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Fishes as Environmental Indicators of Riverine Ecosystem.

Abhay Kumar And Chanda Jha

P.G. Dept. Of Zoology, T.M.B. University Bhagalpur

Emails: abhayecologist@gmail.com, chandajha.jha@gmail.com

Abstract: The ecological condition of river is represented by the condition of their biotic communities — the living components of aquatic ecosystems that integrate many forms of human disturbances and modification of river stream and the measurements of this subject was the topic of particular interest. Stressors or the pressures that human being exert on aquatic systems through their use of the surrounding environment are commonly the chemical, physical and biological components of the ecosystem. These have the potential to degrade biotic integrity. Some common chemical stressors are toxic compounds, excess nutrients etc. Most of the physical stressors are created when we modify the physical habitat of a river network-excess sedimentation, bank erosion etc. All these can degrade biotic integrity. Water quality plays vital role in riverine ecosystem health regulation. Environmental indicators have been defined as “physical, chemical, biological or socio-economic measures that best represent the key elements of a complex ecosystem or environmental issue. An indicator is embedded in a well developed interpretative framework and has meaning beyond the measure it represents. Using indicators, it is possible to evaluate the fundamental condition of the environment without having to capture the full complexity of the system. Indicators are based on the best scientific understanding currently available so that changes in these simple measures can be related to more complex environmental trends.

[Abhay Kumar And Chanda Jha. Fishes as Environmental Indicators of Riverine Ecosystem. N Y Sci J 2020;13(12):1-11]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 1. doi:10.7537/marsnys131220.01.

Key Words:- Ecosystems, Habitat, Indicators

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The interactive Marginalization vs. Psychological Empowerment and Psychological Capital: Does it really affect the Psychological Commitment of new comers and/or young doctors?

Dr. Mohamed Nasr Saeed

Assist. Prof. in Business Administration Dept., Faculty of Commerce, Benha University, Egypt

Email: dr.mo7amed.n@gmail.com

Abstract: Why workers feel frustrated despite their best efforts in the organization? Why aren't they getting an expected positive response? Is the perceived response consistent with the realize response? What the difference between perceived and real mutual interactive marginalization? What the difference between external and internal mutual interactive marginalization? All these questions are answered by this study, which focuses on interactive marginalization and its role in workers not obtaining the expected response and feeling frustrated and the difference between the external interactive marginalization (out-to-in), and the internal interactive marginalization (in-to-out) and difference between two parts, perceived and real marginalization with its eight patterns between organization and society and its effect of new comers and/or young doctors' psychological commitment, The first direction (out-to-in) including four types: (1)-perceived outside marginalization Switch to a perceived marginalization in. (2)-perceived outside marginalization leads to real marginalization in. (3)-real out marginalization move towards a real marginalization in. (4)-real out marginalization goes to a perceived marginalization in. The second direction (in-to-out) includes four types: (1)-perceived inside marginalization leads to perceived marginalization out. (2)-perceived inside marginalization switch to real marginalization out. (3)-real inside marginalization move towards perceived marginalization out. (4)-real inside marginalization goes to real marginalization out. research focused on studying the question about does interactive marginalization vs. psychological empowerment and psychological capital really affect the doctors' psychological commitment in educational hospitals? interactive marginalization as independent variable, psychological empowerment as an intermediate variable and psychological capital as a moderator variable in the relation between interactive marginalization (out-to-in & in-to-out) and psychological commitment. Through the results of exploratory study for researched public government schools and statistical analysis of a sample of (210) new and/or young doctors. Research based on four main hypotheses, while hypothesis (H₃) included four sub-hypotheses. (H₀1) and (H₀2) hypothesis was refused. In contrast, (H₃) and (H₄) hypothesis was admitted (agreeable) collectively and Partially. Moreover, the study presenting some recommendations about supporting psychological empowerment and enhancing the psychological capital and activation of psychological commitment, Psychological Contract and emotional equilibrium.

