract: Studies on the parasitic fauna of landed fish from Qua Iboe River Estuary, South- South Nigeria was conducted for 5 months (May – September, 2016) with the aim of Understanding the current status of the Estuary using fish as bio-indicator organism and also provide a model which allows policy-makers and local actors to design programs and policies to improve the existing practices and mitigate future problems. Fish samples were collected monthly in three stations along the estuary and analyzed using standard procedures. Four hundred and forty two (442) fishes belonging to 12 species (Sarotherodon melanotheron, Tilapia guineensis, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Ethmalosa fimbriata, L. falcipinnis, Mugil curema, Polydactylus quadrifilis, Pomadasys jubelini, P. peroteti, Pseudotolithus elongatus, Trachinotus goreensis and T. teraia) were collected from 3 landing sites along the upper reaches of the Qua Iboe River Estuary in Nigeria and were examined for parasites. Parasites isolated were mainly endoparasites throughout the study duration. Endoparasites isolated were nematode, cestode, protozoa and trematode respectively. Total prevalence for all parasites was 34.4%. High numerical abundance was observed in Sarotherodon melanotheron and Tilapia guineensis. The parasite species were found in the intestine and stomach of the examined fish species. However, the series of human induced activities in and around the study area, coupled with the findings of this study further vindicate the need for proper monitoring and management of our indigenous water bodies. Therefore, it is recommended that fishes from the river system should be properly cooked or smoked before consumption to avoid health risk due to parasitic infestation.

[George, U., Inyang-Etoh, A. Parasitic Fauna of Landed Fishes from Qua Iboe River Estuary, South- South, Nigeria: It’s Application in Bio-monitoring Studies. N Y Sci J 2018;11(3):54-60]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 8. doi:10.7537/marsnys110318.08.

Keywords: Parasite, Fauna, Landed Fishes, Qua Iboe River Estuary, Nigeria, Application, Bio-monitoring

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Evaluation of the relationship between ownership concentration and institutional ownership with accounting conservatism in companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange

Mozhdeh Tahmasebi Notorki ^1*, Dr. Babak Salem Dezfuli²

^1*Department of Accounting, Islamic Azad university, khorramshahr - Persian Gulf International Branch, khorramshahr, iran

²Department of Accounting, Islamic Azad university, khorramshahr - Persian Gulf International Branch, khorramshahr, iran

Corresponding Author: Mozhdeh Tahmasebi Nototki², m.tahmasebin@yahoo.com

Abstract: The major shareholders use their impact on corporate behavior in several ways. They may influence on operating decisions of firms using the control of management and improve the selection of projects and the level of investment and reduce the risk of the lost resources (Baker et al., 2010). The Mug (1998) also stated that the higher is the level of institutional ownership, the better is monitoring the management, and this relationship is a positive relationship. Bush (1998) stated that institutional investors monitor the company by collecting information and implicitly pricing decisions of management and by managing how the company explicitly acts. One of the most important features of the new capital markets, especially in developing countries is the presence of major investors and companies owned by them in a large part of the equity.

[Mozhdeh Tahmasebi Notorki, Babak Salem Dezfuli. Evaluation of the relationship between ownership concentration and institutional ownership with accounting conservatism in companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange. N Y Sci J 2018;11(3):61-67]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 9. doi:10.7537/marsnys110318.09.

Keywords: Evaluation; relationship; ownership; concentration; institutional; conservatism Tehran Stock Exchange

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A Comparative Study on the Judicial and educational institutions regarding Juvenile delinquency

Amir Hosein jalalian larky¹, Zahra mehrAbadi^2*

¹.Department of law, Faculty of Humanities, Persian Gulf International Branch, Islamic Azad university, khorramshahr, iran

². Department of law, Faculty of Humanities, Persian Gulf International Branch, Islamic Azad university, khorramshahr, iran

Corresponding Author: Zahra. mehrAbadi 11@yahoo.com

Abstract: The emergence of delinquency of children and adolescents at large part and in different social classes and neighborhoods, and the consequent increase in crime among children and adolescents, has proved this fact for most pediatric criminologists that delinquency of children and adolescents belongs to the many problems of modern Iranian society. On the other hand, delinquency of children reflects the fact that not only children and adolescents are incapable of the rehabilitation of social rules, norms and values, but more importantly, it suggests two important issues. First, it is the failure and impotency of correcting and training institutions in the norm- taking by child offenders. Second, this has revealed a crisis and a moral and ethical breakdown in our society. The discrepancy that has made the researchers have in the field of criminology is that every child's delinquency is the product of the cultural, economic, and social interaction of the family, as the smallest member of the community, with its surrounding community. Therefore, in the present study, using descriptive-analytical method, it has been tried to study the fragile situations of delinquent children and adolescents and the conditions affecting them, including family, social, cultural and economic conditions, while also explaining the causes of abnormalities and deviances outside Custom and children's law in the domain of home and community, we will examine the status and position of judicial and educational institutions as effective penal and non-penal procedures for the degradation of children. So, in our study, we have considered the Children's and Adolescent Rehabilitation Center as a corrective and educative institution, and the Children's Court and the approved Children and Juvenile Justice Code as a judicial institution.

[Amir Hosein jalalian larky, Zahra mehrAbadi. A Comparative Study on the Judicial and educational institutions regarding Juvenile delinquency. N Y Sci J 2018;11(3):68-71]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 10. doi:10.7537/marsnys110318.10.

Key words: child, offense, judicial institutions, educative institutions, Iranian law

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[N Y Sci J 2018;11(3):72-87]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 11.

