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1

Economic and environmental effects for using renewable energy in the production of some vegetable crops under greenhouse conditions

Dalia E. Abozaid and Soha M. Eldeeb

Economics Department, Economic Studies Socio Economic Studies Division, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt

dalia_drc@hotmail.com

Abstract: Greenhouses are the most intensive form of agricultural production, with yield per unit of cultivated area up to 10 times higher than traditional agriculture, especially vegetable crops to protect them from adverse environmental conditions. It is also an important way to produce some vegetable crops of special nature in production such as tomatoes and cucumbers. The idea of greenhouses was aimed at vertical expansion in agricultural production, especially the production of vegetables in non-seasons with high quality, due to the fact that most countries face increasing population with limited agricultural area. Recently, the trend towards finding alternative sources of energy has increased because current sources of energy are considered to be depleted resources and will not be sufficient to meet the needs. Thinking about renewable sources of energy for electricity generation, especially in remote areas, beyond the processing centres, as well as the effort, time and costs needed, in addition, this energy is not pollute the environment, besides achieving sustainable development and improve the social and economic conditions of the desert Bedouins. The paper concluded that the amount of CO₂ emissions resulting from the cultivation of one crop of vegetables (tomatoes or cucumbers) under greenhouse conditions was equivalent to 452.16 kg per year, equivalent to 101.304 dollars per year. When replacing conventional energy with renewable energy, the results showed lower costs of electricity Production using solar energy instead of conventional fuel, where the initial cost was $ 0.91 per day while the second cost was $ 5.64 per day, as well as the non-transportation costs of oil and gasoline, Periodic maintenance, and extinction. As well as the costs resulting from the treatment or removal of the effects of pollution caused by generators as a result of burning fuel, pollution of the environment from plants, animals, soil and water. As well as their direct impact on human health.

[Dalia E. Abozaid and Soha M. Eldeeb. Economic and environmental effects for using renewable energy in the production of some vegetable crops under greenhouse conditions. World Rural Observ 2017;9(3):1-6]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 1. doi:10.7537/marswro090317.01.

Key words: Greenhouse, Solar energy, Alternative energy, CO₂ emissions, Economic study

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Water Quality Assessment around Ballarpur industries limited (BILT) Ballarpur, District Chandrapur, Maharashtra

Rajdeep P. Fulzele, and Hari S. Patode

School of Earth Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Vishnupuri, Nanded-431606, Maharashtra India.

Email: rajdeepfulzele25@gmail.com

Abstract: In many water quality studies, evaluation of groundwater is an important. But here we give the importance to both water samples for investigation purpose. As the quantity of waste water is more the usability is extra for agriculture or irrigation purpose. So, we determined its chemical and physical properties of both water samples i.e. ground water and waste water. As for as drinking and for irrigation purpose too. The sustainability of water for drinking purpose is judged on the basis of pH, EC, TDS, Hardness, Total alkalinity, Chloride, Nitrate, Sodium and Potassium, etc. The sustainability of groundwater for irrigation purpose is judged on the basis of sodium contents and electrical conductivity.

[Rajdeep P. Fulzele, and Hari S. Patode. Water Quality Assessment around Ballarpur industries limited (BILT) Ballarpur, District Chandrapur, Maharashtra. World Rural Observ 2017;9(3):7-11]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 2. doi:10.7537/marswro090317.02.

Keywords: Physico-Chemical, Parameters, Permissible Limit, Chemical standards, Drinking water, Chandrapur

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Bacteriological Quality Of Milk; In Selected Dairy Farm At Haramaya District

²Hailehizeb Cheru, and ¹Eyoel Abi

¹Lecturer at Burie Poly Technic College Department Of Animal Health P.o. Box. 75, Burie, Ethiopia.

