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Study on reproductive and breeding biology of Sambar (Cervus unicolor)

Manoj Kumar Tekaria and Dr. Ajay Kumar Verma

Department of Zoology, Raj Rishi Govt. Autonomous College, Alwar, Rajasthan, India

Email: manojkumar2015tekaria@gmail.com

Abstract: Rusa unicolor (Kerr, 1792), or sambar, is the largest Oriental deer. Seven subspecies occur in varied habitats and elevations from India and Sri Lanka throughout southeastern Asia. Body mass and antler length decrease from west to east. R. unicolor is considered ancestral relative to the form of its male-only antlers and social behavior. Populations are vulnerable because of overexploitation for subsistence and markets in meat and antlers. R. unicolor was elevated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources from no status in 2006 to ‘‘Vulnerable’’ in 2008 because of .50% decline in many populations over the past 3 generations. It is well represented in zoos and private collections and is introduced in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States. Sambar (Cervus unicolor) is the largest deer species native to South and South-East Asia. Adult sambar stags weigh between 225 and 320 kg. Sambar hinds are smaller and weigh between 135 and 225 kg (Lydekker 1916, Crandall 1964, Downes 1983). It is closely related to the red deer (C. elaphus elephus) of Asia and Europe, the Rusa deer (C. timorensis) of Asia, and the Rocky Mountain elk (C.e. nelsoni) of North America (Whitehead 1972).

[Manoj Kumar Tekaria; Ajay Kumar Verma. Study on reproductive and breeding biology of Sambar (Cervus unicolor). N Y Sci J 2024;17(11):1-7]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 01. doi:10.7537/marsnys171124.01

Keywords: Breeding behavior; Sambar (Cervus unicolor); Nidani Reserve Forest Alwar; Rajasthan

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Review of literature on impact of climate change on plant biodiversity

¹Dheeraj, ²Pooja Kumari and ³Shikha Kadyan

^1,2,3Department of Botany, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136119 (Haryana), India

Email: dhirusondha0916@gmail.com

Abstract: Changes in the atmosphere and oceans can profoundly change the biosphere, the thin living film of life on Earth that is intrinsically coupled to the atmosphere and hydrosphere and provides the nourishing fabric within which human societies exist. Hence, degradation or restoration of parts of the biosphere are likely to have regional or planetary consequences. Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, which drive both climate change and ocean acidification, increasingly threaten the viability and resilience of natural ecosystems, and the human societies that depend upon them. The effects of these threats can be profound and, in recent years, have become increasingly observable. Already, Earth is committed to a substantially warmed climate, with expectations of further warming into the future, unless carbon emissions trajectories change dramatically.

[¹Dheeraj; Pooja Kumari; Shikha Kadyan. Review of literature on impact of climate change on plant biodiversity. N Y Sci J 2024;17(11):8-13]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 02. doi:10.7537/marsnys171124.02

Keywords: Review of literature; impact of climate change; plant biodiversity

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Delineation of Leachate at Oko-Filling Dumpsite Igando, Lagos, Nigeria Using Electrical Resistivity Methods

Ogungbe, A. S*, Hotonu E.O, Onori, E.O

Department of Physics, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria

abiola.ogungbe@lasu.rdu.ng, ogungbea@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: Detailed knowledge of delineation of leachate at Oko-Filling dumpsite is crucial for improved groundwater quality management that serves the adjoining communities. The electrical resistivity methods were applied to investigate the extent at which contaminants from the dumpsite have infiltrated the subsurface lithology and the groundwater in the neighboring communities. Oko-Filling is situated between latitudes 6° 33’ 43’’ N and 6° 33’ 58’’ N and longitudes 3° 15’ E and 3° 15’ 20’’ E, in Alimosho Local Government Area of Lagos State, Southwest, Nigeria. Fifteen (15) vertical electrical soundings (VES) were carried out using Schlumberger array, while 2D electrical resistivity survey using Wenner array was conducted along five profiles for the survey. The VES data were interpreted using partial curve matching and computer iteration techniques and the pseudo section contouring method was used to plot the data from the 2D resistivity survey. The results of the VES showed that the subsurface of the area can be characterized into five different layers: topsoil, clay, sandy clay, clayey sand and sand. Resistivity of the study area varied between 3.7 and 1874 Ωm. The subsurface is also characterized by occurrence of near horizontal layering that typifies a sedimentary environment. The very low resistivity (<25 Ωm) portion of the clay layer in profile 2 may be due to leachate. The basal part of the clay unit in profile 3 is defined by an anomalously low resistivity zone (<30 Ωm), suggestive of contaminated zone.  The obvious anomalously low resistivity units that occupy most part of the 2D sections of profiles 4 and 5, is a clear indication of a contaminated zone. The water bearing units of the subsurface serving the nearby communities is contaminated to depths of about 42 m, which could pose serious health challenges to neighboring communities.

