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Antibiotic Sensitivity of E. coli and Salmonella isolated From Chicken

Nagwa S. Rabie¹, M.M. Rady¹, Zeinab M. S. Amin Girh¹, and Mona S. Zaki²

¹Department of Poultry Diseases, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

²Hydrobiology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza Egypt.

drmonazaki@yahoo.com

Abstract: Antimicrobial susceptibility among four bacterial isolates: three isolates of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (O78, O26 and O1) and one isolate of Salmonella strains (Salmonella Typhimurium) were studied. All these bacterial strains were isolated from diseased birds diagnosed with Colibacillosis and Salmonellosis. The results were indicated that all four isolates were sensitive to Gentamycine (100%), while one of E.coli strains (serogroup, O26) and Salmonella Typhimurium were sensitive to Colistin. All isolates were resistant to Penicillin, Tetracyclines and Amoxicillin. Antibioticresistantbacteria and antibiotics discharged in variousamounts in the environment due to indiscriminate use of antibioticsin medical, veterinary andagricultural practices lead tomultiple antibiotic resistances in bacterial pathogens.

[Nagwa S. Rabie, M.M. Rady, Zeinab M. S. Amin Girh, and Mona S. Zaki. Antibiotic Sensitivity of E. coli and Salmonella isolated From Chicken. Stem Cell 2020;11(1):1-4]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 1. doi:10.7537/marsscj110120.01.

Keywords: Antibiotic; Sensitivity; E. Coli; Salmonella; isolate; Chicken

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Effects of Watermelon Production on the Livelihoods of Smallholder Farmers in Ekiti State, Nigeria

¹Adedapo, A. O. and ²Kehinde-Fadare, A. F.

¹Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension Services, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria

²Department of Crop, Horticulture and Landscape, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria

Email of the Corresponding author: ayodeji.adedapo@eksu.edu.ng

Abstract: The study examined the effects of watermelon production on the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study described the demographic characteristics of the respondents, estimate the cost and returns analysis of watermelon production, determine the resource use efficiency of watermelon production and describe the constraints to watermelon production in the study area. A well-structured interview schedule was used to elicit information from 120 watermelon farmers through a multi-stage sampling procedure. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, cost and returns analysis, frontier stochastic statistical tools and Chi-Square analysis. The study revealed that the average age of the respondents was 41.34 years, mostly male, married, with relatively large household size of 8 persons and had one or more forms of education. Their average year of farming experience was 12 years, while their common mode of land acquisition was inheritance and rentage. Also, family labour was their common source of labour. The sources of finance available were banks, personal savings and friends and relations. Also, 46.67 percent have access to credit facilities and non-availability of bank in the locality, lack of collateral and lack of proper information were the reasons for not being able to access credit facilities. Farm gate and local market were the common points of sales used by the farmers to market their harvested watermelon. The farm size (0.046), labour per day (0.032) and qualities of seeds (0.491) were found to be significant variables in technical efficiency of watermelon farmers. The inefficiency sources model shows that age, household size and farming experience were the significant factors affecting watermelon production in the study area. The estimate of cost and return analysis of watermelon farming showed the profitability with ₦253,268.52 total cost incurred, total revenue was ₦487,436.05, net profit was ₦234,167.53, gross return was 0.52, while the rate of returns was 0.92 and the benefit cost ratio was 1.92. The result of the distribution of technical efficiency scores showed that increase output level of the efficiency of inputs usage was increased by 0.15. The constraints to watermelon production were transportation, high cost of inputs, pest and diseases infestation, limited extension agents contact, lack of improved seeds, limited access to land, lack of credit facilities and storage or preservation challenges. Hence, watermelon farming is a profitable enterprise with little capital investment. There should be availability of good feeder roads, subsidized and adequate farm inputs, adequate extension service delivery, availability of farmland, credit facilities and storage facilities to enhance the production of watermelon in the area.

[Adedapo, A. O. and Kehinde-Fadare, A. F. Effects of Watermelon Production on the Livelihoods of Smallholder Farmers in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Stem Cell 2020;11(1):5-13]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 2. doi:10.7537/marsscj110120.02.

