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Assessing the Impacts of Coastal Activities on the Water Quality of Qua Iboe River Estuary, South-South, Nigeria.

George, U. U¹ Akpan, E. R²., Akpan, M. M.³

¹Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Mkpat Enin, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

²Institute of Oceanography, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.

³Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.

talk2georgeubong@gmail.com; Telephone: 08032625310

Abstract: Studies on the impacts of coastal activities on water quality of Qua Iboe River Estuary in Akwa Ibom State, South- South Nigeria was conducted for 12 months (between May 2015 and April 2016) with the aim of Understanding the current sources of contaminants concentration in the system and provide a model which allows policy-makers and local actors to design programs and policies to improve the existing practices and mitigate future problems. Water samples were collected monthly in five stations along the estuary and analyzed using standard procedures. Mean values obtained for physico-chemical parameters of water samples in wet and dry season were as follows: pH (7.69±0.29 and 7.79±0.38), temperature (26.19±0.05 and 26.72±0.08^oC), electrical conductivity (34562.59±8905.32 and 35049.25±9058.56 µs/cm), total dissolved solids (17949±469.71 and 17964.84±46.83.07 mg/l), dissolve oxygen (6.20±0.09 and 5.97±0.12 mg/l), chlorides (10391.06± 2811.82 and 10703.90±2811.82 mg/l), turbidity (23.58±3.77 and 25.31±4.74 NTU), total suspended solids (40.98±5.78 and 43.43±4.00 mg/l), bicarbonate (84.29±20.75 and 92.68±22.85 mg/l), alkalinity (68.86±16.94 and 75.32±18.53mg/l), biochemical oxygen demand (2.15±0.15 and 2.07±0.44 mg/l), chemical oxygen demand (145.56±38.08 and 129.60±33.82mg/l), total hydrocarbon content (6.55±2.09 and 6.62±2.33 mg/l) total organic carbon content (8.42±3.06 and 9.44±3.47 mg/l), nitrate (28.45±7.00 and 29.00±7.08 mg/l), phosphate (4.02±1.31 and 4.25±1.38 mg/l), sulphate (2038.57±560.89 and 2160.20±585.28 mg/l) and ammonia (11.28±4.19 and 16.96±4.23 mg/l) respectively. Silicates were below detectable limits in the water samples. Physico-chemical parameters (electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, chloride, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, sulphate and ammonia) exceeded the permissible WHO Standard for surface water. Analysis of variance and paired sample t-test revealed significant (p = 0.05) spatial and seasonal variations respectively. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive relationships amongst physicochemical parameters of water. Multivariate analytical techniques (PCA and HCA) imprinted that the estuary is a continuum in environmental block swayed by multiple contamination sources. However, the series of activities evident, coupled with the findings of this study further vindicate the need for proper monitoring and management of our indigenous water bodies.

[George, U. UAkpan, E. R., Akpan, M. M. Assessing the Impacts of Coastal Activities on the Water Quality of Qua Iboe River Estuary, South-South, Nigeria. N Y Sci J 2020;13(3):1-15]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 1. doi:10.7537/marsnys130320.01.

Keywords: Assessing; Impacts; Coastal Activities; Water Quality; Multivariate Statistical Tool

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Retrofitting Of Damaged RC Columns Using Spiral Stirrups

Elsamny, M.K.¹, Elbatal, S. A.¹, Abo-Alanwar, M. M.¹ and Abdel-Mohsen, A.M.²

¹Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

² Construction & Building Department, Faculty of Engineering, October 6 University, Cairo, Egypt

