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The Effect of Abelmoschus Esculentus (Okro) Crop on Crude Oil Pollution

Ibiene Abiye Anthony, Ugbong Michael Anafe, Idaowuma, Nelson George and Onuoha Nkeiruka Chioma

Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Corresponding author’s email: abiye.ibiene@uniport.edu.ng

Abstract: The effect of Abelmoschus esculentus (Okro) crop on crude oil pollution was examined in University of Port Harcourt from July to September, 2016. Microbial enumeration was done by plate count followed by physiochemical parameters. Result shows that the total culturable heterotrophic bacterium (TCHB) in unpolluted of Day 01 shows a count of 2.25 log cfu/g, Day 07 recorded a count of 2.23 log cfu/g, Day 14 recorded a count of 1.70 Log cfu/g while Day 21count was 1.00 log cfu/g respectively, The Day 01 shows a count of 2.25 log cfu/g, Day 07 recorded a count of 2.28log cfu/g, Day 14 recorded a count of 2.20 Log cfu/g while Day 21count was 1.80 log cfu/g in polluted soil. The Hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (HUB) in unpolluted soil Day 01 count was 1.60 log cfu/g, Day 07 was 1.77 Log cfu/g, Day14 recorded 1.65 log cfu/g counts while Day 21 count was 1.47 log cfu/g but polluted soil results shows a count of 1.90 log cfu/g for Day 01, Day 07 recorded a count of 2.04 log cfu/g, Day 14 recorded a count of 2.03 log cfu/g while day 21 count was 1.99 log cfu/g. Comparative analysis of TCHB distribution on polluted and unpolluted soil Day 01 of the analysis recorded a uniform count of 2.25 log cfu/g for polluted soil while for Day 21 a count of 1.00 log cfu/g for unpolluted and 1.80 log cfu/g for polluted soil. The moisture content of polluted soil was 22.0 while the non polluted soil had 21.0; temperature of the polluted soil was 29 ^OC with 25.7 ^OC for the unpolluted soil. pH for polluted soil was 4.90 while the non polluted soil had a pH of 5.21. Sulphate for polluted soil was 18.0% while unpolluted soil had 34.0% while nitrate concentration for polluted soil was 8.0% and 12.0 % for unpolluted soil. The organisms isolated in this study include; Bacillus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Serratia sp, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter sp Due to these exudates, microbial populations and activities are 5 to 100 times greater in the rhizosphere than in bulk soil.

[Ibiene Abiye Anthony, Ugbong Michael Anafe, Idaowuma, Nelson George and Onuoha Nkeiruka Chioma. The Effect of Abelmoschus Esculentus (Okro) Crop On Crude Oil Pollution. Researcher 2020;12(4):1-6]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 1. doi:10.7537/marsrsj120420.01.

Key word: Abelmoschus esculentus, Crude oil, Hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria, Pollution, Rivers State, Nigeria

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Duck virus enteritis (duck plague)

Zeinab M. S. Amin Girh¹, Nagwa S. Rabie¹ and Mona S. Zaki²

¹Department of Poultry Diseases, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

²Department of Hydrobiology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

drmnazaki@yahoo.com

Abstract: Duck virus enteritis (DVE), also called duck plague, is one of the major contagious and fatal diseases of ducks, geese and swan. It is caused by duck enteritis virus (DEV). DVE has worldwide distribution, wherein migratory waterfowl plays a crucial role in its transmission within and between continents. Furthermore, horizontal and/ or vertical transmission plays a significant role in disease spread through oral-fecal discharges. Either of sexes from varying age groups of ducks is vulnerable to DVE. The disease is characterized by sudden death, vascular damage and subsequent internal hemorrhage, lesions in lymphoid organs, digestive mucosal eruptions, severe diarrhea and degenerative lesions in parenchymatous organs. Huge economic losses are connected with acute nature of the disease, increased morbidity and mortality (5%–100%), condemnations of carcasses, decreased egg production and hatchability. Although clinical manifestations and histopathology can provide preliminary diagnosis, the confirmatory diagnosis involves virus isolation and detection using serological and molecular tests. Most of the affected birds die without ample clinical manifestations and even sometimes the carcasses are found floating on the water surface. This review describes DEV, epidemiology, transmission, the disease (DVE), pathogenesis.