Keywords: Cost and returns, livelihoods, smallholder farmers, technical efficiency, watermelon production

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Coronavirus and Stem Cell Research Literatures

Mark Herbert

World Development Institute

39-06 Main Street, Flushing, Queens, New York 11354, USA, ma708090@gmail.com

Abstract: Stem cells are derived from embryonic and non-embryonic tissues. Most stem cell studies are for animal stem cells and plants have also stem cell. Stem cells were discovered in 1981 from early mouse embryos. Stem cells have the potential to develop into all different cell types in the living body. Stem cell is a body repair system. When a stem cell divides it can be still a stem cell or become adult cell, such as a brain cell. Stem cells are unspecialized cells and can renew themselves by cell division, and stem cells can also differentiate to adult cells with special functions. Stem cells replace the old cells and repair the damaged tissues. Embryonic stem cells can become all cell types of the body because they are pluripotent. Adult stem cells are thought to be limited to differentiating into different cell types of their tissue of origin. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus is mainly spread during close contact and via respiratory droplets that are produced when a person talks, coughs, or sneezes. Respiratory droplets may be produced during breathing, however, current research indicates that the virus is not considered airborne. People may also contract COVID-19 by touching a contaminated surface (Fomite) and then inadvertently transfer the pathogen to a mucous membrane (such as the eyes, nose, or mouth). It is most contagious when people are symptomatic, although spread may be possible before symptoms appear. The virus can live on surfaces up to 72 hours. Time from exposure to onset of symptoms is generally between two and fourteen days, with an average of five days. The standard method of diagnosis is by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) from a nasopharyngeal swab. The infection can also be diagnosed from a combination of symptoms, risk factors and a chest CT scan showing features of pneumonia. This article introduces recent research reports as references in the related studies.

[Herbert M. Coronavirus and Stem Cell Research Literatures. Stem Cell 2020;11(1):14-45]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 3. doi:10.7537/marsscj110120.03.

Key words: stem cell; coronavirus; life; research; literature

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Stem Cell and ACE2 Research Literatures

Mark Herbert

World Development Institute

39-06 Main Street, Flushing, Queens, New York 11354, USA, ma708090@gmail.com

Abstract: Stem cells are derived from embryonic and non-embryonic tissues. Most stem cell studies are for animal stem cells and plants have also stem cell. Stem cells were discovered in 1981 from early mouse embryos. Stem cells have the potential to develop into all different cell types in the living body. Stem cell is a body repair system. When a stem cell divides it can be still a stem cell or become adult cell, such as a brain cell. Stem cells are unspecialized cells and can renew themselves by cell division, and stem cells can also differentiate to adult cells with special functions. Stem cells replace the old cells and repair the damaged tissues. Embryonic stem cells can become all cell types of the body because they are pluripotent. Adult stem cells are thought to be limited to differentiating into different cell types of their tissue of origin. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus is mainly spread during close contact and via respiratory droplets that are produced when a person talks, coughs, or sneezes. Respiratory droplets may be produced during breathing, however, current research indicates that the virus is not considered airborne. People may also contract COVID-19 by touching a contaminated surface (Fomite) and then inadvertently transfer the pathogen to a mucous membrane (such as the eyes, nose, or mouth). It is most contagious when people are symptomatic, although spread may be possible before symptoms appear. The virus can live on surfaces up to 72 hours. Time from exposure to onset of symptoms is generally between two and fourteen days, with an average of five days. The standard method of diagnosis is by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) from a nasopharyngeal swab. The infection can also be diagnosed from a combination of symptoms, risk factors and a chest CT scan showing features of pneumonia. This article introduces recent research reports as references in the related studies.

[Herbert M. Stem Cell and ACE2 Research Literatures. Stem Cell 2020;11(1):46-60]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 4. doi:10.7537/marsscj110120.04.

Key words: stem cell; ACE2; life; research; literature

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Genome Editing and Stem Cell Research Literatures

Mark Herbert, PhD

World Development Institute

39-06 Main Street, Flushing, Queens, New York 11354, USA, ma708090@gmail.com

Abstract: Stem cells are derived from embryonic and non-embryonic tissues. Most stem cell studies are for animal stem cells and plants have also stem cell. Stem cells were discovered in 1981 from early mouse embryos. Stem cells have the potential to develop into all different cell types in the living body. Stem cell is a body repair system. When a stem cell divides it can be still a stem cell or become adult cell, such as a brain cell. Stem cells are unspecialized cells and can renew themselves by cell division, and stem cells can also differentiate to adult cells with special functions. Stem cells replace the old cells and repair the damaged tissues. Embryonic stem cells can become all cell types of the body because they are pluripotent. Adult stem cells are thought to be limited to differentiating into different cell types of their tissue of origin. Genome editing, or genome engineering, or gene editing, is a type of genetic engineering in which DNA is inserted, deleted, modified or replaced in the genome of a living organism. Unlike early genetic engineering techniques that randomly inserts genetic material into a host genome, genome editing targets the insertions to site specific locations. This article introduces recent research reports as references in the related studies.

