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In Silico Molecular Classification of Breast and Prostate Cancers using Back Propagation Neural Network

Zahraa Naser Shahweli¹, Ban Nadeem Dhannoon², Rehab S. Ramadhan³

^1. Computer Science Department, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq,

Stcs-zns16@sc.nahrainuniv.edu.iq

^2. Computer Science Department, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq, bnt@sc.nahrainuniv.edu.iq

^3. Medical Biotechnology Department, College of biotechnology, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq, rehabrebah@biotech.nahrainuniv.edu.iq

Abstract: Cancer is a standout amongst the most widely recognized and complex infections of the present century since it happens because of numerous organic and physical responses. One of the amplest and most boundless growths for the ladies today is Breast tumor, while prostate malignancy is a worry for some men. Computational models of disease are being created to help both biological invention and clinical prescription. The In silico models encourage the accumulation and utilization of trials to break down and separate rich organic data from vast natural database. In this study, a total of seven data sets is used, that is, five data sets from the Universal Mutation Database (UMD) TP53 database and two datasets from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) TP53 database, are used to assess the work. Back propagation neural network with hybrid model of 5-fold cross-validation and validation sets was used to classify and predict breast and prostate cancers in patients based on molecular mutations located in the TP53 gene. The performance of the proposed system in the network testing phase was determined to be satisfactory based on the average values for all folds of five indices (i.e., sensitivity = 97 and 96.5; specificity = 96.6 and 97.3; accuracy = 98 and 96.7; F-measure = 98.1 and 97.1; and Matthew’s correlation coefficient = 0.93 and 0.91) for breast and prostate cancers, respectively.

[In Silico Molecular Classification of Breast and Prostate Cancers using Back Propagation Neural Network. Zahraa Naser Shahweli, Ban Nadeem Dhannoon, Rehab S. Ramadhan. Cancer Biology 2017;7(3):1-7]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 1. doi:10.7537/marscbj070317.01.

Keywords: Classification; Back Propagation Neural Network; Cross Validation; Validation Set; TP53 gene; in silico; Breast Cancer; Prostate Cancer.

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Anti-cancer activity of Crinum defixum Ker-Gawler medicinal plant leaves using KB cells

^*A. Elaiyaraja, G. Chandramohan

Department of Chemistry, A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam College, Poondi, Thanjavur-613 503, Tamilnadu, India.

Emails: raja_mscchem@rediffmail.com, Mobile: 9043571103

Abstract: Crinum defixum Ker-Gawler is a well-known herb used in ethnomedicine. Alakaloids and flavonoids are major constituents of C.defixum. In this study, we investigated the anticancer activity of KB and normal HGF-1 cells. We demonstrated the effects of ethanolic extract of C.defixum on the cell growth and apoptosis in KB and normal HGF-1 cells were analyzed by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the level of mitochondrial membrane potential (∆ψM) and apoptotic morphological changes were analyzed by AO/EtBr, AO and Hoechst staining. Our results indicated that the ethanolic extracts of C.defixum shows better anticancer activity through it’s induces increased cell death, ROS generation, alteration of mitochondria membrane potential and apoptosis.

[A. Elaiyaraja, G. Chandramohan. Anti-cancer activity of Crinum defixum Ker-Gawler medicinal plant leaves using KB cells. Cancer Biology 2017;7(3):8-13]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 2. doi:10.7537/marscbj070317.02.

Keywords: Crinum defixum Ker-Gawler, Anticancer activity, KB, normal HGF-1 cell, ROS generation, Mitochondria membrane potential.

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The use of magnetic nanoparticles in hyperthermia of Ehrlich tumor

Sahar E. Abo-Neima¹, Hussein A. Motaweh¹, and Rahma M.Anany¹

¹Department of physics, Faculty of Science, Damanhur University, Egypt.

