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Swelling Behavior of Compacted Clay Soil from Elshrouq City, Egypt

Mohamed Elkinawy¹, Adel Gabr¹, Mohamed G. Arab¹ and Rafik Belarbi²

¹Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

²LEPTIAB, University of La Rochelle, Avenue Michel Crépeau, 17042 La Rochelle, France

Abstract: Expansive soils are encountered in many regions in Egypt at the arid and semi-arid regions. This may cause severe damage of pavements, and light structures due to high to very high swelling potential and swelling pressures. This paper presents an experimental investigation of compacted expansive soil collected from Elshrouq, Egypt. This experimental investigation includes routine soil testing, several types of swelling testing using odometer device to determine the swelling pressure and swelling potential at various initial moisture content. Comparison between different test methodologies of measuring the swelling pressure of soil is performed. Moreover, shear strength of unsaturated swelling soil with varying initial matric suction is determined using the direct shear test. Finally, comparison between four different procedures to predict unsaturated swelling soil shear strength is conducted.

[Mohamed Elkinawy, Adel Gabr, Mohamed G. Arab and Rafik Belarbi. Swelling Behavior of Compacted Clay Soil from Elshrouq City, Egypt. N Y Sci J 2018;11(8):1-9]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 1. doi:10.7537/marsnys110818.01.

Keywords: Swelling; Behavior; Compact; Clay Soil; Elshrouq City; Egypt

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Effects of Biochar on Carbon Pool, N Mineralization, Microbial Biomass and Microbial Respiration from Mollisol

George Oluwaseun Odugbenro, Yankun Sun, Zhihua Liu

College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
zhihua-liu@neau.edu.cn, georgeodugbenro@gmail.com

Abstract: Biochar incorporation as a soil amendment has been shown to enhance soil quality. However, there has been conflicting reports on its short term effects on C and N mineralization and microbial biomass. An incubation experiment was conducted to determine the effects of three different levels (0.5 %, 1 %, and 2 %) of biochar on carbon mineralization, soil organic carbon, nitrogen mineralization, microbial biomass and total nitrogen from mollisols of two different organic matter ( high organic matter soil and low organic matter soil) levels. The experiment consisted of four treatments (Soil, Soil + 0.5 % biochar, Soil + 1 % biochar and Soil + 2 % biochar) and each was replicated three times. Overall, soil respiration rate was reduced by biochar additions over a 100-day period. 2 % application rate showed greatest CO2 reduction. Soil respiration in high organic matter soil was higher than low organic matter soil. NO3--N level was reduced by biochar addition in both high and low organic matter soils. Control (Soil) of the high organic matter soil showed the highest NO3--N (33.79 mg kg-1) and NH4+-N (7.23 mg kg-1) values at 70 days. Total nitrogen was increased by biochar additions; 1 % and 2 % application rates showed the highest total nitrogen values. Biochar additions also increased soil microbial biomass carbon and soil microbial biomass nitrogen of both soils.
[Odugbenro GO, Sun Y, Liu Z. Effects of Biochar on Carbon Pool, N mineralization, Microbial Biomass and Microbial Respiration from Mollisol. N Y Sci J 2018;11(8):10-18]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 2. doi:10.7537/marsnys110818.02.

Keywords: Biochar; C mineralization; N Mineralization; Microbial biomass

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[N Y Sci J 2018;11(8):19-23]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 3.