Abdelmohsen.mandour@gmail.com

Abstract: The present study deals with an experimental (EXP) and theoretical investigation of the behavior of the retrofitted damaged RC columns with different aspect ratios and different slenderness ratios. The present study presents a new technique for retrofitting of damaged RC columns using external spiral stirrups. A total of twenty RC columns specimens with different cross-sections, (100×100), (100×150), (100×200), (100×250) and (100×300) mm, fifteen of them were 1800 mm clear height and the other five specimens were 900 mm height. All columns were tested under axial loading until failure load, then replacing the damaged concrete part by using grout mortar and restoring specimens dimension and internal reinforcement. All columns were divided into four groups as follows: Group (1) consists of five specimens having cross-sections, as mentioned with a height of 1800mm, were retrofitted by using spiral stirrups with a constant pitch of 80mm and wrapped by three plies of steel wire mesh. Group (2) consists of five specimens having the same properties were retrofitted by using external longitudinal steel bars and tied by spiral stirrups with a pitch of 80mm. Group (3) consists of five specimens having the same properties were retrofitted by using spiral stirrups with a constant pitch of 120mm and wrapped by three plies of steel wire mesh. All the mentioned techniques were applied to the columns of the group (4), which consists of five specimens having the same cross-sections and height of 900mm. Five variables were investigated as follows: Aspect ratios A_SPR [defined as percentage of columns’ length to width of cross-section (t/b)] were 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3. Slenderness ratio (λ) [defined as the percentage of the column’s height to width (H/b)] were (15.3 and 7.6). Pitches of spiral stirrups (S) were (80 and 120mm). Using steel wire mesh and/or using external longitudinal bars with spiral stirrups. Using partial retrofitting of 1.5 of the defected length. All retrofitted damaged RC columns were tied at head and base of the applied jacket with steel clamp (30×3) mm then covered with 20mm grout mortar. The retrofitted damaged columns were tested again until failure load. The test results showed an increasing of carrying capacities for all presented techniques by various values. It is concluded that carrying capacities increase by decreasing the spiral pitching and by using external longitudinal steel bars which tied by spiral stirrups higher than using spiral stirrups wrapped by steel mesh. The horizontal displacements decrease by using longitudinal bars tied by spiral stirrups less than using spiral stirrups, which wrapped by steel mesh and by decreasing of spiral pitching. The slenderness ratio has no significant effect on used techniques. A fair agreement was found between finite element (FEA) results and experimental (EXP) results. However, the (FEA) models can identify the structural behavior of tested columns and can be an alternative for the destructive laboratory test. Finally, jacketing by external longitudinal steel bars tied by spiral stirrups proved to be an easy, inexpensive in retrofitting of damaged RC columns.

[Elsamny, M.K., Elbatal, S. A., Abo-Alanwar, M. M. and Abdel-Mohsen, A.M. Retrofitting Of Damaged RC Columns Using Spiral Stirrups. N Y Sci J 2020;13(3):16-38]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 2. doi:10.7537/marsnys130320.02.

Keywords: (RC) Columns;buckling; aspect ratio; slenderness ratio; concrete jacketing; repair; retrofitting; partial repair; spiral stirrups; steel wire mesh; capacity; finite element; failure load; slender column; experimental.

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Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Uric Acid in Hyperuricemic Elderly

Zeinab Mohamed Helmy¹; Yasser Abdel Monem Elhendy²; Emad Mohamed Ibrahem Taha³; Kareem Mohsen Abdeltawwab^{4, 5}

¹Professor of Physical Therapy for Cardiovascular / Respiratory Disorders and Geriatrics, Faculty Of physical Therapy, Cairo University

²Professor of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University

³Lecture of Physical Therapy for Cardiovascular / Respiratory Disorders and Geriatrics, Faculty Of Physical Therapy Cairo University

⁴Master Student at Department Cardiovascular / Respiratory Disorders and Geriatrics, Faculty Of Physical Therapy, Cairo University

⁵Demonstrator of Physical Therapy, Badr University at Cairo, Egypt

kareemovecth@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: It is generally believed that elevated serum uric acid is more common in elderly patients. There are many serious complications are associated with increased serum uric acid such as gout, metabolic syndrome, renal calculi and cardiovascular problems. Purpose: The aim of this study is to determine the effect of aerobic exercise on uric acid in hyperuricemicelderly. Subjects and Methods: thirty elderly patients, have elevated serum uric acid levels were selected randomly from Outpatient clinic of Department of physiotherapy and Rehabilitation in Al-Ahrar Teaching Hospital, Zagazig, their ages ranged from 65 to 75 years old and their body mass index (BMI) didn’t exceed 30kg/m². The participants were assigned into two groups of equal number. Group (A) (15 males patients) and group (B) (15 females patients) treated by aerobic exercise 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. All subjects in both groups were assessed through serum uric acid level test, visual analogue scale (VAS) to measure pain intensity and rated perceived exertion (RPE) before and after treatment. Results: It was revealed intensily that there was a statistically significant reducing serum uric acid level, pain level and increasing inrated perceived exertion in both group (A) and group (B) post treatment. Conclusion: The effect of aerobic exercise was effective in reducing serum uric acid level and pain intensity and increasing level of rate of perceived exertion in hyperuricemicelderly.

