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EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BOVINE TRYPANOSOMOSIS: PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN KAMASHI DISTRICT, WESTERN ETHIOPIA

Endalkachew Mekonen and Asmamaw Aki *

*Assosa Regional veterinary Diagnostic, Surveillance, Monitoring and Study Laboratory, P.O.Box: 326, Asossa, Ethiopia. Email: asmamawaki@gmail.com, Telephone; +251 922232353

Abstract: A cross sectional study was carried out in Kamashi District of Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia from September to January, 2022 to determine the prevalence of trypanosomosis in cattle and the prevailing species of trypanosomes, associated risks and its vector density. Blood samples were collected from (n=384) randomly sampled cattle (Bos indicus) and examined using parasitological (buffy coat technique) and hematological (measurement of packed cell volume) procedures. An overall, 98/384 (25.52 %) prevalence was recorded. The infection was caused by T. congolense 75/98 (76.53%), T. vivax 14/98 (14.28%), T. brucei 3/98(3.06%) and mixed infection was found to be 6/98 (6.12 %).  The infection rate was found statistically significant (P<0.000) among trypanosome species. Mean packed cell volume (PCV) value of infected animals was lower (20.7% + 3.75) than non- infected animals (24.81 % + 1.43) and the variation was statistically significant (P<0.000). Non - significant difference was recorded within study sites, sex and age categories of animals (P>0.05), where as significant association was observed in body conditions.  Glossina tachinoides was the only tsetse fly caught and its mean apparent density measured as f/t/d was 2.41.  In addition, other mechanical vectors such as Stomoxys, Haematopota, and Tabanids with f/t/d of 1.66, 0.29 and 0.28 were recorded respectively. In conclusion, the result of the current study showed the economical importance of trypanosomosis in the study area signaling for devising strategic control efforts.

[Endalkachew Mekonen and Asmamaw Ak. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BOVINE TRYPANOSOMOSIS: PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN KAMASHI DISTRICT, WESTERN ETHIOPIA. Researcher 2024;16(3):1-9]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 01. doi:10.7537/marsrsj160324.01.

Key words: Kamashi district, PCV, Risk factor, Trypanosome, Trypanosomosis, Tsetse fly

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PHYSICO CHEMICAL AND MICROBIAL QUALITY OF FERMENTED MILK (ERGO) FROM DAIRY COW IN ABRAHAMO AND URA DISTRICTS OF ASOSSA ZONE, BENISHANGUL GUMUZ REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA

Asmamaw Aki * and Endalkachew Mekonen

*Assosa, Regional Veterinary Diagnostic, Surveillance, Monitoring and Study Laboratory, P.O. Box 326, Assosa, Ethiopia; asmamawaki@gmail.com, phone: 0902330029

ABSTRACT: Across-sectional systematic random survey method was conducted from September to March, 2023 with the objectives to assess on physical and microbial quality analysis, which was used to investigate and identify microbial quality of fermented milk and to delineate the antimicrobial sensitivity test in Abrahamo and Ura districts. A total of 100 ergo samples were systematically collected and processed for the presence of microbial load, following the standard techniques and procedures. 3.80 and 3.82 log₁₀CFU/ml of urban and rural of mean bacterial counts were recorded in Abrahamo and Ura districts respectively. The mean Salmonella, Staphylococci, E.coli, Yeast and Mould counts of urban and rural were 3.31,3.37, 3.28, 2.03, 1.85(urban) and 3.39, 3.34, 3.26, 1.95, 1.73 (rural) log10CFU/ml of microbial load was identified respectively. The mean value of fat, protein, lactose and solids-not-fat, salt, density, water contents were 4.81±3.57, 2.63±0.97, 3.78±1.32, 6.35±2.34, 0.53±0.207, 22.68±9.74 and 17.32±26.77 respectively.  The minimum and maximum value of pH in ergo samples were recorded as 3.85 and 6.43 respectively. Therefore, the use of standardized procedures in milking and handling of ergo, provision of training on best practice of milk hygiene and handling of ergo for handlers and raising the level of awareness  should be noted in the study areas.

[Endalkachew Mekonen and Asmamaw Ak. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BOVINE TRYPANOSOMOSIS: PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN KAMASHI DISTRICT, WESTERN ETHIOPIA. Researcher 2024;16(3):10-21]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 02. doi:10.7537/marsrsj160324.02.

