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An economic study of human and capital resources in Egyptian Natural Fisheries

Shimaa I .Maiyza¹, Doaa Ibrahim Abdelhamid Hashem¹, Elham Shaaban Abd Elsalam pargal²

¹ National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Red Sea Branch, Hurghada, Egypt

²Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Alexandria Research Unit, Egypt

drdoaah82@gmail.com

Abstract: Fish wealth in Egypt is one of the most important sources of national income; Natural fisheries are considered one of the main sources of fish wealth besides Aquaculture which was contributed about 32.5% of total Egyptian fish production during the period (2000-2018). Natural fisheries in Egypt suffer from a low relative contribution of their production of total Egyptian fish production compared with Aquaculture according to the statistics of General Authority for Fish Resources Development (GAFRD) in 2018, the natural fisheries (marine, lakes, Nile River and its branches) contributed about 19.29% of total Egyptian fish production, whereas the total actual area of Natural fisheries is estimated about 13.79 million acres which contributed about 92.2% of total actual area of several fish production in Egypt (Natural fisheries and Aquaculture) which are estimated at 14.96 million acres. While the exploited area of natural fisheries is estimated about 6.36 million acres, which contributes about 88.2% of the total exploited area of the various sources of fish production in Egypt, which is estimated about 7.22 million acres, which may reflect the misuse of natural fisheries in Egypt. So this study aims to identify the impact of human and capital resources on fish production in the Natural fisheries in Egypt during the study period (2000-2018). It was shown from results that: (1) the achieved fish income from these fisheries was increasing with annual growth rate which was estimated about 13.17% because of steady increase of the sale price of fish despite of decreasing of fish production from natural fisheries about 4.01%. (2) Fish production from lake fisheries (45.6%) is exceeded over fish production from marine fisheries (31.3%) of the total fish production from natural fisheries is due to the percentage of actual exploited area in lake fisheries (82.1%) is more than marine fisheries (37.5%). because of current strategies towards Egyptian lakes development since 2014 which are included Bardawil, Manzala, Qarun, Burullus and Mariout. (3)The stability of the number of boats is related to the number of fishermen in the Egyptian natural fisheries are related to the exceeded decreasing annual rate of the number of boats than the number of fishermen in those fisheries. (4) There is a misuse of the Egyptian marine fisheries, where the actual exploitation exceeds the optimal exploitation of these fisheries in all years of study, which requires the necessity to reduce the fishing effort in these fisheries. As for lakes fisheries, they are characterized by a marked improvement in the level of exploitation of these fisheries as a result of the current state plans to develop some lakes with these. (5) it was found the number of sailboats is the most important economic determinants affecting fish production from total Egyptian natural fisheries and Egyptian fresh water fisheries. While it was also found the number of fishermen and average price per ton of marine fish are the most factors affecting the quantity of fish production from marine fisheries. (6) It was no significant of economic factors affecting fish production from lakes fisheries due to the number of lakes and their overlapping production, whereas each lake is considered a single economic unit that differs in its production and characteristics, and no statistical results were reached. due to the number of lakes and their overlapping production, whereas each lake is considered a single economic unit that differs in its production and characteristics, so no statistical results were reached.(7) both of two variables the average individual consumption and the number of fishermen (as human labor) are the most important economic factors affecting Egyptian fish income in Egyptian natural fisheries in general and each type of these natural fisheries. (8) The number of fishermen (human labour) contributes to the instability of the natural fisheries to a greater degree than the number of boats. And the number of fishermen in lakes fisheries and the number of boats in the freshwater fisheries are the most contributing to the instability of the natural fisheries.

[Shimaa I. Maiyza, Doaa Ibrahim Abdelhamid Hashem, Elham Shaaban Abd Elsalam pargal. An economic study of human and capital resources in Egyptian Natural Fisheries. World Rural Observ 2021;13(3):1-17]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. doi:10.7537/marswro130321.01.