[Zeinab Mohamed Helmy; Yasser Abdel Monem Elhendy; Emad Mohamed Ibrahem Taha; Kareem Mohsen Abdeltawwab. Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Uric Acid in Hyperuricemic Elderly. N Y Sci J 2020;13(3):39-44]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 3. doi:10.7537/marsnys130320.03.

Keywords: Aerobic exercise - Hyperuricemic complications - Elderly.

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Mathematical Model Of Geometric Characteristics Of Images Based On the method Deconvolution Procedure

Saida Safibullayevna Beknazarova

Doctor Of Technical Science, Professor Audiovisual Technologies Of Tashkent University Of Information Technologies Named After Muhammad Al-Khwarizmi, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

saida.beknazarova@gmail.com

Abstract: Finding and tracking moving objects in a video stream is an important task for a different class of tasks that need to allocate moving objects on a complex background. Image segmentation based on mask selection is considered for solving this class of problems due to the fact that changing the parameters of the position, rotation and scale of the image has little effect on the amount of calculations. In addition, the contours completely determine the shape of the image, are slightly dependent on color and brightness and contain the necessary information for further classification of the object. This approach makes it possible not to consider the internal points of the image and thereby significantly reduce the amount of information processed by moving from the analysis of the function of two variables to the function of one variable. The consequence of this is the possibility of ensuring the operation of the processing system on a time scale closer to real. In addition to the well-known traditional applications of deconvolution, there are also various exotic applications of deconvolution. One of the most remarkable applications is the restoration of recordings of famous singers voices on old gramophone records by blind deconvolution.

[Saida Safibullayevna Beknazarova. Mathematical Model Of Geometric Characteristics Of Images Based On the method Deconvolution Procedure. N Y Sci J 2020;13(3):45-57]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 4. doi:10.7537/marsnys130320.04.

Keywords: building a mask, objects, video analysis, intellectual video surveillance systems, deconvolution procedure.

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Anti-Inflammatory And Antimicrobial Activities Of Powered And Ethanaol Extracts Of Scent Leaf (Ocimumgratissimum) And Curry Leaf (Murrayakoenigii)

Onyeyilim Ebuka Leonard, Urama Festus Chinonso

Department of pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka (41001)

ebuka.onyeyilim@unn.edu.ng

Abstract: The antimicrobial activities of ethanol extract and anti-inflammatory activities of powdered extract of Ocimum gratissimum L (scent leaves) and Murraya koenigii (curry leaves) were investigated. The tested organisms were Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi and Candid albicans, Aspergillus niger for bacteria and fungi respectively in the antimicrobial test. The antimicrobial test was determined using agar-well dilution method. The scent leaf extracts was active against all the microbes except Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi. The powdered extract of scent leaf and curry leaf showed immense anti-inflammmatory activities, although the extract of curry leaf showed higher anti-inflammatory activities close to that of indomethacin which acted as the standard drugs. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) result showed that the ethanolic extracts of scent leaf has more antibacterial activities than that of curry leaf, which showed more antifungal activities.

[Onyeyilim Ebuka Leonard, Urama Festus Chinonso. Anti-Inflammatory And Antimicrobial Activities Of Powered And Ethanaol Extracts Of Scent Leaf (Ocimumgratissimum) And Curry Leaf (Murrayakoenigii). N Y Sci J 2020;13(3):58-63]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 5. doi:10.7537/marsnys130320.05.

Key words: Ocimum gratissimum, Murraya koenigii, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, MIC

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Ethno botanical and medicinal uses of some wild edible fruiting plants in hills region of Garhwal Himalaya

¹P S Chauhan, ²MPS Parmar and ³Indu Tiwari

^1,3Department of Botany, Govt. PG College Rishikesh, Uttarakhand (India)

²Department of Botany, Govt. PG College Uttarkashi Uttarakand (India)

Correspondence author: drpschauhan17@gmail.com

Abstract: Garhwal Himalayas is the characterized by a rich diversity of ethno botanical and medicinal plant as well as rich heritage of wild edible fruits. A study was conducted to explore the ethno medicinal uses of different wild edible fruiting plants. The present study was carried out in 9 blocks and 45 villages of district Tehri Garhwal. Twenty-four wild edible fruiting plant species were identified from the study area viz; Aegle marmelos, Benthamidia capitata, Berberis aristata, Berberis lyceum, Carissa opaca, Celtis australis, Embilica officinalis, Ficus auriculata, Ficus palmate, Ficus racemosa, Ficus semicordata, Flacourtia indica, Grewia optiva, Morus serrata, Myrica esculenta, Phoenix humilis, Punica granatum, Pyrus pashia, Rhus parviflora, Rubus ellipticus, Rubus paniculatus, Solanum nigrum, Syzygium cumini, and Ziziphus glaberrima.