Key words: Abrahamo, Ergo, Salmonella, E.coli, Staphylococcus and Molds, yeast, and Ura

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REVIEW ON THE CURRENT STATUS OF TRYPANOSOMOSIS IN BNISHANGUL GUMUZ REGIONAL STATE, WESTERN ETHIOPIA

Endalkacho Mekonen and Asmamaw Aki*

*Assosa, Regional Veterinary Diagnostic, Surveillance, Monitoring and Study Laboratory, P.O. Box 326, Assosa, Ethiopia; asmamawaki@gmail.com, phone: 0902330029

SUMMARY:  Trypanosomosis is a haemoprotozoan disease, mostly transmitted by the tsetse fly (Glossina spp.), which cause severe disease in humans and livestock in Sub-Saharan Africa. The disease results in loss of livestock and agricultural productivity with serious socio-economic consequences. In Ethiopia, Animal trypanosomosis is widely distributed in western and southwestern part of the country. It is estimated that some 10 to 14 million heads of cattle in Ethiopia and an equivalent number of small ruminants together with a significant number of equines and camels are exposed to the risk of trypanosomosis. Six species of trypanosomes are recorded in Ethiopia and the most important trypanosomes in terms of economic loss are the tsetse transmitted species: Trypanosome congolense, T. vivax and T. b. brucei. Similarly, Benishangul Gumuz regions is one of the tsetse belt area, and five Glossina spp (G. morsitans submorsitans, G. Pallidipes, G. tachnoides, G. f. fuscipes and G. longipennis) were investigated in the region, and hence T. congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei were identified in the region and nearly 31,000 km2 or 62% of the region’s total land area is believed to be infested with tsetse fly in the region.  The pathogenesis of trypanosomosis depends on the pathogenicity of the strain; the host breed, genotype, age, sex, skin type etc.  Animal trypanosomosis could be treated by antitrypanosomal drugs.  However, trypanocidal drug resistance is increasingly reported all over Africa and is now present in 21 sub-Saharan countries including Ethiopia. Animal trypanosomosis can be controlled by early treatment of infected animal and vector control.  Thus, it is recommended that an appropriate use of antiprotozoal drugs, integrated prevention and control program should be implemented to reduce the impact of trypanosomosis.

[Endalkacho Mekonen and Asmamaw Aki. REVIEW ON THE CURRENT STATUS OF TRYPANOSOMOSIS IN BNISHANGUL GUMUZ REGIONAL STATE, WESTERN ETHIOPIA. Researcher 2024;16(3):22-31]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 03. doi:10.7537/marsrsj160324.03.

Key words: Animal, Africa, Benishagul Gumuz, Ethiopia. Trypanosomosis, Tsetse fly

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THE PREVALENCE OF BOVINE TRYPANOSOMOSIS AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN BULLEN DISTRICT OF METEKEL ZONE OF BENISHAGUL GUMUZ REGIONAL STATE

Endalkacho Mekonen and Asmamaw Aki*

Assosa, Regional Veterinary Diagnostic, Surveillance, Monitoring and Study Laboratory, P.O. Box 326, Assosa, Ethiopia; asmamawaki@gmail.com, phone: 0902330029

ABSTRACT: A cross- sectional study was carried out in Bullen District of Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, western Ethiopia from December 2020 to January, 2021 to determine the prevalence of trypanosomosis in Bovine and the prevailing species of trypanosomes, associated risk factors and its vector density. Blood samples were collected from (n=384) randomly sampled cattle and examined using parasitological (buffy coat technique) and hematological (measurement of packed cell volume) procedures. An overall, 10.15% (39/384) prevalence was recorded. The infection was caused by T. congolense 32/48 (66.66%), T. vivax 9/48 (18.75%), T. brucei 3/48(6.25%) and mixed infection was found to be 4/48 (8.33 %). The infection rate was found statistically signi3ficant (P<0.000) among trypanosome species. Mean packed cell volume (PCV) value of infected animals was lower (19.06%) than non-infected animals (26.01%) and the variation was statistically significant (P<0.000).  Non- significant difference was recorded within study sites, sex and age categories of animals (P>0.05), whereas significant association was observed in body conditions. Glossina tachnoides were the tsetse fly caught and its mean apparent density measured as fly per trap density was 2.99.  In addition, other mechanical vectors such as Stomoxys, tabanids and haematopota with f/t/d of 1.77, 0.26 and 0.25 were recorded respectively.  In conclusion, the result of the current study showed the economical importance of trypanosomosis in the study area signaling for strategic control efforts.