[Zeinab M. S. Amin Girh, Nagwa S. Rabie and Mona S. Zaki. Duck virus enteritis (duck plague). Researcher 2020;12(4):7-13]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 2. doi:10.7537/marsrsj120420.02.

Keywords: virus; enteritis; duck; plague

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Mark Herbert

World Development Institute

39-06 Main Street, Flushing, Queens, New York 11354, USA, ma708090@gmail.com

Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Common symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Other symptoms may include muscle pain, sputum production, diarrhea, sore throat, loss of smell, and abdominal pain. While the majority of cases result in mild symptoms, some progress to viral pneumonia and multi-organ failure. As of 28 March 2020, the overall rate of deaths per number of diagnosed cases is 4.7 percent; ranging from 0.2% to 15% according to age group and other health problems. In comparison, the mortality rate of the 1918 flu pandemic was approximately 3% to 5%. This article introduces recent research reports as references in the related studies.

[Mark Herbert. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Researcher 2020;12(4):14-23]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 3. doi:10.7537/marsrsj120420.03.

Key words: coronavirus; disease; COVID-19; lung; stem cell; life; research

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COVID-19 in World Research Literatures

Mark Herbert

World Development Institute

39-06 Main Street, Flushing, Queens, New York 11354, USA, ma708090@gmail.com

Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus is mainly spread during close contact and via respiratory droplets that are produced when a person talks, coughs, or sneezes. Respiratory droplets may be produced during breathing, however, current research indicates that the virus is not considered airborne. People may also contract COVID-19 by touching a contaminated surface (Fomite) and then inadvertently transfer the pathogen to a mucous membrane (such as the eyes, nose, or mouth). It is most contagious when people are symptomatic, although spread may be possible before symptoms appear. The virus can live on surfaces up to 72 hours. Time from exposure to onset of symptoms is generally between two and fourteen days, with an average of five days. The standard method of diagnosis is by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) from a nasopharyngeal swab. The infection can also be diagnosed from a combination of symptoms, risk factors and a chest CT scan showing features of pneumonia. This article introduces recent research reports as references in the related studies.

[Herbert M. COVID-19 in World Research Literatures. Researcher 2020;12(4):24-58]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 4. doi:10.7537/marsrsj120420.04.

Key words: COVID-19; World; life; research; literature

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Analysis the Problem of Taxation in the Tourism Sector in the World

Abdullayev Zafarbek Safibullayevich

Senior lecturer, researcher of Namangan state University, Namangan, Uzbekistan

zafarbek.abdullayev555@gmail.com

Abstract: The article considers the system of special measures in the field of taxation of the tourism industry aimed at reducing the tax burden and stimulating economic growth, as well as analyzes the main directions of solutions to problems of the development of the tourism industry.

[Abdullayev Z. S. Analysis the Problem of Taxation in the Tourism Sector in the World. Researcher 2020;12(4):59-62]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 5. doi:10.7537/marsrsj120420.05.

Keywords: tax system, tourism industry, structure and development of tourism, value added tax

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How often is the finding of Hiatal Hernias in patients with established diagnosis of panic disorder and its interpretation?

Dr. Adnan Chakira

Doctor in Psychiatry

Abstract: Anxiety disorders are the most common of all psychiatric illnesses and result in considerable functional impairment and distress. Working with patients who have an anxiety disorder can be highly gratifying for the informed psychiatrist, because these patients, who are in considerable distress, often respond to proper treatment and return to a high level of functioning. A) What is Panic disorder? B) What is Hiatal Hernia? C) Biological theories of panic disorder prominent in the psychiatric literature. D) Neurocircuity of fear. E) Symptoms of Anxiety Disorder Due To Another Medical Condition. F) Methodology. G) Results and Conclusion.

[Adnan Chakira. How often is the finding of Hiatal Hernias in patients with established diagnosis of panic disorder and its interpretation? Researcher 2020;12(4):63-68]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 6. doi:10.7537/marsrsj120420.06.

