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Effects of Mycotoxins on Poultry Health

Eman R. Hassan¹, Nagwa S. Rabie¹ and Mona S. Zaki²

¹Department of Poultry Diseases, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

² Hydrobiology Departments, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

dr_mona_zaki@yahoo.com

Abstract: A mycotoxicosis is a disease caused by a natural toxin produced by a fungus. In poultry, this usually results when toxin-producing fungi grow in grain and feed. Hundreds of mycotoxins have been identified, and many are pathogenic. Mycotoxins may have additive or synergistic effects with other natural toxins, infectious agents, and nutritional deficiencies. Many are chemically stable and maintain toxicity over time. The significance of mycotoxin problems in poultry is probably considerable as it results in many series problems including immunosuppression, negative impact on broiler production (weight gain and feed efficiency), pigmentation, egg production, and reproductive performance. Some mycotoxins like aflatoxins (AF), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FUM), deoxynivalenol (DON) and T‐2 toxin significantly affect the health and productivity of poultry species and need strict measures in order to prevent their production as this toxins are thermostable once they are produced are persistent in poultry meat and vital organs causing series pathological conditions. The aim of this review is to discuss in detail the important mycotoxins for poultry and their effects, along with the recent developments in prevention strategies.

[Eman R. Hassan, Nagwa S. Rabie and Mona S. Zaki. Effects of Mycotoxins on Poultry Health. Researcher 2020;12(3):1-5]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 1. doi:10.7537/marsrsj120320.01.

Keywords: Effects; Mycotoxin; Poultry Health

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Assessment Tribulus terrestris on sex-reverse on Nile Tilapia with respect to its chemical composition

Ahmed Ismail Noor El Deen¹, Mona Saad Zaki¹ and Manal Esam Shafi²

Hydrobiology department, Veterinary Division., National Research Center, Egypt

²Zoology, department of Biologlcal Science, King Abdulaziz, Univ., Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.

Correspond author: drahmednoor200254@gmail.com

Abstract: Terriblusterrestris considered the save feed additive for sex reverse of Nile tilapia offspring. Monosex fries of Nile tilapia (mean weight 0.020 ± 0.005 g; mean length 1.20 ± 0.003 cm) were subjected to dietary treatment (commercial fish feed,32% crude protein) with Aquatic extract of Tribulus Terrestris at different concentrations (0.0,1.0, 2, 3 g/kg feed were orally administered to sexually undifferentiated fries from the 3^rd to the 28^th days post hatching to produce male tilapia population. to evaluate the efficacy of the plant extract for induction of sex reverse and growth in fish. Dietary supplementation with the plant extract at the concentration of 2.0 g/kg feed showed the highest percentage (97.43 ± 0.13) of males and may be considered to be the best concentration among the selected concentrations for monosex tilapia production with Tribulus Terrestris extract. The result of the study indicates that aquaus extract of Tribulus Terrestris extract may have potential for inducing sex reversal in fish and this biodegradable natural plant material may be used for monosex tilapia production instead of synthetic steroids.

[Ahmed Ismail Noor El Deen, Mona Saad Zaki and Manal Esam Shafi. Assessment Tribulus terrestris on sex-reverse on Nile Tilapia with respect to its chemical composition. Researcher 2020;12(3):6-11]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 2. doi:10.7537/marsrsj120320.02.

Keywords: Tribulus terrestris, Monosex, fries, Nile tilapia, sex-reversal

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Investigation Of Mycorrhizal Infection On Maize (Zea may [L]) Cultivated In Calabar

Anozie, H. I. & Chukwumati, J. A

Department of Crop and Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Port Harcourt,