Keywords: economic; study; human; capital; resource; Egyptian Natural Fisheries

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An Analytical study of Egyptian pomegranate exports in the most important world markets

Hend N. Mohamed and Mahmoud M. Elsayed

Senior researcher, Researcher in AERI, Egypt

Mahmod_assy@yahoo.com

Abstract: Pomegranate crop is one of the most important export crops in Egypt. With the increase in the area of pomegranate it is necessary to open new markets. The study aims to get the competitiveness of the Egyptian pomegranate in the most important foreign markets. The study results shows increasing of pomegranate total area from about 8 thousand acers in 2008 to about 96 thousand acers in 2019. Results indicate that the Egyptian pomegranate importer markets are Russian, Iraq, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Netherlands, Jordan and Italy by exporting quantities where about 52, 45, 29.6, 28.8, 16, 4.4, 2.7, 1.2 thousand tons, respectively. Results showed that the market share of Egyptian pomegranate exports in Russia, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Netherlands and Italy is about 10.1%, 17.6%, 13.9%, 1.6%, 1.6%, respectively during the period (2010-2019). Results showed that the Arab markets and Russia market represented about 83.4% of total Egyptian pomegranate exports during the same period. Results also showed that the price ratio of Egypt’s pomegranate exports is the best in its important markets although that fact it hasn’t an advantage in its market share. That shows the necessary to open new markets, and the early enter to these markets.

[Hend N. Mohamed and Mahmoud M. Elsayed. An Analytical study of Egyptian pomegranate exports in the most important world markets. World Rural Observ 2021;13(3):18-24]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 2. doi:10.7537/marswro130321.02

Key Words: Egyptian pomegranate - OLS regression method – Export competitiveness

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A Review on Urban Agriculture

Belayneh Getachew, and Addisu Tadesse

College of Business and Economics, School of Economics, Department of Development Economics, University of Gondar, P.O. Box. 196, Gondar, Ethiopia

belaynehegtachew55@gmail.com and addulidu12@gmail.com

Abstract: Urban agriculture (UA) is a dynamic and recent development concept as compared to rural agriculture. Urban agriculture has a positive impacts and externalities in the cities, as well as residents who enjoy its products and represents an opportunity for improving food supply, health conditions, local economy, social integration, environmental sustainability of the city, and economic uses of land. But the current and potential roles of urban agriculture differ from country to country. Even if urban agriculture positively contributes for many of the problem affecting the urban environment, but at the same time, when there is a poor practice, it can have a negative impact on human health, the environment, and the economy. In recent years, due to the explosive growth of cities in the world, food production both within the cities and around the cities has been receiving increasing attention and adopted as a strategy or as a means of contributing to city food supplies, alleviating urban poverty, providing employment opportunities, and improving the environmental conditions of the city. The objective of this seminar is to review urban agriculture, and to summarize the contribution, challenges, and determinants of growth of urban agriculture.

[Belayneh G., Addisu T. A Review on Urban Agriculture, World Rural Observ 2021;13(3):25-34]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 3. doi:10.7537/marswro130321.03.

Key works: - Urban Agriculture; Growth; Determinant; Challenges; Contribution.

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Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli Strains from Leafy Vegetables

^1*Eniola, K.I.T., ²David, O. M. ¹Ajayi, P. O. and ¹Ayo E. O.

¹Environmental and Public Health Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ikeji Arakeji, Osun State

²Department of Microbiology, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State

Corresponding Author: kennyeniola@gmail.com

Abstract: Leafy vegetables habour microorganisms and may serve in vehicle transmission of diarrhoeal causing Escherichia coli strains. This study investigated the antibiotics susceptibility of E. coli strains from six (6) leafy vegetables retailed in the two major markets around Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ikeji Arakeji, Osun State. The E. coli were isolated using defined substrate technique (DST) and characterized by morphological, biochemical and molecular techniques. Their antibiotic susceptibilities were tested using Kirby-Bauer’s disc diffusion method. Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index was determined for the isolates and the vegetables. Eighteen (18) strains of Escherichia coli were isolated, and their identities confirmed by molecular characterization (PCR technique). Eight (8) of them were on vegetables from Ipetu Ijesa market and ten (10) on vegetables from Owena Ijesa market. E. coli was found most frequently on Amaranthus hybridus and Solanecio biafrae (50% of samples) and least frequently on Talium triangulare (10% of samples). Vegetables from Owena Ijesa market generally haboured higher E. coli populations than vegetables from Ipetu Ijesa market. All E. coli strains isolated had MAR index greater than 0.2, and two of them had MAR index of 1.0. Telfairia occidentalis from Owena market had the highest MAR index (0.9) however, the two markets had similar MAR index (0.6). The presence of multidrug resistant E. coli strains on retailed vegetables portends a serious challenge in managing infections due to consumption of the fresh vegetables and highlights the need to properly decontaminate fresh leafy vegetables before consuming them.