²Lecturer At Dera Technical And Vocational College, Department Of Animal Health, Dera, Ethiopia

haile12cheru12@gmail.com

Abstract: Milk is a complex biological fluid which easily contaminated and invaded by bacteria. It is an ideal growing medium for microorganisms, which once get access to milk, will multiply rapidly and spoil the milk or render it unsafe for human consumption or unfit for further processing. A cross sectional study was conducted from October 2014 to march 2015 in four commercial private and one governmental dairy farm which are found in and around Haramaya district, with the main objective of determining the bacteriological quality of milk. Raw milk samples were collected from milking equipment and directly from the teat as soon as milking of the cow. The samples were collected aseptically in sterilized test tubes that were labeled and placed in icebox until transported to the laboratory. They were put in a refrigerator at 4^oC and culturing was conducted within 24 hours. At the time of sampling process, the hygienic and sanitary practices in all studied dairy farms have been evaluated. The sample collection was conducted in five farms in which only one farm applies machine milking and use warm water before and after milking. Only one farm conducts milking in the milking room while the rest of the farms done milking in the cow barn. Different coliform counts were recorded between milk samples collected under different variables and all raw milk samples collected at different sampling points have shown highly significant variation (p<0.05) with an overall mean of 2.1 log₁₀ cfu/ml coliform counts. Raw milk samples collected from local breed dairy cows and from farms those conduct semi-intensive production system exhibited higher coliform count (2.13 log₁₀ cfu/ml for local breed and 2.32 log₁₀cfu/ml for semi-intensive production system) than cross breeds and intensive production system which were 1.86 log₁₀cfu/ml and 2.05 log₁₀cfu / ml respectively. Raw milk samples taken from milking equipments were found with higher coliform count than samples taken directly from teat. There was significant variation among samples taken from different production system at the equipment sampling point with an overall mean of total bacterial count of 6.8 log₁₀ cfu/ml. It was shown that the total bacterial count from semi-intensive production system (7.42 log₁₀cfu/ml) was significantly higher than intensive production system (6.18 log₁₀ cfu/ml) at the equipment sampling point. The high total bacterial count was found within farms those conduct milking in cow barn and hand milkers.

[Hailehizeb Cheru, and Eyoel Abi. Bacteriological Quality Of Milk; In Selected Dairy Farm At Haramaya District. World Rural Observ 2017;9(3):12-17]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 3. doi:10.7537/marswro090317.03.

Key words: coliform, intensive, raw milk, local breed, exotic breed

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Impact of Rice Export Restrictions Policy on Stakeholders in Egypt

Attala, M. Elzaabalawy, M. Bediwy, E.

Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt

M_kader2003@yahoo.com, elzabalawim@yahoo.com

Abstract: The paper aims at verification if the policy attained its objectives or not and answer a question about could the policy achieve adverse effect? Examine impact of rice export restriction policy on producer, consumer and society welfare. For evaluating these objectives, the paper employed Dummy Variable, the Difference between Two Means methods, and Nominal Protection Rate (NPR). Welfare distributions were estimated using the classical welfare analysis by implementation of Partial Equilibrium Model (PEM). The paper resulted in, the rice export restrictions policy did not attained its objective in introducing rice to consumers in a reasonable price, but attained adverse effect, caused in doubled rice price in the market, which indicates a status of the state failure. If the loss of producer surplus is less than the gain in consumer surplus, then the government has been successful in raising national welfare. But what happened in this stance adverse. Producer surplus increased, and consumer achieved more of loss. This indicates implementation of this policy without any marketing controls led to appearance of hidden marketing loops, represented in rice monopoly traders and rice smugglers through borders. So when implementing new policy government must takes in its account the external factors, which could be affect policy implementation negatively. Like, to what extend society have awareness of public policy and its role in policy success. And the degree of corruption also could be the reason of occurring policy adverse.

[Attala, M. Elzaabalawy, M. Bediwy, E. Impact of Rice Export Restrictions Policy on Stakeholders in Egypt. World Rural Observ 2017;9(3):18-24]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 4. doi:10.7537/marswro090317.04.

Keywords: rice, export restrictions, policy effect, welfare, PEM.