Sahar_amr2002@yahoo.com

Abstract: Hyperthermia has been in use for many years, as a potential alternative method in cancer treatment, and high frequency microwave radiation has been used successfully to raise the tumor temperature to around 42^oC in superficial tumors without causing damage to surrounding healthy tissues. In the present work a total of 60 male mice weighing 20-25gm of 4-5 weeks of age will be used in all the experiments. A suspension of 10⁶ cells/ mL isolated from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice will be prepared. The animals will be injected into the left flank with 0.2mL of this suspension. When tumors reach approximately 5-10 mm in diameter, mice will be randomly divided into nine groups, each of ten namely from G₁ to G₉:1^st group which injected with phosphate buffer (control group). 2^nd group which mice bearing tumor without injection with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and without hyperthermia (Tumor).3^rd group which mice bearing tumor exposed to microwave hyperthermia without injection of MNPs (MW). 4^th group which mice bearing tumor injected with ferric MNPs (FE) without hyperthermia.5^th group which mice bearing tumor injected with ferric MNPs and exposed to microwave hyperthermia (FE+MW). 6^th group which mice bearing tumor injected with Nickel MNPs without hyperthermia (NI).^7th group which mice bearing tumor injected with MNPs and exposed to microwave hyperthermia (NI+MM).8^thgroup which mice bearing tumor injected with MNPs without hyperthermia (CO).9^th group which mice bearing tumor injected with cobalt MNPs and exposed to microwave hyperthermia (CO+MW). The results showed that The transmission electron microscope (TEM) image shows that the prepared magnetite nanoparticles are almost spherical shape. The particles have tendency to aggregate because of their magnetic properties. The average particle size as determine from the histogram is ~ 20 nm for Fe and 100nm for Co and Ni. The electron diffraction shows that the sample are completely crystalline as confirmed from the x-ray diffraction (XRD) and there was highly significant decreased in the normalized tumor size with the different treatment modalities as compared with the animal bearing tumor (control group). The very high significant decreased for Ni+MW treatment was indicated i.e. the treatment of ehrlich tumor with Ni+MW give us the most inhibition for tumor size. From the histopathological study for ehlich tumor where tumors were treated with MNPs and with NPs +MW which exhibits tumor necrosis and fibrosis. It was concluded that MNPs can penetrate tumor tissue and pass through gaps, are able to remain in the tumor tissue and destroyed cancer cells.

[Sahar E. Abo-Neima, Hussein A. Motaweh, and Rahma M. Anany. The use of magnetic nanoparticles in hyperthermia of Ehrlich tumor. Cancer Biology 2017;7(3):14-20]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 3. doi:10.7537/marscbj070317.03.

Keywords: Ehlich tumor, microwave, nanoparticles, TEM, XRD, histopathology

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Comparison between Male Breast Cancer and Female Breast Cancer, Retrospective Study

Rehab F Mohamed

Department of Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt

faroukrehab@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease compared to female breast cancer (FBC). It accounts less than 1% of all breast cancer and less than 1% of all men cancer. Male patients with breast cancer are treated according to treatment guidelines of FBC specifically the guidelines of post-menopausal FBC based on the high expression of estrogen receptor (ER) which found in the tumor of MBC and post-menopausal FBC patients and low estrogen expression in their bodies. In this retrospective study, we aimed to compare MBC to FBC to understand the biological behavior of MBC and the outcome of this disease. Patients and methods Patients diagnosed between 2005-2012 with breast cancer were included in this study, their number was 477 cases. Patients were classified according to sex into male (number=17) and female (number=460) breast cancer. We compared the incidence, tumor characters, adjuvant treatment, the 5-years disease free survival (DFS), and Overall survival (OS) of MBC to FBC. Results MBC cases were 3.6% compared to 96.4% FBC cases which were highly significant. As regarding to the stage of the tumor at diagnosis, no differences were seen between MBC and FBC, 82.4%stage I & II for MBC versus 77.4% for FBC and 17.3% stage III & IV for MBC versus 22.6% for FBC. No significant difference between MBC and FBC as regarding the type of pathology, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) was found in 5.9% versus 1.3%, invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) was found in 94.1% versus 96.7%, and invasive lobular carcinoma was found in 2% of FBC only. Most of patients expressed positive estrogen receptor (ER), 88.2% for MBC versus 75% in FBC (P<0.04) while 70.6% of MBC were progesterone receptor (PR) positive versus 71.1% in FBC. As regarding to HER2/neu status 23.5% was positive in MBC versus 66.7% positive in FBC (P<0.04). According to adjuvant treatment there were significant differences between MBC and FBC. There was no difference between MBC and FBC as regarding DFS. The median DFS was 3.9 years for FBC versus 3.4 years for MBC. In term of OS, the MBC had poor OS compared to FBC. Conclusion MBC outcome was inferior compared to FBC that may be due to the differences in the biological behavior of MBC. More studies are needed for further understand the differences between MBC and FBC.