Keywords: Panic disorder; Hiatal Hernia; Biological theories; psychiatric Neurocircuity

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Assessment of Knowledge, practice and its associated factors towards Rabies prevention among residents in North Wollo Zone, Ethiopia

Telek Girma (Msc in MPH) ¹, Dr. R P Raju (Associate professor) ², Mrs. Melkitu Fentie (MSc in MPH) ³

^1. University of Gondar College of medicine and Department of public health and veterinary medicine, Gondar, Ethiopia P.O. Box:196

^2. University of Gondar College of medicine and Department of Environmental Health, Gondar, Ethiopia P.O. Box:196

^3. University of Gondar College of medicine and Department of Public Health Nutrition, Gondar, Ethiopia P.O. Box:196

Email: telekgirma12@gmail.com

Abstract: This study was done in North Wollo Zone, Ethiopia, from March 2018 to June 2018 to assess the knowledge and their practice to prevention of the disease in the area of study. Cross-sectional study design and multistage sampling procedures were employed to select households for this study. The data were collected from 785 households using pretested and structured questionnaires. Interviewer administered structured and pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic, knowledge and practice for prevention of rabies and related variables. Data entry was done using Epi info version 7statistical software. SPSS version 20 soft ware were used for data analysis. Both binary and multiple logistic regressions were fitted. P-value with 95％ CI was used and p-value ＜ 0.05 were declared the significant association between knowledge and practice on rabies prevention and its associated factors. A total of 806 respondents were selected with 97.4％ (785) response rate. Among those, 785 respondents 671 (85.5％) of them were males and 114 (14.5％) were female. Respondent that had good awareness about rabies had more likely good knowledge than that of respondent that had low rabies awareness (AOR=4.45, 95% CI: 1.068-18.580). Respondents that did not use post exposure prophylaxis were 0.002 times unlikely less than that of respondents with good practice that used PEP. (AOR=0.002,0.001-0.019:, 0.001).

[Telek Girma, R P Raju, Mrs. Melkitu Fentie. Assessment of Knowledge, practice and its associated factors towards Rabies prevention among residents in North Wollo Zone, Ethiopia. Researcher 2020;12(4):69-74]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 7. doi:10.7537/marsrsj120420.07.

Keywords: Bugna, Gidan, Knowledge, Lalibela, Lasta, Practice, Rabies

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A Review On Botulism And Its Importance In Human And Animal Populations

Belachew Workneh¹_, Mengestie Abebaw ²

¹ Clinician at Dabat veterinary clinic, central Gondar, P.o.box. 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.

² Instructor at Burie poly technic college, department of Animal health, P.o. Box. 75, Burie, Ethiopia

bworkneh5@gmail.com

Abstract: Botulism is a rare but serious neuroparalytic disease of both human and animal caused by absorption of performed neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, which is rod-shaped, gram positive, motile, obligate anaerobic and spore forming clostridia specie. Temperature, pH, water activity, redox potential, food preservatives, and competing microorganisms limit the growth of Clostridium botulinum in food. Clostridium botulinum is an alimentary bacterium can produces heat resistant spores that able to poisoning the food ingested and release toxins in the intestinal tract after germination which results botulism. The spores are common in the environment especially in soil, sediments and water. C. botulinum also produces eight different types of poisons neurotoxins having same therapeutic value and inactivated by heating at 85^oc for five minutes. The potent botulotoxin binds to nerve endings where block the release of acetylcholine to motor neurons, leading to typical sign progressive flaccid paralysis. Rapid treatment by antitoxin is essential, unless death is most likely to occur due to respiratory failure. Sporadic as well as outbreaks could occur, cause significant economical loses. In areas where botulism is prevalent, vaccines may be used in animals. Proper boiling and heating of home canned foods before consumption and vaccination will reduce botulism intoxication. Proper disposal of contaminated materials, avoiding eating of expired and bulged canned food items, and burning or burying of carcasses should be practiced as preventive measures.

[Belachew Workneh_, Mengestie Abebaw. A Review On Botulism And Its Importance In Human And Animal Populations. Researcher 2020;12(4):75-88]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 8. doi:10.7537/marsrsj120420.08.

Keywords: Botulism, Clostridium botulinum, Botulinum neurotoxin

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