Nigeria. henifez@yahoo.com

Abstract: Mycorrhizal (fungus-root) infection on maize (Zea mays) was investigated. The samples – uprooted mature maize plants, the plant’s rhizosphere soils and non-rhizosphere soils of the same area were randomly collected at 10 different locations in the Staff Village of the University of Calabar, Nigeria. The terminal feeder root samples were used for the determination of the fungal – root colonization by applying the method of root/gridline intersects. The recovery and enumeration of fungal spores in the rhizosphere soils was done through wet sieving, decantation and centrifuging in a sucrose density gradient column. The leaf samples were collected for the determination of total Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium for both rhizosphere soil and non-rhizosphere soil. Organic Matter and the textural soil type were determined in the non-rhizosphere soils. The investigation revealed 40 % arbuscules in the feeder roots and 25 fungal spores from 5g of the rhizosphere soils both at high magnifications (X14) of the microscope. The soil analysis showed leaf samples had a high total Nitrogen level (3.36 %), low phosphorus content (14.3 mgkg^-1) and a high potassium content (5.6 Cmolkg^-1). The non-rhizosphere soil showed high level content of organic carbon (2.4 %), total Nitrogen (0.21 %) and available Phosphorus (78.6 mgkg^-1) while moderate content was shown in exchangeable potassium (0.48 Cmolkg^-1). The result of particle size showed that the soil contained 75.65 % Sand, 15.70 % clay and 8.70 silt, thus the textural class of the soil is Sandy Loam. Therefore, the soils can be conveniently used for cultivating crops without fertilizer application. Thus, there would be no need for inoculation of the soil with mycorrhizal fungi unless in a later depleted state of the soil, since it is observed that fertile soils are not responsive to mycorrhizal inoculation.

[Anozie, H. I. & Chukwumati, J. A. Investigation Of Mycorrhizal Infection On Maize (Zea may [L]) Cultivated In Calabar. Researcher 2020;12(3):12-16]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 3. doi:10.7537/marsrsj120320.03.

Keywords: mycorrhiza, rhizosphere, maize, root colonization, soil properties

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Inventory and Species diversity of trees on Farmlands

Funmilayo Sarah Eguakun, Azuka Chinedu Egubogo Onome Ada Anteyi

Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria

funmilayo.popo-ola@uniport.edu.ng

Abstract: Combination of trees on farmlands is a common practice and these trees provide food, fuel wood, shade and other ecological services to farmers and the environment. This study on the inventory of trees occurring on farmlands was carried out in the Ikwerre Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria with the aim of data capturing to improving conservation and sustainable management. Five out of the twelve towns in the area were randomly selected and four communities were purposely chosen from the selected towns based on their farming activities. Data inventoried include taxonomy information and tree growth variable measurements and estimations. A total of 101 trees from 18 families and 23 species were inventoried. Anacardiaceae and Fabaceae were the most frequently occurring families on farmlands with Mangifera indica, Anthocleista vogelli, Pterocarpus santalinus, Ficus exasperate and Spondia mombin the top five common species. Biodiversity indices (Margalef Richness and Shannon Index) was highest in Igwuruta community and lowest in Aluu community. Mangifera indica had the highest diameter at the base (160.01-180.00cm) and diameter at breast height (130.01-150.00cm), followed by Milicia excelsa and Dacryodes edulis which were classed in 120.01-140.00cm and 110.01-130.00cm for diameter at the base and breast height. Gmelina arborea, Pentaclethra macrophylla and Mangifera indica were amongst trees in the top class (9.01-12.00m) for crown diameter while highest tree height and volume was recorded in Milicia excelsa. The research still point out that farmlands in River State still hold significant amount of trees and could be prioritized if given attention as evidenced by the 101 tree species encountered coupled with the presence of highly valued economic and keylihood tree species.

[Eguakun F.S., Egubogo A.C., Anteyi O.A. Inventory and Species diversity of Trees on Farmlands. Researcher 2020;12(3):17-22]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 4. doi:10.7537/marsrsj120320.04.