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Analysis of the current situation of Heihe port's trade with Russia

Zou Jiaqiao, *Li Changsheng

School of Humanities, Social Sciences & Law

 Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin,150000, China

*Correspondence author: lichangsheng100 @163.com

Abstract: Heihe port with the Russian port of Blagoveshchensk on the Sino-Russian border is the largest, closest, highest function corresponds city, known as the "twin cities in China and Russia". The amount of trade with Russia in Heihe accounts for more than 90 percent of Heilongjiang's foreign trade, and bilateral trade is almost entirely through the port of Heihe and the port of Blagoveshchensk. This paper analyzes the development history, development foundation and border trade of the port of Heihe.

[Zou Jiaqiao, Li Changsheng. Analysis of the current situation of Heihe port's trade with Russia. World Rural Observ 2017;9(3):25-28]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 5. doi:10.7537/marswro090317.05.

Key Words: Heihe port; Trade with Russian; Development status

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A Study on Stand Density Management Diagram for Chinese Fir

Liu Gang¹ Jing Jinkui² Wang Chunjun^3*

¹The College of Horticulture and Forestry Science,

Central China Agricultural University, Wuhan, China

²The College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China

³Investigation and Planning Institute of Hubei Forestry, Wuhan, China

^*Correspondence author: 1225464917@qq.com

Abstract: Stand density management diagram（SDMD） for plantation of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) is constructed. This study assesses thinning process the three different management goals: (1) thinning process taking into account the stability of the stand; (2) thinning process considering the risks of crown fire; (3) thinning process no taking into account the stability of the stand and crown fire risk. Result shows: retaining crown bulk density (CBD) threshold below 0.1kg m^-3, considering crown fire risk, the yield of thinning arrangement was significantly lower than the other two schemes. On the contrary, there is no significant difference between the total harvest for the other two schemes and the amount of mean annual increment (MAI).

[Liu Gang  Jing Jinkui  Wang Chunjun. A Study on Stand Density Management Diagram for Chinese Fir. World Rural Observ 2017;9(3):29-34]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 6. doi:10.7537/marswro090317.06.

Key words: Plantation of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata); Stand density management diagram (SDMD); Thinning

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Developing a New Mathematical Model for Scheduling Trucks in Cross-Docking Systems

Rashed Sahraeian, Mohsen Bashardoost

Department of Industrial Engineering, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran

Sahraeian@shahed.ac.ir, Mohsen.bashardoost@gmail.com

Abstract: : In this paper, we propose a new mathematical model for Scheduling trucks in cross-docking systems. In the proposed model, the preemption of the trucks is permitted and the outbound organization constraint of them is also existed. It is mentioned that, the present work addresses a scheduling problem of inbound and outbound trailers in a cross-docking in supply chain management. To achieve the best sequence in inbound and outbound trailers and to minimize the operating costs, the proposed model is formulated as a mixed integer programming. In addition, to verify and validate of the model, a test problem is applied and then solved by CPLEX software for small scale instances. Furthermore, computational experiments are carefully designed to illustrate the proposed model and computational results are discussed in detail. Finally, the results show that the effectiveness and good preference of the proposed model and clearly reveal that the model is eligible and confident.

[Rashed Sahraeian, Mohsen Bashardoost. Developing a New Mathematical Model for Scheduling Trucks in Cross-Docking Systems. World Rural Observ 2017;9(3):35-39]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 7. doi:10.7537/marswro090317.07.

Keywords: Cross docking, Preemption, outbound Organization

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A Study Of Access To Safe Drinking Water In Rural Upland And Coastal Communities Of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Okon¹ Aniekanabasi Jonathan, Eja² Matthew Egbobor, Olaniran¹ Nurudeen Sobowale, Kalu³ Randymay Eja and Zacchaeus¹ Uwadiegwu.

¹Department of Public Health, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.

