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Natural Geographical Features Of Geographical Tourism In The Fergana Valley As A Part Of Uzbekistan

Nigmatov Askar Nigmatullaevich¹, Tobirov Odiljon Kobiljon ugli²

¹ Doctor of geographical science, professor of the Department of Ecology and Geography, Gulistan State University, Uzbekistan, nigmatov_an@mail.ru,

²doctoral student of the Department of Ecology and Geography, Gulistan State University, Uzbekistan, odiljon.tobirov@mail.ru

Abstract: This article describes the natural geographical features of geographical tourism in the Fergana Valley as a part of Uzbekistan. In particular, the relief, climate, hydrography, soil, flora and fauna of the region, as well as specially protected areas were assessed by using modern geographical methods.

[Nigmatov A.N., Tobirov O.Q. Natural geographical features of geographical tourism in the Fergana valley as a part of Uzbekistan. Researcher 2022;14(2):1-12] ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online).

http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 1. doi:10.7537/marsrsj140222.01.

Keywords: geographical tourism, comfort, subcomfort, discomfort, subdiscomfort, extreme discomfort, relief, climate, hydrography, soil, flora and fauna, specially protected areas

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Apreliminary cross sectional, retrospective survey on the Epidemiology of Anthrax, Brucellosis, Rabies and Seroprevalence of Bovine brucellosis in Asossa, Bambasi and Homoshaworedas of Asossa zone, western Ethiopia

Asmamaw Aki*, Haile Worku, Yami Bote, Birhanu Chane, Gebre W/Michael, DejenTsehayneh, Bayisa Kenaw, Embet Bayu , Bosena Fentahun and Birhanu Eticha

Assosa, Regional Veterinary Diagnostic, Surveillance, Monitoring and Study Laboratory, P.O. Box 326, Assosa, Ethiopia; asmamawaki@gmail.com, phone: 0902330029

Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Agriculture and Natural resource Bureau; workuhaile29@gmail.com.

Abstract: Across-sectional study was conducted in Asossa, Bambasi and Homosha District from July 2020 to November, 2021 with the objectives of estimating, the seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis and epidemiological associated factors, assess awareness/knowledge, attitudes and practice towards the zoonotic disease of the society on the socio-impact and the control methods of Anthrax, Brucellosis and Rabies in animal and human beings, and assess preliminary retrospective data of the diseasein the study area. Of 384 serum sample examined, 9/384 (2.34%) were positive for bovine brucellosis. The high seroprevalence of the bovine brucellosis (9.75%) was recorded in Homosha woreda whereas the low prevalence of the disease (0.09%) was recorded in Bambasi woreda and it was significantly high (p<0.004).The highest seroprevalence (5.12 %) of brucellosis was recorded in animals >9 years old whilst the lowest prevalence (1.97 %) was recorded in animals 3->5 years of old and the association was not significant among the age groups. Slightly, higher prevalence was registered in female animals (2.56%) than in male animals (0 %), which was not found to be statistically significant (p>0.05).The highest prevalence of brucellosis (3.33%) was found in animals with poor body condition while the lowest (2.20 %) was recorded in animals with medium body conditions respectively, and the difference was insignificant (p>0.05).Cattle Brucellosis was recorded across the study kebeles with the highest prevalence of (14.28%) in Gumukebele whereas in Dabus, Mender (47, 48, 41, 43, 42), Sonka, Womba, Megele(49), Komoshiga (27 and 28), N/komoshiga, Selga (24), Amba14, and Megele (33) kebeles, the lowest brucellosis prevalence (0%) was recorded in the present study and the prevalence of brucellosis was not significant across the study sites. In Gumu, Dunga, Mutsakosa, Megele (39), Komoshiga (26), (14.28%, 5%, 9.09%, 2.27%, 3.03%) brucellosis prevalence was recorded in the studied kebeles respectively, but the association is not significant (P>0.05).In Asossa, Bambasi and Homosha selected kebeles, 340 respondent farmers, 34 animal health workers and health extensions, kebele leaders were interviewed and retrospective data, up on communicable animal diseases (rabies, anthrax and brucellosis) and the respondent rate was assessed in the study areas. The respondents were assessed for the existing problems in 34 selected kebeles, from community farmers, animal health workers, health extensions and kebele leaders. They were interviewed for their perception of communicable animal disease occurrence, symptoms, causative agent, the possible factors contributing for the occurrence of problems, activities to be taken for control measures, habit of using animal product ( milk, meat) and the risk /exposure groups, number of sick, died and their preference of treated cases were assessed, vaccination habit of dog, cattle, sheep and goats; number and duration of aborted ruminants ;use of (aborted, anthrax suspected) animal products cases and pain felling situation; awareness of zoonotic disease and occurrence of acute and sudden killer cattle disease in the area were assessed in this study. According to Asossa, General hospital retrospective data, of the total 434 unspecified human cases, 272 male cases and 162 female victims cases were recorded in the 2018- 2021 year . The rabies in human cases were varies in age categories, that was 4, 38, 170, 133, 82, 7 cases were reported in <1yr, 1-4 yr, 5-14 yr, 15-29yr,30-64 yr and>=65 years of age respectively. Therefore, based on the findings, appropriate recommendations were forwarded to reduce the impact of the zoonotic diseases in the study area. Evidence of brucellosis in various cattle and the associated human population illustrates the need for a coordinated One Health approach to controlling brucellosis so as to improve public health and livestock productivity.