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Alcohol Consumption and its Effects on Farmers in Khana Local Government Area of Rives State, Nigeria

Judith Obianujunwa Edward, A.T. Harry and Nina Maranma Amugo

Department of Agricultural Technology, School of Science and Technology, Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic, Rumuola, P.M.B. 5936, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. pookonta@yahoo.com; Tel. +2348032744784

Abstract: The study examined the effects of alcohol consumption among rural farmers in Khana Local Government Area of Rivers State Nigeria. The following objectives were to: determine the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers in the study area; identify the types of alcohol consumed by the farmers; ascertain the rate of alcohol consumption; examine the causes of alcoholism among farmers and examine the socio-economic consequences of alcoholism. A total of 120 respondents of rural farmers were selected using random sampling technique. Primary and secondary data were collected and analyzed with the aid of questionnaire and interview. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. The result obtained shows that 58% were female whose age ranged between the category of 41-50years frequencies of 46 with (41.1%). Majority (49.3%) of the respondents obtained secondary education. It was observed that farmers in the study area consume different types of alcohol such as ogogoro, palm-wine, and beer but local gin (kaikai/ogogoro) that constitutes the highest type of alcohol consumed with 64.29%. Also factors such as family transmission (genetic), ethnic and cultural background, peer/social club, affordability of alcohol, lack of self-control etc were causes of alcohol consumption in the study area. Government should direct the extension workers to educate the rural farmers on the consumption of alcohol. Government institute should put a ban on the excessive intake of alcohol in the rural areas. The world health organization should help the farmers on the rate of alcohol intake at which rate to be consumed which will not damage their health. [Edward, J.O., A.T. Harry and N. M. Amugo. Alcohol Consumption and its Effects on Farmers in Khana Local Government Area of Rives State, Nigeria. N Y Sci J 2018;11(8):24-32]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 4. doi:10.7537/marsnys110818.04.

Keywords: Alcohol consumption, rural farmers.

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Microbial Evaluation of Air Inside Some Eateries Located in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria

Ogunnusi T.A*, Olagbemide, P.T. and Agaorua, A.T

Department of Biological Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria

adeolaogunnusi@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: The microbial load of air in seven eateries within Ado-Ekiti were determined. Petri dishes with different media were left opened in the eateries for 20 minutes, covered afterwards and incubated in the laboratory. Biochemical tests were carried out for identification of the isolates. Forty-seven bacterial isolates were obtained from air in 7 eateries and included the following Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Neisseria polysaccharea, Acinetobacter parvus, Arthrobacter agilis and Asaia bogorensis, Bordetella trematum, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Necropsobacter rosorum, Microvirga massiliensis, Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Pseudimonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus petrasii, Acinetobacter ursingii amongst others. Most of the bacterial isolates were susceptible to Amoxycillin and Gentamicin while most of the bacterial isolate were resistant to Ceftazidime. Twelve fungal isolates were obtained from the air in eateries. The fungal isolates include the following: Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium chyrsogenum and Cladosporium spp. The isolates were characterized and identified. Micrococcus luteus had the highest frequency of occurrence of 10% followed by Staphylococcus petrasii with 8%. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Microvirga massiliensis had frequency of occurrence of 6% while Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, Acinetobacter ursingii, Bordetella trematum, Pseudomonas stutzeri and Necropsobacter rosorum had frequency of occurrence of 4%. Rhizopus stolonifer had the highest frequency of 25%. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium chrysogenum and Aspergillus fumigatus had frequency of occurrence of 17% while Cladosporium spp had the lowest frequency of occurrence of 8%. The results observed in this study revealed that the micro flora of the air in the eateries is dynamic but some microorganisms are common to indoor environments such as eateries.

[Ogunnusi T.A, Olagbemide, P.T. and Agaorua, A.T. Microbial Evaluation of Air Inside Some Eateries Located in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. N Y Sci J 2018;11(8):33-40]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 5. doi:10.7537/marsnys110818.05.

Keywords: Air, pollution, eateries, bacteria, fungi, antibiotics, resistance.