[Mohamed Nasr Saeed. The interactive Marginalization vs. Psychological Empowerment and Psychological Capital: Does it really affect the Psychological Commitment of new comers and/or young doctors? N Y Sci J 2020;13(12):12-43]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 2. doi:10.7537/marsnys131220.02.

Keywords: interactive marginalization; psychological empowerment (PsyEmp); psychological capital (PsyCap); the psychological commitment; emotional balance; psychological contract.

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Spore Morphology of Some Bryophyta in Egypt

Gamal M. A. Lashin, Usama Y. Abo-Salama^*, Ekram M. Abd El Haliem

and Gehad A. A. Hamouda

Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Egypt.

^*Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Ain-Shams University, Egypt.

Corresponding Author: gamalsabaa@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this work, spore morphology of eight species, Tortula muralis, Tortula brevissima, Aloina brevirostris, Syntrichia leavipila, Microbryum clavallianum (Pottiaceae); Funaria hygrometrica, Entosthodon muhlenbergii, Entosthodon attenuates (Funariaceae); were examined by Light microscopy (LM) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All spores are small; the length of polar axis is between 7.5 μm and 18.5 μm, equatorial diameter is between 10.5 μm and 27 μm. The smallest spores of them are Tortula brevissima and the biggest spores of them are Entosthodon attenuates. The shapes of the spores are determined as suboblate for Tortula muralis, Aloina brevirostris, Syntrichia leavipila, and oblate for Tortula brevissima, Funaria muhlenbergii, Funaria hygrometrica, Entosthodon attenuates. The ornamentation observed can be regulate, verrucate- regulate, baculate, verrucate, clavate- foveolate, clavate, foveolate- psilate on the distal pole, spore ornamentation of the proximal face is different or less complex than the distal face. We can concluded that the spore ultrastructure give important role for identification and taxonomic significant.

[Gamal M. A. Lashin, Usama Y. Abo-Salama, Ekram M. Abd El Haliem. Spore Morphology of Some Bryophyta in Egypt. N Y Sci J 2020;13(12):44-56]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 3. doi:10.7537/marsnys131220.03.

Key words: Bryophyta, spore, LM, SEM, Egypt.

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Origin and prevention of a new type of pneumonia coronavirus

Sun Chunwu

(1948-), male (Han nationality), Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China, mainly engaged in natural science research;

Unit name: former retired worker of Jiangsu Yangzhou Sanli Electric Group Co., Ltd.

Zip code 225008 E-mail: yzscw0514@163.com WeChat number scw20171020

Abstract: in order to study the origin and prevention and treatment of new type of pneumonia coronavirus, it is necessary to make a deep and systematic study on the work. Or the challenge is that the time and scale of each outbreak are unpredictable, and the infectious is very dangerous and difficult to eliminate the root of the misjudgment. It may be a bit hasty to limit the scope of the spread of the new type of pneumonia coronavirus by closing the city and roads, which may be a bit rash and will not be worth the loss. The following is a detailed analysis of the origin and prevention of coronavirus, so as to establish an effective national epidemic prevention and recover the economic losses in the epidemic situation.

[Sun Chunwu. Origin and prevention of a new type of pneumonia coronavirus. N Y Sci J 2020;13(12):57-72]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 4. doi:10.7537/marsnys131220.04.

Key words: Taiji theory of time and space, SARS, coronavirus, climate change, infectious diseases and epidemics, traditional Chinese medicine, hanging water, media, prevention and control work

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Flowering And Fruiting Phenology Of False African Nutmeg

Bello O. A.* ¹ and Akinyele A.O. ²

¹Department of Biology, Osun State College of Education, Ila-Orangun, Osun State, Nigeria

²Department of Forest Productions and Products, University of Ibadan, Nigeria

*Corresponding author (Phone number: +234 8066557071 Email: nikebello73@gmail.com)