[Rehab F Mohamed. Comparison between Male Breast Cancer and Female Breast Cancer, Retrospective Study. Cancer Biology 2017;7(3):21-25]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 4. doi:10.7537/marscbj070317.04.

Keywords: Male, female, breast, cancer, retrospective, study

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Phytochemistry and Cytotoxic Activity of Annonasquamosa L. Fruit Pulpagainst Human Carcinoma Cell Lines

Salama M. El-Darier¹ and Abdelhady, E. F.²

^*1 Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

² Botany Departments, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Elmarj, Benghazi University, Libya

^*Email: salama_eldarier@yahoo.com

Abstract: It was argue that the different parts of Annonasquamosa L. (English: sugar apple, Arabic: gishta) have been used for the treatment of various types of cancer however; surgery, chemotherapy as well as radiotherapy still remain the basis of treatment. The aim of the present study was to determine the phytochemistry and anticancer potential of ethanolic extract of fruit pulp of Annonasquamosa against cervical (HELA), liver (HEPG2), prostate (PC3), lung (H1299 & A549), larynx (HEP2), breast (MCF7) and intestine (CACO) cell lines. Qualitative phytochemical screening was carried out using the crude fruit pulp aqueous extract. Data revealed the presence of glycosides, alkaloids, saponins, phytosterols, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids and tannins as well as acetogenins. The extract exhibited a strong significant anticancer activity against H1299 (IC₅₀= 9.96), CACO (IC₅₀= 25.32), HEP2 (IC₅₀= 26.13) and PC3 (IC₅₀= 26.66). Moderate action was exhibited for HELA (IC₅₀= 38.09) and A549 (IC₅₀= 39.60) while a weak achievement was recorded for MCF7 (IC₅₀= 351.73) and HEPG2 (IC₅₀= 587.96). The study may conclude that A. squamosa fruit pulp may be applied as food supplement in some cancer treatment protocols.

[Salama M. El-Darier and Abdelhady, E. F.. Phytochemistry and Cytotoxic Activity of Annonasquamosa L. Fruit Pulpagainst Human Carcinoma Cell Lines. Cancer Biology 2017;7(3):26-30]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 5. doi:10.7537/marscbj070317.05.

Key words:Phytochemistry, Annonasquamosa, Cancer cell lines, Ethanolic extract, food supplements.

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The use of magnetic nanoparticles in hyperthermia of Ehrlich tumor

Sahar E. Abo-Neima, Hussein A. Motaweh, and Rahma M.Anany

Department of physics, Faculty of Science, Damanhur University, Egypt.