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Spatial Assessment of Earthworm Abundance, Biomass and Density in the Ecological Belts of Western Niger Delta, Nigeria

Charles Obiechina Olisa, Charles Uwadiae Oyegun, Olatunde Sunday Eludoyin

Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

charlesobiechinaolisa@gmail.com

Abstract: The study examined the density, biomass and abundance of earthworm across different ecological belts of Western Niger Delta, Nigeria. Eight 20m x 20m quadrat were delimited in the natural vegetation in each of the rainforest (RF), mangrove (M), fresh water swamp (FWS) and guinea savanna (GS) within which three quadrats of 1m x 1m were delineated to collect earthworm species. Earthworm species were collected from the topsoil (0-15cm) and subsoil (15-30cm) and were taken to laboratory for further analysis. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Findings showed that a total of 19 earthworm species were found with 58.5% individual species recorded in the topsoil and 41.5% recorded in the subsoil. The total population of Eudrilius eugeniae was predominantly highest in both topsoil (38.4%) and subsoil (27.1%). The total population of individual species of earthworm was least in GS in the topsoil (11.9%) and subsoil (8.4%). The mean biomass of earthworm was significantly highest in the FS in the topsoil (1.04±0.3 g/ha) and subsoil (0.44±0.3 g/ha). The total density of earthworm was highest in FS in the topsoil (8.68 ha) and RF recorded the highest in the subsoil (4.16 ha). Soil impact index was below the threshold of 0.2 in M and GS. The study recommended that the earthworms’ functions in M and GS are needed to be improved to accomplish significant leaf-litter breakdown and recycling to increase the soil nutrients for optimum food production.

[Charles Obiechina Olisa, Charles Uwadiae Oyegun, Olatunde Sunday Eludoyin. Spatial Assessment of Earthworm Abundance, Biomass and Density in the Ecological Belts of Western Niger Delta, Nigeria. N Y Sci J 2018;11(8):41-50]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 6. doi:10.7537/marsnys110818.06.

Keywords: Abundance, Earthworm, Density, Biomass, Ecological belts, Nigeria

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Iron Presented as Food (Sun Active Iron) versus Pharmaceutical Iron Therapy (Ferric Hydroxide Polymatose Complex) For Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children

Esam eldeen Gadelrab¹, Sayed Ali¹, Mohammed Mansour² and Asmaa Abdelall¹

¹Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt

²Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt

Abstract: Background: iron deficiency is considered the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide, and the most significant negative consequence of iron deficiency is iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Treatments of IDA may include dietary changes and supplements. Methodology: The study had been conducted on 100 children diagnosed as iron deficiency anemia, their age from 1-5 years, classified into two groups: group one included 50 patients treated by essential iron micronized dispersible ferric pyrophosphate; group two included 50 patients treated by oral ferric hydroxide polymaltose complex for three months. Hb, RBCS indices and iron profile were obtained from all participants. Results: The mean of Hb and RBCS indices were significantly improved in the two groups after three months of treatment compared to their baseline. As regard iron profile, it has been found that the two groups show also improvement in parameters after treatment, but with no significant difference between them. Conclusion: The two groups showed improvement in all parameters of anemia and both treatment regimens are equally effective in treatment of iron deficiency anemia.

[Esam eldeen Gadelrab, Sayed Ali, Mohammed Mansour and Asmaa Abdelall. Iron Presented as Food (Sun Active Iron) versus Pharmaceutical Iron Therapy (Ferric Hydroxide Polymatose Complex) For Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children. N Y Sci J 2018;11(8):51-54]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 7. doi:10.7537/marsnys110818.07.

Keywords: Iron deficiency anemia; treatment; Micronized dispersible ferric pyrophosphate, Ferric Hydroxide Polymaltose Complex, Hb, iron profile

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Insulin like Growth Factor-1 in Children with Cerebral Palsy

Hadeer M Abdel Ghaffar¹, Remon M yousef¹, Mohammed M Abbas² and Doaa M Mohamed¹

¹Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt

²Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt

Abstract: Background / Aim: Children with CP are generally undernourished and growth retarded. Measurement of insulin-like growth factor-1 is frequently asked in growth retarded children. The aim of the study is to assess insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) as a possible non-nutritional factor for growth retardation in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Methods: Forty children with cerebral palsy and forty age-matched controls were enrolled. For all, serum IGF-1 & Ca level were measured by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). Results: There was a statistically significant difference between cases and controls regarding IGF-1 with p-value <0.0001. Also, there was a significant difference in IGF-1 in relation to the height between stunted & normal with p-value 0.031, but there was no significant difference between patients and control regarding blood calcium level. Conclusion: Insulin like growth factor-1 deficiency is a possible non-nutritional factor for growth retardation in children with cerebral palsy (CP) especially stunted children.