[Ogungbe, A. S, Hotonu E.O, Onori, E.O. Delineation of Leachate at Oko-Filling Dumpsite Igando, Lagos, Nigeria Using Electrical Resistivity Methods. N Y Sci J 2024;17(11):14-22]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 03. doi:10.7537/marsnys171124.03

Keywords: Leachate, Dumpsite, Electrical Resistivity, Groundwater, Contaminants

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Review Of Literature On Methodologies For Organic Reactions

* GARIMA SAINI and ** Dr. SUKEERTI SINGH

*Research Scholar, Department of Chemistry, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

**Professor, Department of Chemistry, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

Email: Garimasaini2040@gmail.com

Abstract: One central challenge for XXI century chemists is the development of sustainable processes that do not represent a risk either to humanity or to the environment. In this regard, the search for more efficient and clean alternatives to achieve the chemical activation of molecules involved in chemical transformations has played a prominent role in recent years. The use of microwave or UV-Vis light irradiation, and mechanochemical activation is already widespread in many laboratories. Nevertheless, an additional condition to achieve “green” processes comes from the point of view of so-called atom economy. The removal of solvents from chemical reactions generally leads to cleaner, more efficient and more economical processes. This review presents several illustrative applications of the use of sustainable protocols in the synthesis of organic compounds under solvent-free reaction conditions.

[Saini, G. and Singh, S. Review Of Literature On Methodologies For Organic Reactions. N Y Sci J 2024;17(11):23-26]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 04. doi:10.7537/marsnys171124.04

Keywords: solvent-free; mechanochemistry; biocatalysis; microwaveactivation; photocatalysis; green chemistry; sustainable synthesis

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Morphometric and Allometric study of Nerium oleander Species Collected from Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan

Tajidar Ali Taj*, Issar Karim, Ghazala Shaheen, Shahida, Hira Batool, Noreen Fatima, Fozia Jamal, Tika Khan

Department of Plant Sciences, Karakorum International University, Konodas Gilgit, 15100

tajidaralitaj22@gmail.com

Abstract: Nerium oleander L. is a shrub. It remains evergreen and cultivated around the globe. It belongs to family Apocynaceae. It is grown for being highly medicinal, toxic and ornamental in nature. It is effective for cardiovascular, cancers, hyperglycemia, scabies and pathogenic disorders. Commonly used as rat poison and insecticidal. Consumption of any part becomes fatal for animals and humans. It is highly drought resistant and cultivated across all ecological zones of Pakistan. Current study attempted to explore different morphometric and allometric growth (leaves, sepals, petals, stamens and carpels) and relational parameters in plants collected from different altitudinal zones with varied climatic factors. Samples were collected from Yasin valley in Ghizer, Gilgit and Sonikot. Genes controlling number of sepals (#5), petals (#5), stamens (#5) and carpels (#5) found consistent and constant in their expression irrespective of their agro-ecological and climatic conditions. Mean area of petals recorded was 1.39 mm² (R² = 0.32) followed by sepals with 0.343 mm² (R² = 0.0019). Similarly, mean area of stamens was 0.73 mm² (R² = 0.0914) and carpels was 0.21 mm² (R² = 0.2615). Moreover, mean area of leaves was recorded 8.52 mm² (R² = 0.2404). Length and width of each floral part and leaves showed that their gene co-expression is highly significant. This is assumed to be either controlled by a single gene or in case of involvement of multiple genes, they are highly corelated in their expression. Whereas different parts of the plant showed dependency on the climatic variation. Therefore, the number of floral parts is a reliable characteristic to consider for systematics. Whereas their length, width and sizes cannot be considered for taxonomic categorizations.

[Tajidar Ali Taj, Issar Karim, Ghazala Shaheen, Shahida, Hira Batool, Noreen Fatima, Fozia Jamal, Tika Khan. Morphometric and Allometric study of Nerium oleander Species Collected from Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. N Y Sci J 2024;17(11):27-34]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 05 doi:10.7537/marsnys171124.05

Key words: Morphometry; Allometry; Nerium oleander; Medicine; poison; Ornamental

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