[P S Chauhan MPS Parmar and Indu Tiwari. Ethno botanical and medicinal uses of some wild edible fruiting plants in hills region of Garhwal Himalaya. N Y Sci J 2020;13(3):64-68]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 6. doi:10.7537/marsnys130320.06.

Keywords:- Wild fruits, Nutrition, Protein, Medicines, Ethno botanical, Consumption.

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A comparative study of the nutritional status of under-five male and female children in Ekureku community, Abi Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria

Kimboline Donatus Etim¹ and Randymay E. Kalu²

¹Department of Public Health, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria

²Federal Medical Centre, Yenogoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

e-mail: kim.etim@yahoo.com; randymaykalu@gmail.com

Abstract: Malnutrition which is the consumption of dietary nutrients either insufficiently or exclusively, is a major public health problem in Nigeria that has contributed to high morbidity and mortality among under-five years old children. This study aimed at assessing the nutritional status of under-five years old male and female children and the prevalence of malnutrition among them in rural Ekureku community. With a cross-sectional design, 380 mother-child pair respondents were selected using systematic sampling technique. Questionnaires and nutritional anthropometry were used in gathering data. Data collected were entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Student t-test and Chi-square were used to test for inferential statistics at 5% level of significance. The study proved that females were more stunted (16.3%), wasted (7.1%) and underweight (16.1%) than their male counterparts with 12.1% (stunted), 5.3% (wasted) and 12.1% (underweight). Combining the prevalence of malnourished male and female under-five children, the nutritional status showed that 28.4%, 12.4% and 28.2% were stunted, wasted and underweight respectively. The high prevalence of malnourished children could result from low knowledge of child nutrition and poor feeding practices of mothers/caregivers. The alarming rate of malnutrition in Ekureku rural community is significantly due to low knowledge of child nutrition, proper health care seeking behaviour and poor feeding practices of mothers/caregivers. Behavioural change through government intervention is recommended.

[Kimboline Donatus Etim and Randymay E. Kalu. A comparative study of the nutritional status of under-five male and female children in Ekureku community, Abi Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria. N Y Sci J 2020;13(3):69-79]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 7. doi:10.7537/marsnys130320.07.

Keywords: Malnutrition, under-five children, Ekureku community, nutritional status, Z-scores

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Silencing Genes in Diaphorina citri to Combat Huanglongbing Disease in Citrus

Dr. Ellen Jorgensen, PhD¹, Tarjani Agrawal², Alex Cho³, Yujin Cho⁴, Junho Huh⁵, Wonjoon Jeong⁶, Wonsook Jeong⁷, Jeehwan Kim⁸, Minuk Kim⁹, Timothy Kim¹⁰, Caroline Lee¹¹, Lucas Lee¹², Yongho Lee¹³, Jeany Park¹⁴, David Shon¹⁵, Erica Sugimura¹⁶, Hedy Tung¹⁷, Suyoung Yun¹⁸

¹Ellen Jorgensen PhD, Biotech Without Borders, New York NY

²Tarjani Agrawal, PhD Candidate, New York University, New York NY

³Alex Cho, Stuyvesant High School, New York NY

⁴Yujin Cho, Korea International School, Jeju, South Korea

⁵Junho Huh – Seoul International School, Seoul South Korea

⁶Wonjoon Jeong, Fulton Science Academy, Alpharetta, GA

⁷Wonsook Jeong– Fulton Science Academy. Alpharetta GA

⁸Jeehwan Kim- Choate Rosemary Hall, Wallingford, CT

⁹Minuk Kim– Stuyvesant High School, New York NY

¹⁰Timothy Kim – Greenwich High School, Greenwhich CT

¹¹Caroline Lee – Syosset High School, NY

¹²Lucas Lee, St. Mary’s High School, Manhasset

¹³Yongho Lee, Stuyvesant High School, New York NY

¹⁴ Jeany Park – Kent School, Kent CT.