²Department of Biological Sciences, Cross River University of Technology, P.M.B. 1123, Calabar, Nigeria

*Corresponding Author: E-mail: mattheweja@gmail.com

³Federal Medical Centre, Yenogoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

Abstract: Reports are available that most rural communities in Akwa Ibom State have limited access to safe drinking water, and the few drinking water sources they have are usually heavily polluted. The aim of this study was to assess access to safe drinking water and the water quality of rural upland and coastal communities of Akwa Ibom State. With a cross-sectional design, four hundred and twenty respondents were selected and administered questionnaires to obtain information on water sources and water supply facilities, followed by physico-chemical and bacteriological analyses of the surface water of the communities using standard procedures. Result shows that respondents in upland (83.33%) and coastal (58.10%) communities obtained water from improved water sources; 16.67% and 41.90% respectively obtained from unimproved sources, while it takes respondents in upland (30.48%) and coastal (51.43%) 15 to 30 minutes to and from their water sources. The physical parameters were either below or within the accepted standards in both dry and rainy seasons in the communities. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between upland and coastal water samples. The general pattern of metal concentration in dry season followed the sequence: Hg<Pb<Cd<As<Mn<Fe<Cr, while in the rainy season, it was Hg<Cd<Pb<As<Mn<Fe<Cr. This indicates that in both dry and rainy seasons the concentration of Hg is the least, and chromium is the highest. In the dry and rainy seasons, viable bacterial count, and total coliform were too high. In particular, faecal coliform count ranged from 1.02+0.14 x 10² cfu/100ml in the dry season to 0.41 + 0.10 x 10² cfu/100ml in the rainy season, all above the recommended standards. It is concluded that access to water sources and the quality of the water are not adequate.

[Okon  Aniekanabasi Jonathan, Eja  Matthew Egbobor, Olaniran  Nurudeen Sobowale, Kalu  Randymay Eja and Zacchaeus  Uwadiegwu. A Study Of Access To Safe Drinking Water In Rural Upland And Coastal Communities Of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. World Rural Observ 2017;9(3):40-48]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 8. doi:10.7537/marswro090317.08.

Keywords: Access safe drinking water, heavily polluted sources, rural communities, physic-chemical and bacteriological analysis, Akwa Ibom State.

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A lean Production Framework for Malaysian Automotive and Heavy Machinery Industry

Meysam Salimi

Graduate School of Management (GSM), Management and Science University, Malaysia.

Abstract- Lean production (LP) has become a potentially valuable way of securing competitive advantage. However, lean production practices have been subject to number of researches but little researches, if any, have directly addressed the relationship between type of industry and lean requirements practices. This study tries to provide a selective practices for conducting lean production in both Automotive and heavy machinery industries. It was aimed to abstain from introducing relatively unimportant lean practices and aid managers to implement lean production with lower cost. This study used a structured questionnaire derived from the literature and employing email surveys to collect responses form a group of 45 firms in Malaysia. The results of testing the hypotheses predicted that type of industry has a positive effect on lean requirements practices. Providing information about each industry, indicating lean practices in automotive industry start with quality control related practices and followed by planning and process related practices respectively. In contrast, heavy machinery industry commenced by process related practices while quality control practices have less priorities.

[Meysam Salimi. A lean Production Framework for Malaysian Automotive and Heavy Machinery Industry . World Rural Observ 2017;9(3):49-55]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 9. doi:10.7537/marswro090317.09.

Keywords: Automotive Industry, Framework, JIT,Lean Production (LP), Manufacturing, Malaysia

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The impact of Migrant Remittances on the Technical Efficiency of Arable Crop Farm Households in South Eastern Nigeria