[Asmamaw Aki, Haile Worku, Yami Bote, Birhanu Chane, Gebre W/Michael, DejenTsehayneh, Bayisa Kenaw, Embet Bayu , Bosena Fentahun and Birhanu Eticha. Apreliminary cross sectional, retrospective survey on the Epidemiology of Anthrax, Brucellosis, Rabies and Seroprevalence of Bovine brucellosis in Asossa, Bambasi and Homoshaworedas of Asossa zone, western Ethiopia. Researcher 2022;14(2):13-32] ISSN1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 2. doi:10.7537/marsrsj140222.02.

Key words: Asossa, Anthrax, Bovine, Bambasi, Brucellosis and Homosha, Serum, farmers, rabies

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Epidemiology of Bovine Trypanosomosis in Assosa and Bambasi Districts of Benishangul Gumuz Region, Western Ethiopia

Birhanu Eticha¹, Mussie H/Melekot², Yechale Teshome²

1Benishangul Gumuz region bureau of agriculture and natural resource, e-mail: brihanueticha12@gmail.com; P.O. Box 30, Assosa, Ethiopia

2 Bahir Dar University, College of agriculture and environmental sciences, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

Abstract: A cross-sectional study was undertaken from November 2018 to March 2019 with the objectives to estimate seasonal prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and to identify the major putative risk factors associated with bovine trypanosomosis in Assosa and Bambasi districts of Benishangul Gumuz region. One-stage cluster sampling strategy was used to select study animals. Blood samples were collected from ear vein of 1,562 head of cattle, 790 in the late rainy season and 772 in the dry period and examined with buffy coat technique; the overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was 7.7% in the late rainy season and 4.8% in the dry period with significant variation (P<0.05). The risk factors; district in the late rainy season as well as season were significantly associated (P<0.05) with bovine trypanosomosis while rural kebele, age, sex, body condition were not significant. Three species of trypanosomes were detected during the study, namely T. congolense (64%), T. vivax (21.3%), T. brucei (1.6%) and mixed infection (13.1%) in the late rainy season and T. congolense (75.7%), T. vivax (13.5%) and mixed infection (10.8%) in the dry season; T. congolense being the predominant species followed by T. vivax. The mean Packed cell volume of trypanosome infected cattle (23.05±3.40) was significantly lower (P<0.05) when compared to that of non-infected ones (27.73±4.61) in the late rainy season; similarly, it was significantly lower (P<0.05) in parasitemic cattle (23.54±2.58) than aparasitemic ones (28.15±4.58) in the dry season. In conclusion, the parasitological findings revealed that bovine trypanososmosis is widely distributed and endemic in Assosa and Bambasi districts of Benishangul Gumuz region hence designing participatory and integrated control measures including regular surveillance, community based vector prevention and control should be implemented to mitigate the problem.