¹⁵David Shon – Portsmouth Abbey School, Portsmouth, RI

¹⁶ Erica Sugimura – Stuyvesant High School, New York NY

¹⁷Hedy Tung – Stuyvesant High School, New York NY

¹⁸Suyoung Yun– Shattuck St. Mary’s School, Faribult MN

Abstract: Huanglongbing is a disease that infects and damages citrus trees, causing them to produce green, inedible fruit. It originated in China and spread to the US through international trade. The disease is caused by the bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus (otherwise known as CLas) and spread through an insect vector, the citrus psyllid. Though insects began showing up in the late 90’s and early 2000’s, they were not viewed as a serious threat until 2006 when the spread of HLB rapidly accelerated. The bacteria cause a localized infection rather than a systemic one, which makes the infection even harder to fight. The organisms slowly spread throughout the entire tree. By the time the disease is caught, there is nothing that can be done except to chop the tree down. The disease has destroyed over 60% of the citrus groves in Florida and has now begun to spread to California. This poses a serious economic threat: without the citrus industry, the US would lose billions of dollars each year. Using pesticides and antibiotics is not a good long-term solution, as they are not environmentally friendly and can ultimately lead to problems, such as antibiotic resistant bacteria. Furthermore, the antibiotics kill not only the bad bacteria, but also the good ones that are critical for the trees’ survival. The solution that we are proposing is more effective, as it is very narrow and selective, allowing us to directly target the root of the problem. We are developing a DNA-based device that can produce double-stranded siRNA molecules capable of silencing essential genes in the psyllid organism, thereby meaningfully reducing their numbers in the citrus plants’ environment.

[Ellen Jorgensen, Tarjani Agrawal, Alex Cho, Yujin Cho, Junho Huh, Wonjoon Jeong, Wonsook Jeong, Jeehwan Kim, Minuk Kim, Timothy Kim, Caroline Lee, Lucas Lee, Yongho Lee, Jeany Park, David Shon, Erica Sugimura, Hedy Tung, Suyoung Yun. Silencing Genes in Diaphorina citri to Combat Huanglongbing Disease in Citrus. N Y Sci J 2020;13(3):80-85]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 8. doi:10.7537/marsnys130320.08.

Keywords: Silencing; Genes; Diaphorina; citri; Combat; Huanglongbing; Disease; Citrus

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Impact of Trade Deficit on the Economy of Nepal

Seniha Rawal ¹, Lin Dayan¹, Rafid Ullah Khan²

^1. Department of Apply Economics, School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing –china

² School of public affairs, Nanjing university of science and technology, Nanjing –China.

seniharawal@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study aspires to investigate the impact of trade deficit on the economy of Nepal by using time series data through 2000/01 to 2017/18. GDP is a dependent variable whereas trade deficit, human development index and gross fixed capital formation are independent variables. Regression analysis method has been used to explore the collected data. The result highlights that there is a negative relationship between the dependent variable GDP and trade deficit. Whilst, human development index and gross fixed capital formation are positively related to GDP. The outcomes conclude that trade deficit influences the economy of the nation unfavorably. Nepal's trade has immensely been experiencing deficit which can harm foreign currency reserve of the nation and can further lead to macroeconomic instability. The government should work on the policies that encourage sufficient investment in the export-based industries that reflects an appropriate blend of promotion and substitutions for export and import.

[Seniha R, Lin D, Rafid U K. Impact of Trade Deficit on the Economy of Nepal. N Y Sci J 2020;13(3):86-91]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 9. doi:10.7537/marsnys130320.09.

Keywords: Trade Deficit; Economy; Nepal

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Jade Stone Inspection by Photon State Parametric Terahertz Grayscale Method

Ashish Kumar; Liu Xuefeng; Xu Bin

School of Electronics and Optical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Nanjing China

ashishkumar@njust.edu.cn

Abstract: Absence of jade stone structural inspection and precise measurement technique is general obstacle for imaging a jade stone. A terahertz (THz) photon state parametric gray scale method used for efficiently reduce investigation time duration for analyzing structural detail of jade stone is achieved. An alternative THz parametric grayscale method is proposed. For explaining the ability of this system, a sample with several layers, has taken for analysis. From this method, each layer for jade stone is highlighted and measured for inside deformation. Through our experimental result clearly, show the interior formation and deformation of jade stone. The response of jade stone at each THz angle of polarization help to obtain a clear inside detailed structure. This study and exploration of stone imaging through THz intensity variation method is precise and improve the feasibility of the imaging technique. All measurements done by THz system and analysis through MATLAB are well consistent.

[Ashish Kumar, Liu Xuefeng, Xu bin. Jade Stone Inspection by Photon State Parametric Terahertz Grayscale Method. N Y Sci J 2020;13(3):92-98]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 10. doi:10.7537/marsnys130320.10.

Keywords: THz wave, polarization, Jadestone

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