[Hadeer M Abdel Ghaffar, Remon M yousef, Mohammed M Abbas and Doaa M Mohamed. Insulin like Growth Factor-1 in Children with Cerebral Palsy. N Y Sci J 2018;11(8):55-60]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 8. doi:10.7537/marsnys110818.08.

Key words: IGF-1, CP, Growth retardation

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Effects of Training and Development on Drivers’ Performance in Maritime Academy of Nigeria, Oron, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Ime Okon Johnson¹ and Gladys Chineze Emenike^1,2

1-Centre for Logistics and Transport Studies, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

2-Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

elime_cvn@yahoo.com

Abstract: The study examined the effects of training and development on drivers’performance in Maritime Academy of Nigeria, Oron, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Thirty eight copies of structured questionnaire were administered on the drivers to elicit information on the impact of training and development on their performance using purposive sampling technique. Descriptive statistics in terms of frequency and percentage were used for the data analysis. Findings revealed that majority (26.32%) of the drivers was Senior Motor Driver Mechanic, Grade II (CONTEDISS 05). Results showed that 47% of the drivers were between the age of 41 and 44 years while majority (68%) had secondary education. Findings revealed that 81% of the respondents attended driving school of the pre licensing training while 71.05% passed their examination and majority (58%) did not attend the post licensing training and development of drivers. Among the training attended included as perceived by majority were 97.37% attended orietation on the vehicle and organisation (97.37%), 71.05% attended safety and health while 73.68% attended road signs, markings, rule and regulations programme. Majority (92%) of respondents agreed that drivers required more post licensing/employment training. However, 97% of the respondents agreed that lack of training and development has caused poor development among the drivers while inadequate funding and lack of management interest were the dominating factors that have affected training and development of drivers in te study area. The study recommended among others that that none of the sectors of road transport should be treated with levity; the Federal Government could promulgate laws that enable elementary training to start through a child formal education from the secondary school level so as to expose significant of road safety.

[Ime Okon Johnson and Gladys Chineze Emenike. Effects of Training and Development on Drivers’ Performance in Maritime Academy of Nigeria, Oron, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. N Y Sci J 2018;11(8):61-72]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 9. doi:10.7537/marsnys110818.09.

Keywords: Training, Development, Performance, Oron, Post-licensing, Drivers

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A Curved Hole Creation with A Square Curved Copper Electrode by Electrical Discharge Machining and a New Mechanism Technique

Hossameldin Hussein¹, S. Habib², Sayed. A. Abdallah² and S.S. Mohamed²

¹Higher Technological Institute, 10^th of Ramadan city, Egypt.

²Shoubra Faculty of Engineering, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt.

hossameldin@hti.edu.eg

Abstract: In this study, we concentrated on the creation of curved hole using a proper mechanism and a squared curved pure copper electrode, as holes are mostly machined by traditional operations like drilling which is just a combination of straight holes. So we designed a new mechanism technique, which consists of a squared curved electrode, an arm and a free arm holder to do it with the electrical discharge machining, which is settled on an electrical discharge machine (EDM). We got from the experimental results that the new mechanism could help in creating a curved hole with any radius depending on the length of the arm and adjusting the dimension of the mechanism.

[Hossameldin Hussein, S. Habib, Sayed. A. Abdallah and S.S. Mohamed. A Curved Hole Creation with A Square Curved Copper Electrode by Electrical Discharge Machining and a New Mechanism Technique. N Y Sci J 2018;11(8):73-76]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 10. doi:10.7537/marsnys110818.10.