Sahar_amr2002@yahoo.com

Abstract: Hyperthermia has been in use for many years, as a potential alternative method in cancer treatment, and high frequency microwave radiation has been used successfully to raise the tumor temperature to around 42^oC in superficial tumors without causing damage to surrounding healthy tissues. In the present work a total of 60 male mice weighing 20-25gm of 4-5 weeks of age will be used in all the experiments. A suspension of 10⁶ cells/ mL isolated from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice will be prepared. The animals will be injected into the left flank with 0.2mL of this suspension. When tumors reach approximately 5-10 mm in diameter, mice will be randomly divided into nine groups, each of ten namely from G₁ to G₉:1^st group which injected with phosphate buffer (control group). 2^nd group which mice bearing tumor without injection with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and without hyperthermia (Tumor).3^rd group which mice bearing tumor exposed to microwave hyperthermia without injection of MNPs (MW). 4^th group which mice bearing tumor injected with ferric MNPs (FE) without hyperthermia.5^th group which mice bearing tumor injected with ferric MNPs and exposed to microwave hyperthermia (FE+MW).6^th group which mice bearing tumor injected with Nickel MNPs without hyperthermia (NI).^7th group which mice bearing tumor injected with MNPs and exposed to microwave hyperthermia (NI+MM).8^thgroup which mice bearing tumor injected with MNPs without hyperthermia (CO).9^th group which mice bearing tumor injected with cobalt MNPs and exposed to microwave hyperthermia (CO+MW). The results showed that The transmission electron microscope (TEM) image shows that the prepared magnetite nanoparticles are almost spherical shape. The particles have tendency to aggregate because of their magnetic properties. The average particle size as determine from the histogram is ~ 20 nm for Fe and 100nm for Co and Ni. The electron diffraction shows that the sample are completely crystalline as confirmed from the x-ray diffraction (XRD) and there was highly significant decreased in the normalized tumor size with the different treatment modalities as compared with the animal bearing tumor (control group). The very high significant decreased for Ni+MW treatment was indicated i. e. the treatment of ehrlich tumor with Ni+MW give us the most inhibition for tumor size. From the histopathological study for ehlich tumor where tumors were treated with MNPs and with NPs +MW which exhibits tumor necrosis and fibrosis. It was concluded that MNPs can penetrate tumor tissue and pass through gaps, are able to remain in the tumor tissue and destroyed cancer cells.

[Sahar E. Abo-Neima, Hussein A. Motaweh, and Rahma M. Anany . The use of magnetic nanoparticles in hyperthermia of Ehrlich tumor. Cancer Biology 2017;7(3):31-37]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 6. doi:10.7537/marscbj070317.06.

Keywords: Ehlich tumor, microwave, nanoparticles, TEM, XRD, histopathology

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Recent Advances in Cancer Chemotherapy

Akefe, I.O., ¹ Adamu, A.M., ² Yusuf, I.L ³

^1. Physiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

^2. Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja

^3. Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri.

akefeisaac@yahoo.com, 08034986335, 08156353662

Abstract: Conventional anticancer therapies are deficient in the management of patients. This has led to the need for alternative techniques developed to target tumour cells. Recent therapies intended to replace conventional methods include photodynamic therapy, human alpha-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells, gene therapy, telomerase therapy, hyperthermia therapy, complementary and alternative therapy, diet therapy, insulin potentiating therapy and bacterial treatment. However, these therapies are controversial due to lack of evidence, efficacy, feasibility, availability, specificity and selectivity. As a result, cancer still remains as one of the diseases with extremely high mortality and as such, adjunct and neoadjunct cancer chemotherapy remains the main hope for cancer treatment. There is need to focus future research on the development of more potent and less toxic cancer chemotherapeutic agents from the vast array of natural and synthetic compounds so as to improve health, prolong life and reduce the high mortality associated with this epidemic.

[Akefe, I.O., Adamu, A.M., Yusuf, I.L. Recent Advances in Cancer Chemotherapy. Cancer Biology 2017;7(3):38-51]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 7. doi:10.7537/marscbj070317.07.

Keywords: Cancer, Health, Chemotherapy Antineoplastic

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Afla-Toxins and Carcinoma in fish (Review)

Mona S. Zaki¹; Mostafa F. Abdel Zaher¹ and Olfat Fawzy²

¹Department of Hydrobiology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

²Department of Biochemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

dr_mona_zaki@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: The influence of dietary aflatoxins on body weight, immunity, and hormonal profile was studied in fish. The results revealed that decrease body weight, IgM, Insulin, there is carcinoma in liver of fish suffered from Afla-toxins may also induce an immunosuppressive effect on humoral immune response of fish.

