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Management of Phytophthora and Rhizome Rot Diseases in Small Cardamom Using ICAR-IIHR Arka Microbial Consortium Technology

Sudhakar Soundarajan¹, D. Kalaivanan², G. Selvakumar² and Swathi H Dibbad²

¹Subject Matter Specialist (Plant Protection), ICAR- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Idukki, Kerala

²ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru

Abstract: This technology was introduced by ICAR-KVK, Santhanpara in IDUUKI district of Kerala for addressing the problems faced by small cardamom farmers of the district who were facing various problems like Azukhal disease, Rhizome rot, Bacterial blight, dropping of capsules and death of roots due to a variety of factors like lack of nutrient uptake, Phytophthora and Clump rot infection. The Microbial consortium technology was taken up as an on-farm trial and FLDs. It was found that drenching of small cardamom plant with Mixing of 20 gm Arka Microbial Consortium per litre of water and drenching 5-6 litre of this solution per small cardamom plant during May-June, August September and January months (Three times in a year performed significantly better in terms of reduction in Azukal, Clump rot, Nematodes. Technology assessment and demonstration of the technology has shown that AMC applied small cardamom field were showing early initiation of new shoots during pre-monsoon showers, less nematode (5.8%), less Azukal disease incidence (6.2 %), less Rhizome rot disease incidence (4.3 %) and have also recorded higher dry cardamom yield of (1.85 q/ha) compared to farmers practice yield range of (1.32 q/ha) after 4 years of AMC application.

[Sudhakar, S., Kalaivanan, G., Selvakumar and Dibbad, S.H. Management of Phytophthora and Rhizome Rot Diseases in Small Cardamom Using ICAR-IIHR Arka Microbial Consortium Technology. Researcher 2024;16(8):1-5]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 01. doi:10.7537/marsrsj160824.01.

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Impacts of Physico-chemical parameters of effluent from Wupa Sewage Treatment Plant on Enteropathogens of Surrounding Water Body

                                          Adayi, Florence Iyaji

                 Department of Microbiology, Uniersity of Abuja, P.M.B. 117, Abuja, Nigeria.

                                  Email: florenceadayi@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study on the impacts of physico-chemical parameters of effluent from wupa sewage treatment plant on enteropathogens of surrounding water body was conducted, and a total of fifteen (15) water samples were collected from Wupa river, with five (5) each from the upstream, downstream and point of effluent discharge into the river and screened for the presence of enteropathogens and then analysed for physio-chemical parameters using standard laboratory procedures. The isolation of enteropathogens associated with effluent from wupa sewage treatment plant samples was also determined using the spread plate technique. The point of effluent discharge had higher temperature of 24.70±0.71 ^oC than the upstream (24.60±1.42 ^oC) and downstream (24.20±1.02 ^oC) respectively. Similarly, at the point of effluent discharge to the River, the nitrate (1.70±0.28mg/l), phosphate (0.12±0.02mg/l) and chloride (11.10±2.3mg/l), turbidity (29.44±4.60), total dissolved solid (16.00±2.69mg/l), conductivity (125±14.21 μS/cm), chemical oxygen demand (25±1.00mg/l), and biochemical oxygen demand (1.89±0.33mg/l) was lower than that of the upstream and downstream respectively while the pH was the same with that of the upstream pH (7.40±0.03). Results of the total aerobic bacterial loads upstream ranged from 1.06×10⁹±0.20 Cfu/ml to 1.23×10⁹±0.21 Cfu/ml while the coliform ranges from 2.65×10⁸±0.21 Cfu/ml to 2.9×10⁸±0.28 Cfu/ml. However, the total aerobic bacterial loads at the point of effluent discharge to the River range from 8.20×10⁸±0.28 Cfu/ml to 9.40×10⁸±0.22 Cfu/ml while the coliform ranges from 2.10×10⁷±0.11 Cfu/ml to 2.40×10⁷±0.14 Cfu/ml. The downstream of wupa river recorded the highest number of enteropathogens with seven (7) bacteria which include Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter cloacae and Oblitimonas alkaliphila. Maximum of five (5) enteropathogens were isolated from the point of effluent discharge to the river and they include Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Oblitimonas alkaliphila. Similarly, the maximum of five (5) enteropathogens were also isolated from the Upstream station of Wupa River before discharge point and they include Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae respectively as represented in Figure 1. Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated bacteria which represented 25.64%, followed by five Salmonella species which represented 23.08% of the total isolates. Proteus mirabilis was eight (8) (20.51%) while Klebsiella pneumoniae recorded 15.38% and Enterobacter cloacae isolated was 10.26%, whereas Oblitimonas alkaliphila recorded 5.13 % being the least number of isolated bacteria. It can be concluded from this study that, there was positive correlation between the physic-chemical parameters of effluent from wupa sewage treatment plant and the enteropathogens of surrounding water body. Therefore the need for proper treatment, management and monitoring of the effluent before discharged into surrounding water body.

[Adayi, Florence Iyaji. Impacts of Physico-chemical parameters of effluent from Wupa Sewage Treatment Plant on Enteropathogens of Surrounding Water Body. Researcher 2024;16(8):6-15]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 02. doi:10.7537/marsrsj160824.02.

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