[Eniola, K.I.T., David, O. M. Ajayi, P. O. and Ayo E. O. Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli Strains from Leafy Vegetables. World Rural Observ 2021;13(3):35-41]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 4. doi:10.7537/marswro130321.04.

Keywords: Leafy vegetable, Escherichia coli, MAR Index, Market

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Assessment Of The Quality Of Natural Rain Water For Domestic Use In Jimeta-Yola Metropolis, Adamawa State.

*¹Maspalma, G. A,¹Ndonya A. E,¹Maryam U.A, ²Hamman K.S and ³Ogbusua, K.N

¹ Chemistry Unit, Department of Science Laboratory Technology, School of Sciences and Technology, Adamawa State Polytechnic Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria.

²Biology Unit, Department of Science Laboratory Technology, School of Sciences and Technology, Adamawa State Polytechnic Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria

³Department of Chemistry, Abia State College of Education (Technical), Arochukwu, Abia State, Nigeria

*Corresponding author email: agoddypalma@yahoo.com: phone No: +234 07035410631

ABSTRACT: A Preliminary study to provide information on the physical and chemical properties of rain water which purity depends on the freedom of the atmosphere above the location of its fall and or collection from volatile impurities existing and or sent up there through natural and man-made activities was conducted in selected wards in Jimeta and Yola metropolis. Physical and chemical parameter determined include pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Total dissolved solid (TDS), Temperature (T⁰C), Colour (Hazen), Potassium (K) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Iron(Fe) and Zinc (Zn). Samples from the selected wards /Locations were analyzed using standard techniques. The levels of the parameter were found to be within the WHO, SON and NSDWQ limit for potable water except for turbidity value at Jambutu (8.33NTU), Gwadabawa (6.34NTU) and Temperature at Ngurore (28.20 ⁰C) are slightly outside the guidelines values. The pH values of the samples show that rain water from the three wards (Namtari, Yolde pate and Gwadabawa) showed slight acidity. This shows that it is possible to have acidic rain in these wards / Locations. However, the rain water is safe for drinking and can be used for other purposes.

[Maspalma, G. A, Ndonya A. E, Maryam U.A, Hamman K.S and Ogbusua, K.N. Assessment Of The Quality Of Natural Rain Water For Domestic Use In Jimeta-Yola Metropolis, Adamawa State. World Rural Observ 2021;13(3):42-46]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 5. doi:10.7537/marswro130321.05.

Keyword:  Chemical, Physical, Rainwater Quality, Jimeta -Yola Metropolis

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[World Rural Observ 2021;13(3):47-57]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 6. doi:10.7537/marswro130321.06. Withdrawn 

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Comprehensive overview of underwater wireless sensor routing protocols

 Mohammadfazel Anjomshoa, Mazleena Salleh, Maryam Pouryazdanpanah Kermani

Department of Computer Science & Information Systems, Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Skudai 81300, Johor, Malaysia

fazel.anjom@gmail.com

Abstract: Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have become the seat of researchers’ attention recently due to its proficiency to explore underwater areas and finding different applications for offshore exploration and ocean monitoring. One of the main objectives of each deployed underwater network is discovering the optimized path over sensor nodes to transmit the monitored data to onshore station. Although there exist a large number of routing protocols in terrestrial networks but they are not corresponding to the unique characteristics of underwater environment. In this paper we intend to highlight advantages and limitations of the proposed routing protocol.

[Anjomshoa MF, Salleh M, Pouryazdanpanah M. Comprehensive Overview of Underwater Wireless Sensor Routing Protocols. World Rural Observ 2021;13(3):58-65]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 7. doi:10.7537/marswro130321.07.