[Mona S. Zaki ; Mostafa F. Abdel Zaher  and Olfat Fawzy . Afla-Toxins and Carcinoma in fish (Review). Cancer Biology 2017;7(3):52-54]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 8. doi:10.7537/marscbj070317.08.

Key words: Afla-Toxins, Carcinoma, Fish.

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The Effect of Different Rates of Nitrogen and Plant Density on Qualitative and Quantitative traits of Indian mustard

Sahar Keivanrad¹, Babak Delkhosh¹, Amir Hossein Shirani Rad², Peiman Zandi³

¹Department of Agronomy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

2Associate professor, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran

²Department of Agronomy, Takestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Takestan, Iran

z_rice_b@yahoo.com; shirani.rad@gmail.com; sahar.k1rad@yahoo.com

Abstract: To understand the effect of plant density and amounts of nitrogen fertilizer on some agronomic characteristics of Indian mustard, an experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design with split-plot arrangement with three replications. Nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg N/ha) were allotted to main plots and subplots were consisted of three levels of plant densities (80, 100 and 120 plants/ m²). The results indicated that, plant density had a highly significant effect on plant height, seed/siliqua, siliqua/plant, seed yield, biologic yield, 1000-seed weight, oil content and oil yield (p<0.01). All tested traits (qualitative and quantitative ones) were significantly affected by nitrogen fertilizer (p<0.01). Nitrogen×plant density interaction also significantly affected all tested traits (p<0.05) except for plant height and siliqua/plant. Our findings suggest that for semi-arid zone of Takestan, Indian mustard due to its high adaptation to arid conditions can be a good option for spring rapeseed replacement.

[Sahar Keivanrad, Babak Delkhosh, Amir Hossein Shirani Rad, Peiman Zandi. The Effect of Different Rates of Nitrogen and Plant Density on Qualitative and Quantitative traits of Indian mustard. Cancer Biology 2017;7(3):55-62]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 9. doi:10.7537/marscbj070317.09.

Keywords: Brassica juncea; plant population; nitrogen fertilizer; seed yield; oil yield; oil content

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A New Method for Position Control of a 2-DOF Robot Arm Using Neuro – Fuzzy Controller

Jafar Tavoosi*, Majid Alaei*, Behrouz Jahani¹, Muhammad Amin Daneshwar²

¹Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

²Department of Electricel Engineering, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran

mdaneshwar@yahoo.com

Abstract: Robot manipulators have become increasingly important in the field of flexible automation. So modeling and control of robots in automation will be very important. But Robots, as complex systems, must detect and isolate faults with high probabilities while doing their tasks with humans or other robots with high precision and they should tolerate the fault with the controller. This paper introduces a Neuro-Fuzzy Controller (NFC) for position control of robot arm. A five layer neural network is used to adjust input and output parameters of membership function in a fuzzy logic controller. The hybrid learning algorithm is used for training this network. In this algorithm, the least square estimation method is applied for the tuning of linear output membership function parameters and the error backpropagation method is used to tune the nonlinear input membership function parameters. The simulation results show that neuro fuzzy controller is better and more robust than the PID controller for robot trajectory control.

[Jafar Tavoosi, Majid Alaei, Behrouz Jahani, Muhammad Amin Daneshwar. A New Method for Position Control of a 2-DOF Robot Arm Using Neuro – Fuzzy Controller . Cancer Biology 2017;7(3):63-70]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 10. doi:10.7537/marscbj070317.10.