Abstract: Matured trees of Pycnanthus angolensis (20.0±5.0years) were purposively selected from Oyo (Idito ID, Adewumi AD), Osun (Gbongan GB, Ajaba AJ), and Ekiti (Otun OT, Ayetoro AY) States, based on availability. Onset and duration of flowering and fruiting (months) and period of fruit colour change (days) were monitored for 24 months. Flower initiation ranged from September-November in which GB initiated flower in October, AJ (September), OT (November), AY (November), ID (November) and AD (November). However, OT, AY, ID and AD initiated flower at the same time. Flower formation also occurred between October-January. In GB, it occurred between Nov – December for (30days), AJ October 3rd–November. 30^th for (58days), OT November 8th– December 8^th (30days), AY November 8th–December 8th (30days), ID and AD formed flower between December 8th–January8^th (30days). Flowering period/ duration also varied, in GB, between October 1^st-April 30^th (7mths/ 211days), AJ between September 1st – January 31^st (5mths/ 153 days), OT between November 1st – March 31^st (5mths/ 151days), AY (April), ID and AD (June). Flowering period ranged from 5-8 months. It fruits from middle of July–June. However, Osun fruits (July-April), Ekiti (July-May) and Oyo (November-June). Fruiting initiation (FrI) ranged from July-November, GB: September, AJ: July, OT: July, AY: August, ID and AD: November. However, OT and AJ, ID and AD initiated fruit at the same time. Fruit formation (FF) occurred between September-November. Fruit maturation starts with brown colouration (FrM₁), brown-Green (FrM2), Green-Yellow (FrM3) and Yellow (FrM4). FrM₁ in GB {September 1st – September 30 (30)}, AJ: July 1st–November (150days), OT: July1st–August 30^th (62), AY: August1st–October 30th (90), ID: November-December (61) and AD November1st-30^th (30); FrM2 in GB ranged from October 1st-December 15^th (105), AJ November1st-30^th (30), OT (91days), AY October (60 days), ID (61) and AD (61); FrM3: ranged from (30 to 89days), and FrM4 ranged from (90days/3months) to 202 days. Fruiting occurred between middle of September–June. Osun began (September-January), Ekiti (November-April) and Oyo (November-June).

 [Bello O. A. and Akinyele A.O. Flowering And Fruiting Phenology Of False African Nutmeg. N Y Sci J 2020;13(12):73-78]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 5. doi:10.7537/marsnys131220.05.

Keywords: Phenology, Fruiting, nutmeg, and Timing

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Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis, Identification of the Vectors and Associated risk factors in Asossa District of Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia.

¹ Mubarik Kedir, ^*2 Mohammed Abdulkadir and ^*3 Haile Worku

^{1 *2} Benishangul Gumuz regional state, Assosa tsetse fly and trypanosomosis control and surveillance center, Asossa, Ethiopia. Email: mubeks@gmail.com and dr.mamedoo@gmail.com

^*3 Benishangul Gumuz regional state, Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resource, P.O. Box: 30 Assosa, Ethiopia. Email: workuhaile29@gmail.com.

Abstract: A cross-sectional study was carried out from December 2018 to June 2019 in Asossa district of Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis, identification of circulating trypanosome species, vectors and associated risk factors. Blood samples were collected from a total of 250 cattle and examined using buffy coat technique. Overall 250 (4.8%) bovine trypanosomosis prevalence was recorded. The major species of Trypanosoma identified include; Trypanosoma congolense (58.33%), Trypanosoma vivax (25%), Trypanosoma brucei (8.33%) and mixed infection accounted for 8.33%. Mean packed cell volume (PCV) value of the infected animals was lower (22.33% + 1.99) than uninfected animals (26.95% + 2.9) and the variation was statistically significant (P< 0.05). Overall, anemia prevalence of 27.6% (69/250) was recorded and it was significantly higher (66.66%) in infected cattle than in non-infected (25.63%). Significant difference was not observed between sex groups and age categories (p>0.05) but there was significant difference in the prevalence of trypanosomosis among study sites and body conditions (P< 0.05). Glossina morsitans sub morsitans was the only tsetse fly caught and its mean apparent density measured as fly/trap/day was 0.39. In addition, mechanical vectors of trypanosomosis such as Tabanus (0.26f/t/d), Stomoxys (0.23 f/t/d),) and Haematopota (0.13 f/t/d) were identified. In conclusion, the result of the current study shows lower prevalence of Trypanosomosis, compared to the previous studies. Therefore, continuous and strategic control measures should be carried out to eliminate this economically important disease.