Onwuchekwa raphael Iheke¹, Jude Chukwudi Nwaru² and Christain Ejike Onyenweaku²

Department of Agricultural Economics

Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P. M. B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria

raphakwas@yahoo.com, iheke.onwuchekwa@mouau.edu.ng

Abstract: This study was designed to examine the impact of migrant remittances on the technical efficiency smallholder arable crop farm households in South Eastern Nigeria. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used in choosing the sample. Primary data collected from 120 respondents comprising 60 migrants’ remittance receiving households and non receiving households, respectively were used for the study. Data collected through the cost route method were analyzed using multiple regression analysis employing the stochastic frontier production function analysis in a single stage maximum likelihood estimation method and z test statistic. The results of data analyses show that household size, education, farming experience, and farm size were the significant determinants of technical efficiency of the remittance receiving households; while age, years of education and farm size were the significant determinants of technical efficiency of the non-remittance receiving households. The individual technical efficiency indices range from 0.12 - 1.00 for the remittance receiving households with a mean of 0.42 as against 0.10 – 0.98 for the non-remittance receiving households with a mean of 0.53. The t test revealed that the non-remittance receiving households were more technically efficient than the remittance receiving households in the use of farm resources. It was recommended that there is the need to encourage the households to pursue efficiency in resource utilization by exhibiting higher levels of entrepreneurial capabilities. Policies and programmes that could help them increase their efficiency especially the remittance receiving households should be put in place such as would encourage harnessing and optimizing the use of remittance income, as well as reallocation and redistribution of resources.

[Onwuchekwa raphael Iheke, Jude Chukwudi Nwaru  and Christain Ejike Onyenweaku . The impact of Migrant Remittances on the Technical Efficiency of Arable Crop Farm Households in South Eastern Nigeria. World Rural Observ 2017;9(3):56-64]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 10. doi:10.7537/marswro090317.10.

Keywords: Migrant Remittances, Technical Efficiency, Farm Households

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Spatial and Temporal Variability of Infiltration Parameters in Furrow Irrigation

Bavi, A.¹, Boroomand-Nasab, S.², Naseri, A.²

¹ Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz, Iran

² Professor, Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz, Iran

Abavi1@yahoo.com

Abstract: Furrow infiltration is a complex process and depends on several parameters that are quite difficult (if possible at all) to evaluate in the field. The infiltration values of a certain point may affect opportunity time at all points downstream along the furrow. The present study focuses on infiltration variability along a furrow made during sugarcane growth season. A range of field experiments were carried out on furrow irrigation in a sugarcane field to estimate spatial and temporal infiltration variability. Seven irrigation scenarios were studied on two groups of furrows; the first group with the assumption of uniform characteristics, and the second group with the assumption of varying infiltration characteristics. Each group included three furrows 1.8 m wide and 140 m long. The results of the uniform furrow group showed that from the beginning to the end of growing season the final infiltration rate (f₀) and cumulative infiltration (Z) reduced 32 and 26%, respectively. In the variable furrow group, these parameters decreased 29 and 43% from inlet to the end of the furrow. The reductions were different for each irrigation event; however, the difference of cumulative infiltration between the first and second irrigations was higher as compared to other irrigation events.

[Bavi, A., Boroomand-Nasab, S., Naseri, A. Spatial and Temporal Variability of Infiltration Parameters in Furrow Irrigation. World Rural Observ 2017;9(3):65-72]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 11. doi:10.7537/marswro090317.11.

Keywords: Kostiakov-Lewis equation, infiltration parameters, variable furrow, final infiltration rate, cumulative infiltration.

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An assessment of Climate change impact on wheat evapotranspiration using the CERES-Wheat model

Mahdi Delghandi, Saeed Boroomand-Nasab

Water Sciences Engineering Facualty, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran.

delghandi@gmail.com

Abstract: Global warming and Climate change are anticipated to cause changes on evapotranspiration. Higher temperatures are expected to lead to increasing evapotranspiration. in studies relating to water availability for crops, evapotranspiration play key role. In order to explicit the impact of climate change on Crop evapotranspiration under standard conditions (ETc) using CERES-Wheat model and Penman-Monteith formula for baseline period (1981 to 2010) and future period (2015-2044) in Ahwaz City, ETc and were calculated. Using thirteen AOGCMs outputs and Cumulative probability distribution function (CDF), climate change scenarios for 2015-2044 under 5 probability levels 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 0.90 generated. ETc was calculated for climate change scenarios and compared with ETc of baseline period using analysis of variance and kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Result showed that cumulative ETc and mean daily ETc in all of climate change scenarios in comparison with baseline period have increased about 100mm and 0.7mm day-1, respectively.