[Birhanu Eticha, Mussie H/Melekot, Yechale Teshome. Epidemiology of Bovine Trypanosomosis in Assosa and Bambasi Districts of Benishangul Gumuz Region, Western Ethiopia. Researcher 2022;14(2):33-44] ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950(online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 3. doi:10.7537/marsrsj140222.03.

Keywords: Benishangul Gumuz, Bovine, Epidemiology, Season, Trypanosomosis

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Antiacterial Effects of Combined Fractions Of Jatropha curcas And Ricinus communis Oils Extract Against Selected Bacteria

¹Etu, Emmanuela; ²Ekwere, Uwem Akpan; ²Adeshina, Dolapo Adetokunbo, ²Adeboye, Seyi Ebun

¹Department of Microbiology, University of Auja, P.M.B. 117, Abuja, Nigeria

²National Biotechnology Development Agency Abuja, Nigeria

josephella2014@gmail.com

Abstract: Antiacterial effects of combined fractions of Jatropha curcas and Ricinus communis oils extracts were determined against the bacterial strains using agar well diffusion technique. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was investigated by broth dilution technique. Chloramphenicol and Ampicillin were used as standard controls against the Gram negative and Gram positive test organisms respectively. The two oil extracts were effective against all the test organisms (Clinical and Laboratory Standards, Zone > 18 = Active) but significantly lower (p<0.05) than the control antibiotics (26.0±1.00-34.0±0.00 mm). The MIC and the MBC of combined fractions of Jatropha curcas oil extract for fraction 1 & 2 and fraction 2 & 3 against all the test organisms were 6.25 % which were not significantly different from the control (P> 0.05). The combinations of fractions of J. curcas were more effective than that of R. communis against the test organisms. The combination of fractions 1 & 2 for J. curcas had significantly higher (P<0.05) effect against Staphylococcus aureus (32.0±0.20 mm), Bacillus subtilis (28.0±0.00 mm) and Escherichia coli (26.0±1.50 mm) than for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21.0±0.50 mm) at 100 mg/ml. The high antibacterial activities shown by the fractions of Jatropha curcas and Ricinus communis oils against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus is an indications that the plants are potential source of standard antibacterial principles that would be cost effective. Therefore, an acceptable and effective dosage of the fractions of Jatropha curcas and Ricinus communis oils extracts can be prepared for the control and eradication of these pathogens.

[Etu, Emmanuela; Ekwere, Uwem Akpan; Adeshina, Dolapo Adetokunbo, Adeboye, Seyi Ebun. Antiacterial Effects of Combined Fractions Of Jatropha curcas And Ricinus communis Oils Extract Against Selected Bacteria.   Researcher 2022;14(2):45-54] ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 4. doi:10.7537/marsrsj140222.04.

Keywords: Jatropha curcas, Ricinus communis oils, Combined Fractions, MIC, MBC

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Review of literature on Contribution of Baba Saheb Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar

Surender Kumar

*Student, Department of Political Science, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana (India)

Email: surendersboudh@gmail.com

Abstract: The government should not nominate these representatives. The people should elect them. The government should employ the ‘Untouchables’ in larger numbers in the army and the police department. Those who suffer in the Hindu society should get justice. This was Ambedkar’s rocklike decision. He was prepared to oppose anybody to reach his goal. The British Government invited several Indian leaders to discuss the problems of India. The conferences were held in London; they were called the “Round Table Conference”. Gandhiji also took part in them. At the Round Table Conferecne, Ambedkar spoke angrily against the government. He said that the backward sections did not enjoy equality with other sections, even under the British Government; the British had just followed the ways of the other Hindus. That was a time when Gandhiji was very popular in India. Millions of people followed his footsteps with devotion. Ambedkar openly opposed Gandhiji’s views on how justice should be secured for the ‘Untouchables’. He supported the views which seemed right to him. Ambedkar secured for the Harijans (the Untouchables) ‘separate electorates’ at the Second Round Table Conference in 1931. As a result, the Harijans could elect their representatives separately. But Gandhiji could not agree with Ambedkar.

[Kumar, S. Review of literature on Contribution of Baba Saheb Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar. Researcher 2022;14(2):55-60] ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 5. doi:10.7537/marsrsj140222.05.