Keywords: Farmlands, Biodiversity, Inventory, Species

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Guidelines for Identifying Persian loan words in Swahili

Elinaz farmahini Farahani

MA Student of Linguistics, Science and Research University, Tehran Branch, Iran

farmahinifarahanielinaz@yahoo.com

Abstract: Swahili has been affected not only by neighboring countries’ languages, but also by Persian language over time for political, scientific and cultural reasons, since Iran and eastern Africa have been deeply tied during previous decades. Entering this region, Iranian people have introduced some positive cultural attributes to African ethnics. On the other hand, it is claimed that some other cultures, such as the Arabs, have entered this region with totally different purposes, i.e. occupation and slavery. This paper seeks to evaluate this claim studying a number of Persian, Arabic and Persian-Arabic loanwords in Swahili. To that end, first some criteria is chosen by authors to evaluate the aforementioned points, and then some selected loanwords have been analyzed.

[Elinaz farmahini Farahani. Guidelines for Identifying Persian loan words in Swahili. Researcher 2020;12(3):23-30]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 5. doi:10.7537/marsrsj120320.05.

Keywords: Swahili (Culture/language), borrowing (vocabulary), languages or dialects of Persian, Indo-Iranian, Bento

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A Comparative Study on Nizar Qabbani and Qeysar Aminpour Poems of Resistance

Fatmah Moradi

Master of Arabic language and literature, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran

Abstract: Nizar Qabbani is one of the pillars of the poems of resistance in the Arab contemporary literature, and Qeysar Aminpour is regarded as one of the most committed poets of Iran Revolution and Sacred Defense literature. This paper aims at elaborating aspects of resistance in the poems of these two famous poets in the Arab and Iranian contemporary literatures. The findings indicate that both poets, despite time and location distance, have had an approximately similar approach towards resistance in their poems. Both of them have applied a simple and unaffected language in their poems of resistance, and their poetic images are very fluid and enjoy a high communicative load. As regards content, both poets have taken such issues as sacred Jihad, myth and symbol, the ravages of war, etc. into account.

[Fatmah Moradi. A Comparative Study on Nizar Qabbani and Qeysar Aminpour Poems of Resistance. Researcher 2020;12(3):31-36]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 6. doi:10.7537/marsrsj120320.06.

Keywords: resistance literature, comparative literature, Nizar Qabbani, Qeysar Aminpour

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A Place for “Disinterested View” to the Nature, an Approach to “True Happiness” of Human Being

Dr. Ali Rahmani

PhD of Urban and Regional Planning from American University of AUHS

rahmaniali14@yahoo.com

Abstract: This paper is about the context for achieving “True happiness” in terms of controlling “Egocentrism” as one of the causes of individual and social problems and lack of proper attention to this important issue in urban planning, in general. Most of the urban environments which have been used to improve ethics in various forms, in terms of objective and subjective, are human-made and are experiencing the same problem that we are trying to solve. In order to find a region-free solution that is free of human influence, establishing meaningful relationships with natural phenomena of the cities have been proposed. Therefore, by correcting attitudes towards the natural environment and extending this to the community and personal world, we can take a step towards solving the problem. In this approach, the assumption is that, the negative consequences of "egocentrism" which is a vital and essential principle can be monitored and corrected by mutual arousals arising from ‘disinterested view” to these phenomena. Establishing these relationships, in the first place, are focused in terms of working and entertainment there are followed by other urban potentials in the next stage such as parks and excess places of living complexes, administrative and sport gyms. In terms of participation of art and science in the process of development of city’s shape and its components, analyzing the psychological, philosophical, and morals on ethical influences from the nature is the basis of this work as well as our recommendations on its implementation.

[Ali Rahmani. A Place for “Disinterested View” to the Nature, an Approach to “True Happiness” of Human Being. Researcher 2020;12(3):37-43]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 7. doi:10.7537/marsrsj120320.07.