[Delghandi M, Boroomand-Nasab S. An assessment of Climate change impact on wheat evapotranspiration using the CERES-Wheat model. World Rural Observ 2017;9(3):73-79]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 12. doi:10.7537/marswro090317.12.

Keywords: Climate change; Evapotranspiration; CERES-Wheat; Temperature.

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Iranian Natural Gas and the EU Diversification Policy

Abolghasem Taheri¹ and Abdolmajid Seifi²

¹ Professor of Political Science in the Islamic Azad University (IAU), Science and Research Campus, Tehran, Iran.

² PhD student in International Relations in the Islamic Azad University (IAU), Science and Research Campus, Tehran, Iran.

Email: Majidseifi@hotmail.com

Abstract: One of the most important Challenges of the European Union (EU) energy security is the excessive dependence of the EU on the gas supplying countries, Russia in particular. The gas crises in 2006 and 2009 showed that the Russian government would not hesitate to make instrumental use of energy in order to realize its foreign policy objectives. To avoid further disruption energy, there are various ways to decrease dependency as a major threat to energy security, in particular via diversifying the energy suppliers. Iran is the second richest country in terms of holder of natural gas reserves and the third gas producer in the world and this makes it necessary to consider Iran as an additional supplier of natural gas to the EU, although being aware of the obstacles which cooperation with Iran in energy issues may pose. This article aims to investigate the benefits and challenges of transmission of Iranian natural gas to the EU's countries.

[Taheri A, Seifi A. Iranian Natural Gas and the EU Diversification Policy. World Rural Observ 2017;9(3):80-83]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 13. doi:10.7537/marswro090317.13.

Keywords: European Union, Natural Gas, Iran, diversification

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Harvest Regulation with Selective Cutting for Natural Forest

Liu Gang¹, Kang Xingang², Wang Chunjun^3*

¹The College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Central China Agricultural University, Wuhan, China

²Forestry School, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China

³Investigation and Planning Institute of Hubei Forestry, Wuhan, China

^*Correspondence author: 1225464917@qq.com

Abstract: The model of harvest regulation with selective cutting for natural forest is established. It is calculated using data of Taizhishan Forest Farm Administration Bureau in Hubei Province. The forest harvest regulation with selective cutting and forest harvest regulation with clear cutting are one kind of forestry optimization model, they integrate forest regulation's important decision-making question in the linear programming model optimization of decision-making track.

[Liu Gang, Kang Xingang, Wang Chunjun. Harvest Regulation with Selective Cutting for Natural Forest. World Rural Observ 2017;9(3):84-89]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 14. doi:10.7537/marswro090317.14.

Key words: Harvest regulation; Selective rutting; Natural forest

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The Effective Factors on Customers' Trust in Using E-Banking

Ali Alikhani ¹, Asghar Abedi ²

^1. Department of Managment, Tehran branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

^2. Department of Managment, Tehran branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

abedi9186@yahoo.com

Abstract: Todays, one of the criteria of the development of any country is the rate of using new communicational methods between banks and the customers in the banking system of that country (Tero and Pikkarain, 2004). In this research we have studied the effective factors on the increase of customers' trust in using e-banking. In this regard, we designed a questionnaire containing 33 questions using Likert scale in relation to the components of the research; then, on the basis of Polester Model, 200 customers of Iranian Melli Bank were polled. According to the results of factor analysis and T-test, the relationship between security, privacy, keep, and benevolence on one hand, and customers' trust on the other hand was confirmed but the relationship between customers' satisfaction with e-banking system and customers' trust in the bank was not confirmed.

[Ali Alikhani, Asghar Abedi. The Effective Factors on Customers' Trust in Using E-Banking. World Rural Observ 2017;9(3):90-99]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 15. doi:10.7537/marswro090317.15.

Keywords: Effective Factors, Customers' Trust, E-Banking

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