[Mark H. Genome Editing and Stem Cell Research Literatures. Stem Cell 2020;11(1):61-101]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 5. doi:10.7537/marsscj110120.05.

Key words: stem cell; genome editing; life; research; literature

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A Histopathological Study of the Therapeutic Effect of Mobilized Intrinsic Stem Cells versus Locally-Injected Stem Cells in Osteoarthritis Knee Joint in White Mice

Mohamed Fawzy Soliman, Somaia Ahmed Saad El-Din^*, Laila Abdulla Elshawarby, Hossam Mostafa Fahmy, Hanna Ahmed Amer, Rania Ahmed Abo-Shady, Fatma Abd-Al Karim^***, Hend Abd Allah Ahmed^**** and Nadia salah Kamel^**

Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Pathology Department^*, Physical Medicine, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation^**, Biochemistry Department at Medical Research Center, Veterinary Department at Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

drsomaia2005@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease involving degradation of articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are pluripotent cells found in multiple human adult tissues, including bone marrow, synovial tissues, and adipose tissues. Because of their multi-potent capabilities, MSC lineages have been used successfully in animal models to regenerate articular cartilage and in human models to regenerate bone. The number of MSCs that can be isolated from bone marrow is fairly limited. As a result, most research in cartilage regeneration has focused on the use of culture expanded cells. Aim: This research was carried out to assess the therapeutic efficacy of the use of growth factors (stem cell factor) as mobilizing factor son stem cells (both intraarticular and intravenous) in white mice in comparison to the effect of direct intra-articular mesenchymal stem cell transplantation (of Wharton’s Jelly and umbilical cord blood) on healing of osteoarthritic lesions of knee joint in white mice. Material and Methods: This study was performed on 100 adult male rats. OA was induced using insulin syringes for osteotomy in 80 rats bilaterally in both knee joints and 20 rats were left without induction of OA as normal healthy control group. There were 3 groups composed of 80 rats (A, B and C). Group A was 40 rats injected by SCF and subdivided into subgroup A1 composed of 20 rats were injected intra-articular and group A2 composed of 20 rats were injected intravenous. Group B composed of 20 rats were injected intra-articular by the MSC that subdivided into subgroup B1 including 10 rats injected by MSC obtained from human umbilical cord blood and subgroup B2 injected by MSC obtained from human umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly. Group C was 20 untreated rats used as untreated control group. 12 weeks later, all rats were sacrificed by intraperitoneal injection of toxic dose of thiopental sodium. Histopathological assessment was done to illustrate pathological changes to induced knee OA and assess response to MSCs and SCF therapies by different routes. Results: SC WJ treated group showed best therapeutic response to cartilage cell grade, subchondral bone stage and grade. SC CB treated group show only good response to this therapy as regards cartilage stain grade only, SCF IV treated group showed best therapeutic response to therapy as regards cartilage cell grade and synovium vascular grade. SCF IC treated group responded well to cartilage stage only. Conclusion: Improvement to OA with different therapies (MSCs and SCF therapies) occurred in all treated groups with best the rapeutic response to therapy in SC WJ treated group followed by SCF IV treated group.

[Mohamed Fawzy Soliman, Somaia Ahmed Saad El-Din, Laila Abdulla Elshawarby, Hossam Mostafa Fahmy, Hanna Ahmed Amer, Rania Ahmed Abo-Shady, Fatma Abd-Al Karim, Hend Abd Allah Ahmed and Nadia salah Kamel. A Histopathological Study of the Therapeutic Effect of Mobilized Intrinsic Stem Cells versus Locally-Injected Stem Cells in Osteoarthritis Knee Joint in White Mice. Stem Cell 2020;11(1):102-112]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 6. doi:10.7537/marsscj110120.06.

Keywords: Osteoarthritis, Stem cells, Umbilical cord blood, Wharton’s jelly, Stem cell factor, intra-articular, growth factors

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