Keywords: Underwater wireless sensor networks(UWSN), routing protocol, wireless sensor networks(WSN)

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Antioxidant activity of Selenium in Cherry Valley Ducks fed Aflatoxin B1

Gang Ye¹, Huaqiao Tang¹, Xiaoli He², Fei Shi¹, Ling Zhao¹, Cheng Lv¹, Wei Zhang¹, Changliang He¹, Yinglun Li¹*

¹ College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya’an 625014, Sichuan Province, China.

² College of Life and Basic Sciences, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya’an 625014,Sichuan province,China. 625014, Sichuan Province, China.

yinglun4h@yeah.net

Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the ameliorative effects of selenium in cherry valley ducks. For this purpose a total of 180 one-day-old cherry valley ducks were randomly divided into three groups. Group I was used as a blank control. Ducks in group II and group III on day 7 were fed a 50μg/kg of AFB1–contaminated diet for 2 weeks then received normal saline (group I and group II) or sodium selenite (group III) intragastrically administered for 6 days. Ducks were sacrificed at days 2, 4 and 6 after treatment of the three groups. The activity of serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase enzymes (GOT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were increased significantly in the group II, but the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were significantly decreased. Furthermore, the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) significantly increased in group II, compared with group I. The level of malondialdehyde was decreased, but the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in group III was increased as compared with group II. In addition, AFB1 treatment induced significant hepatocyte apoptosis in group II, and sodium selenite treatment ameliorated these changes in group III. These results indicate that selenite may have effects against the toxicity induced by AFB1 that contains antioxidant and anti-hepatocyte apoptosis properties.

[Gang Ye, Huaqiao Tang, Xiaoli He, Fei Shi, Ling Zhao, Cheng Lv, Wei Zhang, Changliang He, Yinglun Li, Antioxidant activity of Selenium in Cherry Valley Ducks fed Aflatoxin B1. World Rural Observ 2021;13(3):66-72]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 8. doi:10.7537/marswro130321.08.

Keywords: AflatoxinB1; Selenite; Antioxidant capacity; Hepatocyte Apoptosis; liver injury

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Seasonal variations in food selectivity, condition factor and the hepatosomatic and gonadosomatic indices in the endangered killifish Aphanius dispardispar (Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae) in Alhasa, Saudi Arabia

I. M. Ageili., A.S. Al-Akel. and EM Suliman*

Department of Zoology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

elaminsuliman@yahoo.com, Mobile: +966551155308

Abstract: Food selectivity investigations of Aphanius dispar dispar were carried out during March 2010 to February 2011 from two different sites at Alhasa, Saudi Arabia. The electivity index (Ei) was found positive for all food items collected from the fish gut. The electivity index for the various food items were recorded as: blue green algae 0.4±0.19; and 0.36±0.14; desmids 0.43±0.21 and 0.33±0.21, diatoms 0.43±0.21 and 0.23±0.20, green algae 0.19±0.24 and 0.32±0.17, invertebrates 0.28±0.23 and 0.29±0.12, protozoa 0.24±0.12 and 0.28±0.07 and rectifiers 0.19±0.24 and 0.28±0.09 for Sites1 and 2, respectively. The condition factor (K) varied from 1.39 - 1.87 and 1.44-2.23. The hepatosomatic index (HIS) was ranged from 2.64 - 4.56 and 1.59 - 4.88 and the male gonadosomatic Index  in male was recorded at 0.78 -1.98 and 1.52- 6.95 and female as 0.19 - 4.08 and 2.97 - 11.07 for site 1 and 2, respectively. A. d. dispar is an omnivorous fish that feed actively on both phytoplankton and zooplankton. The high values of (K), (HIS) and (GSI) throughout the year indicated that this fish is healthy and well adapted to its environment. Aphanius d. dispar is an endangered fish species and should be protected from predation and exotic fish competition.

[Ageili, IM, Al-Akel, AS, Suliman, EM. Seasonal variations in food selectivity, condition factor and the hepatosomatic and gonadosomatic indices in the endangered killifish Aphanius dispardispar (Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae) in Alhasa, Saudi Arabia. 2021;13(3):73-81]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 9. doi:10.7537/marswro130321.09.

Keywords: Freshwater fish ; feeding habits; environmental adaptation; conservation.

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