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Evaluation of Soil and Water Salinity for Irrigation in North-eastern Ethiopia: Case Study of Fursa  Smale Scale Irrigation system in Awash River Basin

Mohamed Seid and Tessema Genanew

Department of Soil and Water Resources Management,

Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia

Corresponding author: tessemagenanew@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: For sound land use and water management in irrigated area, knowledge of the chemical composition of soils, water, climate, drainage condition and irrigation methods before action are crucial for sustainability of irrigation projects. The study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical properties soils and water for intended irrigation scheme with reference to standard suitability classes. With this regard a study was conducted in Awash River basin at Fursa small scale irrigation scheme in Northeastern Ethiopia. Soil samples were collected from bore holes of three soil mapping units of study site across depth and water samples were taken from irrigation water with plastic bottles for analysis of range of physical and chemical properties. The results of the analysis reveal the existence of potential sodicity not only in the soil but also in the irrigation water. The study underlines the need for selection of salt tolerant crops and good water management by using appropriate irrigation methods to sustain productivity of soil in the proposed irrigation site. This has significant contribution to decide type of crop to be produced and appropriate irrigation methods for sustainability of soil productivity.

[Mohamed Seid and Tessema Genanew. Evaluation of Soil and Water Salinity for Irrigation in North-eastern Ethiopia: Case Study of Fursa Smale Scale Irrigation system in Awash River Basin. World Rural Observ 2025;17(1):1-9]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 01. doi:10.7537/marswro170125.01

 Keywords: Fursa irrigation scheme; Salinity; Sodicity; Soil analysis; Water analysis

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Correlation between underground changes and surface weather changes — their warning strategies

Gangadhar

H.No.5-30-4/1, Saibabanagar, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India-500055

Email:  gangadhar19582058@gmail.com

Abstract:    Basics of Geoscope is proposed and designed by me in 1987 for unraveling the mysteries of the earth's underground, studying the mechanism of geological hazards and predict geological hazards just like earthquakes etc. by constantly studying the Geoscope, exploring the underground resources and exercising the benefits of mankind and development of the earth sciences. Similarly, some research indicates that there is a strong correlation between climate change and geological hazards such as earthquakes. For this, I designed the Basics of Global Monsoon Time Scales to predict the climate change and natural calamities in advance. Geological hazards such as earthquakes can be studied by developing the Geoscope system, By developing the Monsoon Time Scales, metrological hazards such as heavy rains and floods and droughts and famines can be studied. In this paper, Geoscopes and Global Monsoon Time Scales will be discussed, as well as let's look at the relationship between underground changes and climate changes and natural calamities.

[Gangadhar. Correlation between underground changes and surface weather changes — their warning strategies. World Rural Observ 2025;17(1):10-68]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 02. doi:10.7537/marswro170125.02

Keywords:  Ecological Forecasting Time Scales (1965-70); A New Model of Cosmology (1970-80); Basics of Geoscope (1980-87); Basics of Monsoon Time Scales (1987-91); Astro-Climatic Numerical Periodic Tables (1991-2000); Designs of Geoscope (2000-2015); Designs of Global Monsoon Time Scales (2015-still).

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Impact Of Reservoirs On River Flow Variability

Barkamol Rapikov

 (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2840-785X)^a

^aNamangan State University, Namangan, Uzbekistan, Asia

*e-mail: barkamolcr7@gmail.com

Abstract – The article is devoted to assessing the impact of the Toktogul reservoir based on variability of the annual flow of the Naryn River. Toktogul Reservoir is the largest reservoir in Central Asia; its construction began in 1962 and was completed in 1975. The reservoir's total (designed) water capacity is 19.5 km³, and the useful volume is 14.0 km³. In the study, special attention is paid to the study of the influence of the conditions of the reservoir used in the irrigation and energy regimes on the river flow. Statistical indicator of the river flow variability – coefficient of variation (C_v) was determined for three calculation periods. The value of the variation coefficient of the annual flow of the Naryn River for the natural water regime, i.e., accounting period I (1930-1974), was equal to C_v=0.22. During accounting period II (1975-1994), when the Toktogul reservoir was operated in the irrigation mode, the variation coefficient of the annual flow of the Naryn River was equal to C_v=0.24. It was determined that the value of the variation coefficient calculated for accounting period III (1995-2020), when the Toktogul reservoir operated in the energy mode, was equal to C_v=0.10. As a result, it has been shown that the value of the variation coefficient of Naryn River flow has decreased with the transition of the water reservoir from irrigation mode to energy mode operation.

[Barkamol Rapikov. Impact Of Reservoirs On River Flow Variability. World Rural Observ 2025;17(1):69-73]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 03. doi:10.7537/marswro170125.03

Keywords: River flow; natural regime; reservoir; irrigation regime; energy regime; variability; variation coefficient.

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External financing of Azerbaijani agriculture

Sugra İ. HUMBATOVA[1], Natig G-O. HAJIYEV[2]

[1] Ph.D. Sugra Inqilab Qumbatova. Teacher Department "Price and Apprecation" Azerbaijan State University of Economics, Doctoral students on the Doctor of sciences of Economics Azerbaijan Scientific Research of Economy and Organization of Agriculture Institute; (+994) 050-323-58-78; s.qunbatova2012@yandex.ru

2 Ph.D. Natig Qadim Hajiyev. Senior lecturer Department "Regulation of economy” Azerbaijan State University of Economics; (+994) 070-644-43-11; n.qadjiev2012@yandex.ru

Abstract: The article investigates formation and normal activity of human capital which performs main resource of modern economic development and influence of external financing in the field of food security, which acts as the main part of economy of Azerbaijan that newly got independence. Roles of subsidy, microfinancing and loans were examined. It is confirmed Ntional Fund for Entrepreneurship Support (NFES) of the Republic that allocated the agricultural sector production and processing of loans, provision of bank loans to the agricultural sector. Under the influence of the economic performance of the agricultural sector development trends of the loan were based on the economic and mathematical models and charts were drawn. By the time forecasts were prepared it became clear that loans, especially state finance support depend on oil sphere.

[Sugra İ. HUMBATOVA, Natig G-O. HAJIYEV. External financing of Azerbaijani agriculture. World Rural Observ 2025;17(1):74-90]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 04. doi:10.7537/marswro170125.04

Keywords: subsidy; microfinancing; loans

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