Keywords: Review of Literature, Contribution, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

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Study on  Poems of Resistance: Meena Kandasamy’s Ms Militancy

Indra Pal Singh

Former Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of English, University of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, (Indian)

Email: indrapal1219@gmail.com

Abstract: Meena Kandasamy is the polemical writer who utilizes her pen as a sword to fight the monster that is Caste. Kandasamy uses her poetry as a means of violent resistance against the nationally ingrained and prevalent system of caste. Kandasamy’s attempt to bring out an alternate version of feminist poetry to give independence to the voices of non-dominant caste women strikes a parallel with the final phase of Gynocriticism. The very notion of the ‘body’ of the third world woman, especially the underprivileged woman bring it closer to the postulation of the “subaltern” in Spivak’s essay Can the subaltern speak? (1985). Spivak points out the threefold oppression faced by these women i.e. patriarchy, race and domination by first world feminists. Spivak asserts that the “subaltern” should favour to write their own body and stories. Kandasamy’s attempts to dig out the inscribed voices from history and to reread them retrieves the diffusive traces of suffering and pain which are often overshadowed by the facade of empathy shown by the dominant existing socio-political discourse. Meena Kandasamy tries to problematize this camouflaged circulation of power through her intensely inquisitive poetry. Active resistance or revolutionary activism, the discourse which seeks to analyze what needs to change and set it right, is the core theme of Kandasamy’s raw and outrightly unbridled poetry, “full of jagged edges” (Duarte). Hailing from a caste-conscious background, her poetry reflects a society that grants inhuman sanction to caste discrimination and violence on Dalits. Kandasamy uses her poetry as a means of violent resistance against the nationally ingrained and prevalent system of caste which enables dominant caste people to subjugate the non-dominant caste persons. The title of her first anthology Touch reiterates the most inhuman of stigmas attached to Dalits — their very touch being considered polluting. Kandasamy’s poem Touch voices her sentiments towards the predicament of her community set by the starkly biased and hypocritical Hindu Brahmanical system.

[Singh, I.P. Study on  Poems of Resistance: Meena Kandasamy’s Ms Militancy.  Researcher2022;14(2):61-64]ISSN1553-9865(print);ISSN2163-8950(online).http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 6. doi:10.7537/marsrsj140222.06.

Keywords: Indian Poetry In English, Dalit Poetry, Literature And Identity, Body and Sexuality

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Ethno botanical studies of Neelam Valley, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan

Ahmad Zamir, Saeed Imran, Arz Muhammad Umrani, Shabir Ahmad Jan, Syed Talha Kamil, Kamal Anwar

Pakistan Forest Institute Peshawar, Pakistan, 25130

zamir_usafzai@yahoo.com

Abstract: The study was carried to document of medicinally important plants with their economic importance to local community and investigation of problems regarding conservation of medicinal plants including poverty, lack of awareness of alternatives, lack of marketing opportunities, educational level , level of treatment, selling, common plants used and reasons for not collecting  Neelam valley located on 73-75⁰ N and 32-35⁰E, 260 kilometer long Neelam river running along with Neelam Valley and situated to the north and north east of Muzaffarabad. The information were gathered from the local people of the area, through questionnaires and interview of local names ,parts of plants used ,ailment treated ,method of preparation. This paper was also aim to collect indigenous knowledge of local inhabitants about use of medicinal plants. Total 81 medicinal plants were recorded belonging to different families (Appendix-1) and revealed that these plants are used by for treatments of several routine diseases of wide range of ailments furthermore there is need to find ways to harvest medicinal plants sustainably from the wild .The plant parts most common used for the preparations of remedies were leaves, aerial parts and fruits. It was concluded that lack of awareness is main problem for the conservation of these medicinal plants.

[Ahmad Zamir, Saeed Imran, Arz Muhammad Umrani, Shabir Ahmad Jan, Syed Talha Kamil, Kamal Anwar. Ethno botanical studies of Neelam Valley, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Researcher 2022;14(2):65-73] ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 7. doi:10.7537/marsrsj140222.07.

[Key words: Ethno botanical Study, Neelam Valley, Indigenous, Medicinal Plants, Awareness

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