[Endalkacho Mekonen and Asmamaw Aki. THE PREVALENCE OF BOVINE TRYPANOSOMOSIS AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN BULLEN DISTRICT OF METEKEL ZONE OF BENISHAGUL GUMUZ REGIONAL STATE. Researcher 2024;16(3):32-40]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 04. doi:10.7537/marsrsj160324.04.

Key words: Blood, Packed cell volume, risk factor, Trypanosomosis, and Tsetse fly 

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survey on mortality, morbidity and associated risk factors in the selected kebeles of three district, benishangul gumuz regional state

Asmamaw Aki*, Birhanu Eticha, Degene Tsehayeneh

Assosa, Regional Veterinary Diagnostic, Surveillance, Monitoring and Study Laboratory, P.O. Box 326, Assosa, Ethiopia; asmamawaki@gmail.com, phone: 0902330029

ABSTRACT: Questionnaire survey on retrospective mortality and morbidity baseline data investigation in the 11 kebeles of Bambasi, Homosha and kurmuk districts, with the objectives to identify the main constraints related with livestock production and cause morbidity, mortality and associated risk factors. In this survey, the demographic features of respondents were assessed. 10.8%, 16.84%, 3.04%, 2.94% and 66.43% of relative mortality rate were recorded in Cattle, Goat, Sheep, Donkey and poultry respectively in three woredas (11 kebeles) of study sites. The highest and lowest (3.54%) and (0.69%) crude mortality rate were recorded in Poultry and Cattle respectively. Study livestock owners  indicated that, 14.16% of Trypanosomosis, 12.4% of CBPP, 10.67% of  PPR and 22.55% of NCD, 12.70% of avian salmonella , 9.52% of CCPP,  and 6.86% of Bovine pastuerellosis,  were recorded as highest morbidity rate, while the lowest  5.97% of shoat pox, and  2.73% ovine pasteurelloss, of  morbidity rate were recorded. 100%, 93.2%, 94.52%, 89.04%, and 76.71% of respondents were noted as (Trypanosomosis, CBPP, PPR, Pasteurellosis and NCD) highest priority animal diseases while, (4.11%) and (9.58%) of respondents indicated, Toxic plant and shoat pox  as lowest priority diseases respectively. In 11 kebeles of the surveyed sites, frequency of treatment per animal in the villages, averagely were 18, 11.66, 7.33 of cattle, shoat and equines respectively, were come to nearby veterinary health posts in a year. Majority (97.3%) of the study participants indicated, as the disease transmitted by flies, while 47.94%, 17.80%, and 21.91% of respondents stated as the disease transmitted by ticks,  treatment materials, and other (stress) respectively. In study areas, un appropriate treatment, irregular vaccination schedule, less monitoring, evaluation system, and disease surveillance were the main gap identified. Therefore, strategic prevention and control policy would be implemented properly in study area so as to prevent problems encountered.

[Asmamaw Aki, Birhanu Eticha, Degene Tsehayeneh. survey on mortality, morbidity and associated risk factors in the selected kebeles of three district, benishangul gumuz regional state. Researcher 2024;16(3):41-56]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 05. doi:10.7537/marsrsj160324.05.

Keywords: Bambasi, Homosha and kurmuk, morbidity, mortality, respondents, risk factor

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On digital interactive design method of red culture communication

JIANG Yingzhu ¹ , SHI Youwen ², XIE Qi ^3*

（1. School of Architecture and Design, Harbin Institute of Technology, Heilongjiang Harbin; 2. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China; 3. Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Heilongjiang Harbin China.）

Abstract: Digital technology provides a new way and way for the dissemination of red cultural resources. With the support of digital technology, the design of cultural transmission related carriers is becoming more and more important. However, there are relatively few researches on the construction of red culture communication system by digital interaction design. Therefore, this study aims to explore the digital interaction design method of red culture communication by combining Maslow's hierarchical needs theory. According to Maslow's hierarchical needs theory, this paper summarizes three general digital interaction design methods for cultural communication carriers, including the compliance principle of sensory interaction, the fluency principle of action interaction and the pleasure principle of emotional interaction, so as to enhance users' sense of participation and experience, and further promote the inheritance and development of red culture.

[JIANG Yingzhu, SHI Youwen, XIE Qi. On digital interactive design method of red culture communication. Researcher 2024;16(3):57-59]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 06. doi:10.7537/marsrsj160324.06.

Keywords: Digital interaction, interaction design, requirements

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