Keywords: Robot arm, Hybrid Learning, Neuro-Fuzzy Controller (NFC)

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Hela Cells and Immortality

Dr. Ma Hongbao

Brookdale University Hospital & Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11212, USA

ma8080@gmail.com; 718-404-5362

Abstract: Immortality is the eternal life, the ability to live forever. The most important is the biological immortality, where the living body will live without die. Other people believe that life extension is a more achievable goal in the short term, with immortality awaiting further research breakthroughs. HeLa is an immortal cell line used in scientific researches and applications. It is the oldest and most commonly used human cell line. The line was derived from cervical cancer cells taken on February 8, 1951 from Henrietta Lacks, a patient who died of her cancer on October 4, 1951. The cell line was found to be durable which let researchers can use it in scientific research easily. The cells from Lacks' cancerous cervical tumor were taken without her knowledge or consent. Cell biologist George Otto Gey found that the cells could be kept alive, and a single cell was isolated then multiplied from them. Finally the cell was developed as a cell line. This cell line was labeled as HeLa, the first two letters of the patient's first and last name (Henrietta Lacks), and the HeLa became the name of the cell line.

[Ma H. Hela Cells and Immortality. Cancer Biology 2017;7(3):71-78]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 11. doi:10.7537/marscbj070317.11.

Key words: cancer; immortality; DNA; eternal; life; stem cell; cell; protein

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Retrospective preliminary study on the magnitude of q-RT-PCR for BCR-ABL over FISH BCR-ABL in follow up of CML patient receiving First Line TKI Therapy

Mohammed Al-Sayegh^{1, 2}, Hani Al Hashmi¹, Omar Abduljali¹, Afra Al-Dayel³, Khalid Al Anezi¹, Panagiotis Kalogiannidi¹, Dina Soliman⁴, Arwa Al Saber³, Ali Al Matrok³, Mahmoud M Kamel⁴, Heba N.Raslan^3,4

¹Adult Hemato-Oncology and BMT Unit King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, KSA

²King Fahad Hospital Jeddah, KSA

³Laboratory Department King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, KSA

⁴Laboratory Department National Cancer Institute Cairo University, Egypt

alsayegh59@yahoo.com, hebaraslan2012@gmail.com, mm.kamel@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: The pathogenesis of Chronic Myelogenous leukaemia (CML) is driven by the BCR-ABL1 fusion oncoprotein, a dysregulated tyrosine kinase, that results from a reciprocal translocation (9:22) (q34; q11) or Philadelphia chromosome (Ph). Over the past decades, CML therapy has relied on specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) whose success has established CML as a model disease for targeted cancer treatment. The hall mark of CML diagnosis and the efficacy of TKI therapy are confirmed by cytogenetic and molecular investigations. Objective: Our study was to compare the molecular and cytogenetic results in a cohort CML patients receiving first line TKI therapy and determine whether molecular testing has a better predictive value over cytogenetic testing and to investigate whether molecular testing could be solely as sufficient to monitor CML with limiting cytogenetic testing used at to the diagnostic and resistance stages only. Methods: A total of 66 patients were included in the Imatinib treatment regimen, of which 63 Patients had molecular and/or cytogenetic data at at-least one specific time point. Results and Conclusion: Molecular response could predict a subsequent cytogenetic response while a CCyR milestone was not an effective indicator of therapeutic progress in the patient cohort. Since a molecular response was sufficient to determine treatment outcome in our patient group, we propose to substitute the largely redundant cytogenetic testing with the more sensitive and reproducible molecular testing.

[Mohammed Al-Sayegh, Hani Al Hashmi, Omar Abduljali, Afra Al-Dayel, Khalid Al Anezi, Panagiotis Kalogiannidi, Dina Soliman, Arwa Al Saber, Ali Al Matrok, Mahmoud M Kamel, Heba N. Raslan. Retrospective preliminary study on the magnitude of q-RT-PCR for BCR-ABL over FISH BCR-ABL in follow up of CML patient receiving First Line TKI Therapy. Cancer Biology 2017;7(3):79-89]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 12. doi:10.7537/marscbj070317.12.

Key words: CML, Molecular and cytogenetic response, Philadelphia chromosome and TKI therapy

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