[Mubarik Kedir, Mohammed Abdulkadir and Haile Worku. Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis, Identification of the Vectors and Associated risk factors in Asossa District of Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia. N Y Sci J 2020;13(12):79-85]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 6. doi:10.7537/marsnys131220.06.

Key words: Asossa, Trypanosomosis, Tsetse fly, prevalence, Risk factors

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The Impact of Human and Socio-cultural behavior on malaria transmission in a rural community of Nigeria: The Nyumagbagh Experience

Ebuka K. Ezihe ¹*; Chukwudi M. Egbuche², Chikaodili B. Ukonze^2,3, Udoka C. Nwangwu¹, Cosmas O. Onwude¹, Paschal C. Amakiri ⁴, Zika U. Atisele², Kapu Iangba-Terngu⁵, Juliet O. Obi², Emmanuel O. Ogudu¹

¹ National Arbovirus and Vectors Research Centre, Enugu

² Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka

³ School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia

⁴ Chester Medical School, University of Chester United Kingdom

⁵ Ikpoikpo Primary Health Centre Ichigh, Vandekya Benue State

*eziheebuka@yahoo.com

Abstract: Increase in outdoor feeding and resting of malaria vectors in most African settings where people spend significant time outside at night have allowed vectors to avoid interventions and consequently limit the effectiveness of those known control measures. This study therefore looks at the socio-cultural behavior of humans and their impact on malaria transmission in Nyumangbah Benue State. The study has a cross-sectional and tripod stand design that spans through households (in block house, huts and farm house), non-peri-domestic settings and health facilities. Direct observations, questionnaire based interview and Health Facility records were used concurrently for data collection. Data obtained from this study was entered into MS Excel and analyzed using SPSS version 25 at 5% significance level. Ownership of LLINs was highest, 40.0% among occupants of Block house and least, 12.0% among occupants of farm house (P < 0.05). Usage of LLINs was highest, 36.0% among occupants of Block house and least, 8.0% among occupants of farm house (P < 0.05). Average sleeping time of 22.00hrs, 22.30hrs and 23.00hrs were recorded for households in block house, huts and farm house respectively. The most reported late outdoor activity was alcohol drinking with 49.3% occurrence while the least reported activity was charging of phones with 22.0% occurrence (P > 0.05). Anopheles mosquitoes (15 An. gambiae s. s., 11 An. funestus, 6 An. coustani and 1 An. moucheti) constituted 30.3% of overall mosquito collections. Members of the An. gambiae complex were identified as An.gambiae ss using PCR.   From the Health Facility record, malaria prevalence of 66.0% was observed. Frequency of malaria occurrence in a year was 17.3%, 55.8% and 26.9% for one, two and three malaria episodes respectively (P < 0.05). This study has shown that persistent malaria parasite transmission, possibly due to ineffective use of LLINs can be attributed to the socio-cultural activities of both individuals and community members at large.  

[Ebuka K. Ezihe; Chukwudi M. Egbuche, Chikaodili B. Ukonze, Udoka C. Nwangwu, Cosmas O. Onwude, Paschal C. Amakiri , Zika U. Atisele, Kapu Iangba-Terngu, Juliet O. Obi, Emmanuel O. Ogudu. The Impact of Human and Socio-cultural behavior on Outdoor malaria transmission in a rural community of Nigeria: The Nyumagbagh Experience. N Y Sci J 2020;13(12):86-99]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 7. doi:10.7537/marsnys131220.07.

Keywords: Socio-cultural activities, Human behaviour, Malaria, LLINs, Mosquitoes, Anopheles species

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