Keywords: EDM, Curved hole, Square curved copper electrode, new mechanism technique.

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Determination of Capsaicin Content and Pungency Level of Five Chili Peppers Grown in Egypt

Mohamed El Badrawy ^1,2

¹Ecole Oasis Internationale, Quarters 3 and 7, Zahraa El Maadi, Cairo, Egypt

²Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Campus, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3, Canada

mohamed.elbadrawy99@gmail.com

Abstract: The objective of this study is to determine the concentration of capsaicin in 5 commonly used chilies in Egypt and evaluate their potential for use in various industries. The 5 peppers that were used were: Harif, Hajin Mourad, Oroun, Orly Mohsen and Hajin Ammar. The extraction of capsaicin is carried out using ethanol as solvent in a water bath at a temperature of 80°C. HPLC analysis is then performed for the quantification of capsaicin. The mobile phase of HPLC consists of H₂O and acetonitrile in a ratio of 50:50. The detection wavelength was 222 nm. The results show that "Oroun" had the highest concentration of capsaicin (4,886.65 ± 105.53 mg/kg) and a pungency level of 78,186.40 SHU, while "Hajin Mourad" had the lowest concentration of capsaicin (2141.85 ± 40.65 mg / kg) and a pungency level of 34 269.60 SHU.

[Mohamed El Badrawy. Determination of Capsaicin Content and Pungency Level of Five Chili Peppers Grown in Egypt. N Y Sci J 2018;11(8):77-80]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 11. doi:10.7537/marsnys110818.11.

Keywords: Scoville Heat Unit; Capsaicin; High Performance Liquid Chromatography; Pepper

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Isolation of squalen bioactive compounds on purification from Bulbophyllum kaitense root extract by qualitative and quavantitative method their evaluated

Dr. Kalaiarasan. A

Centre for Bioscience and Nanoscience Research, Coimbature, Tamil Nadu, India.

myla_kalai@yahoo.com

Abstract: Squalene is a natural 30 carbon organic compounds originally obtained for commercially purposes primarily from shark liver oil although plant sources of vegetable oils are now as including amaranth seed, rice bran, wheat germ and olives. All plants and animals produce squalene as a biochemical intermediate including humans. Squalene used as well as cosmetic, immunological adjuvant in influenza vaccine, mediterranean diet, natural moisture, and chemo preventive, antibodies in their blood and anti tumor. The bulbophyllum kaitense orchid is a major role of higher source bio active compounds in the plants. It has been very useful and renewable source in the process of bio active purification compounds in plants. According to the ethno botanical information gather in kolli hills triple people. Hence the present investigations have been made to identifying the squalene compound of bulbophyllum kaitense root extract using TLC and bio chemical derivation method. Furthermore, the isolation of the squalene higher source of compounds is carried out by privative HPLC and HPTLC using the standardized solvent system.

[Kalaiarasan. A. Isolation of squalen bioactive compounds on purification from Bulbophyllum kaitense root extract by qualitative and quavantitative method their evaluated. N Y Sci J 2018;11(8):81-89]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 12. doi:10.7537/marsnys110818.12.

Keywords: Squalene, immunological, bulbophyllum kaitense, TLC, HPLC, HPTLC and standardized

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Fuzzy differential equations solution approaches

M. Shokry and B. Kamal

Department of Physics and Math, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Egypt

belmahmoudy@gmail.com

Abstract: In this paper, a discussion around the approaches of solving fuzzy differential equation. Then the linear transformation approach is introduced with examples by using Gazilov way as a first approach, then introduced the differential equation under generalized hukuhara differentiability as a second approach with numerical examples in order to compare the different approaches.

[M. Shokry and B. Kamal. Fuzzy differential equations solution approaches. N Y Sci J 2018;11(8):90-98]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 13. doi:10.7537/marsnys110818.13.

Keywords: Fuzzy set theory, fuzzy analysis, fuzzy differential equations

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