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Demand for issuing execution from debtors and cancelling bank contracts

Amirarsalan Hatami Kia¹, Saeed Mardani ^2*

^1.Department of law, Faculty of Humanities, Persian Gulf International Branch, Islamic Azad university, khorramshahr, iran

^2.Department of law, Faculty of Humanities, Persian Gulf International Branch, Islamic Azad university, khorramshahr, iran

Corresponding Author: Saeed Mardani ^2*

Abstract: The possibility of examining the application for the issuance of the performance by the overseer reflects the timing and manner in which after the customer has paid the banking facility, the client can take action to avoid further losses against himself and apply for the issuance of the order. Given the usual routine of applying for the issuance of an order by a solicitor in the banking system, which has been somewhat a sign of neglect of customer's rights, it seems reasonable to proceed with the provisions of Articles 156, 151 and 522 of the Civil Procedure Code and Articles 227, 229 Civil Code and Article 47 of the Code of Laws on the Offices of Notaries and the Code of Conduct on the Transfer of Unnecessary and Welfare Properties of Banks and the Legal Principle of Islamic Law, in order to prevent the violation of the rights of individuals, accept the possibility of issuing an oath of operation And, in accordance with civil law, the law of banking operations without usury and the rules of the law of practice Bankruptcy banking and approvals of the Money and Credit Council between the customer and the bank are void in the event of non-observance of the declared rules, although the issue of issuance of the order is being expanded by the sponsor, but the examination of the possibility of issuing the executive by Owes and cancellation of bank contracts in the field of research for lawyers and in practical terms for legal authorities and even beneficiaries is still unknown. Regarding the title and its mechanism, it has not been studied independently and specific rules have been established in the area in question. Not compiled. In this research, the parties 'obligations and the guarantee of non-performance of the obligations of each beneficiary bank and customer have reviewed the scope of the beneficiaries' interest in creating a procrastination for the issuance of the executive, and there are strategies for preventing the payment of late payment damages by the employer.

[Amirarsalan Hatami Kia, Saeed Mardani. Demand for issuing execution from debtors and cancelling bank contracts. N Y Sci J 2018;11(3):88-90]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 12. doi:10.7537/marsnys110318.12.

Keywords: Bankruptcy, Bankruptcy, Execution, Delayed Damage Damage, Bank Mediation

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Tax (Zakat) constitution of 1998 and 2005 and as a family inheritance law for Muslims in most Muslim countries

Behrooz  Khaksari*  ¹, Bahar Khaksari ² peiman latifi ³

^1.  Department of law Kermanshah branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran

Email: behrooz.nik@gmail.com

^2.  Department of law Kermanshah branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran

Email: bahar.nik2005@gmail.com

^3.  Department of law Islam Abad Gharb branch, Islamic Azad University, Islam Abad Gharb, Iran

Email: peyman.latifi@yahoo.com

Abstract: However, according to the actual implementation of the legal punishments, it was noted that the new legislation seems to be more interested in the effective use of limited impact as opposed to the King's supporters rally that characterized the 1983 tests. (Seyed Ahmad, 1997: 220). Although no accurate statistics on the number of stoning, crucifixion, flagellation and amputation compiled between 1989 and 2008 is not available, a summary of Human Rights of 1989 confirms the hypothesis Seyed Ahmad. By strengthening the legitimacy of the regime and drag the boundary line through which other political forces to implement or outside it. (Ahmad, 1997: 222), Islamic law that is well established in many Islamic bill seemingly regime's needs for Islamic symbolism has been achieved. Now Sudan has a legal system that is characterized by high pluralism. This is a common heritage that despite the peaks and valleys of twenty years of efforts clearly evident by two important aspects: Firstly specific rules of common rule is still valid and secondly the new rules dates back to legitimate sovereignty in the context of the organization and the law book. Basically, despite the Bashir's government efforts to isolate that, the Sudanese customary law is still of great importance in rural areas. It is estimated that up to 80 percent of all cases in Sudan have been judged according to the customary law.

[Behrooz Khaksar, Bahar Khaksari peiman latifi. Tax (Zakat) constitution of 1998 and 2005 and as a family inheritance law for Muslims in most Muslim countries. N Y Sci J 2018;11(3):91-94]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 13. doi:10.7537/marsnys110318.13.

Keywords: Zakat, family inheritance, law, Muslims, countries

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Expiration of the Lease Period and its Effects in Iran’s Civil Law with a Look at the Statutory Provisions of Egypt and France

Amir Reza khadish

Ph.D. student of law, Faculty of Humanities, Amol Branch, Islamic Azad university, Amol, iran

Abstract: Lease is an agreement reached by a landlord and a tenant as a result of which the latter is conveyed the possessory rights of a real estate or a property belonging to the former. The person having the possession of a real estate property is called the landlord and the person being conveyed the possessory rights thereof in a lease contract is called the tenant. The present study is looking for answers to two questions. The first one is pertinent to the whereabouts of the lease period expiration in Iran’s law as compared to the regulations of Egypt and France? The second question is related to the idea as to what are the effects of lease period expiration in Egypt and France’s laws in contrast to Iran’s regulations? The results of the present study indicated that the lease contract is terminated as soon as it reaches its expiration date. However, although there is no particular text on the explicit or implicit resumption as well as extending of the lease contract in Iran’s law in comparison to the regulations enforced in France and Egypt, it is feasible corresponding to the general principles.

[Amir Reza khadish. Expiration of the Lease Period and its Effects in Iran’s Civil Law with a Look at the Statutory Provisions of Egypt and France. N Y Sci J 2018;11(3):95-98]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 14. doi:10.7537/marsnys110318.14.

Keywords: lease, Iran’s law, France’s law, Egypt’s law, effects of lease

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