Keywords: True happiness, disinterested relations, nature, city

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Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplementation on Bone Mineral Density and Vitamin D Binding Protein in Children with Autism

Gina Huessin Ahmed Ahmed Elpatrik¹, Dr. Maisa Nasr Farid², Dr. Howida Hosny Al-Gebaly², Rokia Abd El-Shafy Soliman El-Banna³, Dr. Nagwa Abdel-Meguid Mohamed¹, Marwa Ibrahim Khalil⁴

¹Research on Children with Special Needs, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt

²Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Childhood Studies, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

³Biological Anthropology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt

⁴ Molecular Biology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt

Geenaelpatrik@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: Autism spectrum disorder is a neuro-developmental disorder, which is reported to affect 1 in 59 children. Social communication deficits and restricted or repetitive interests and behaviors characterize it. It is caused by the interaction of both genetic and environmental factors. Objective: To assess vitamin D, vitamin d binding protein (VDBP) and bone mineral density in autistic children, compared to typically developing children, also to question the benefit of using oral vitamin D daily supplementation for 4 months on autistic children’s outcome. Patients and Methods: The study was conducted on 30 autistic patients recruited from the Autism Disorders Clinic, Medical Research Centre of Excellence, and National Research Centre with age ranging from 3-7 years. Patients were randomly supplemented by vitamin D in a dose of 600 IU/day for 4 months. Thirty healthy children were included as control, with matched age and socioeconomic status to the study group. Exclusion criteria for the patients’ group were known genetic syndromes, static or progressive neurologic conditions, children on dietary restriction, non -ambulatory patients, and patients on drugs that affect vitamin D metabolism. Regarding the exclusion criteria of the control group, they were not on either vitamin D supplementation or drugs that affect vitamin D. Results: The results of the study revealed that autistic group of study have vitamin D deficient. However, there was no significance between patients before and after supplementation. On comparing VDBP levels of the patients and controls groups, we discovered statistically highly significant difference in level of it. but, There was significant difference of its level between before and after supplementation in autistic patients. In addition, we revealed that low bone mineral density DEXA of both regions. (Neck femur and lumber) were discovered. While, it was no significant difference between autistic children (before and after) supplementation. Conclusion: Wrapping up, it is still premature to conclude that autism and vitamin D are both related to each other. And although this work did not uncover any of the mysteries of autism, yet it highlighted the tight spot of vitamin D deficiency in children in general, and autistic children in particular who are more prone to vitamin D deficiency complications as regard bone metabolism and the higher risk for immobilization. Vitamin D also exhibits poor water solubility and oral bioavailability. Further studies should be implemented on a larger group of autistic children, and longer duration of vitamin D supplementation to reach optimal blood vitamin D levels. We recommend vitamin D supplementation using nanotechnology to overcome associated problems with administration.

[Gina Huessin Ahmed Ahmed Elpatrik, Maisa Nasr Farid, Howida Hosny Al-Gebaly, Rokia Abd El-Shafy Soliman El-Banna, Nagwa Abdel-Meguid Mohamed. Marwa Ibrahim Khalil. Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplementation on Bone Mineral Density and Vitamin D Binding Protein in Children with Autism. Researcher 2020;12(3):44-48]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 8. doi:10.7537/marsrsj120320.08.

Keywords: Vitamin D, Bone, Mineral Density, Vitamin D Binding Protein, Autism

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The Development of Virtual Reality News and Feasibility Analysis on its Commercialization

CHEN Yuehong ^1,2, Zheng Fei ²

^1. School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law, Harbin Institute of Technology, Heilongjiang Harbin;

^2. Is a postgraduate student at School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology.

Abstract: Appling virtual reality technology to news spread makes the form and content of transmission more interactive and innovative, with researches on virtual reality news also gradually increased, this paper shows some new thinking on the classification of virtual reality news, and analyses the application field of virtual reality news widen and technology trends from the perspective of the business model.

[CHEN Yuehong, Zheng Fei. The Development of Virtual Reality News and Feasibility Analysis on its Commercialization. Researcher 2020;12(3):49-53]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 9. doi:10.7537/marsrsj120320.09.

Keywords: Virtual Reality News, Real-time News, Form of Commercialization

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The Game of Authenticity and Ornamentality in the Postmodern Context

Dong Lijuan ¹, Lu Yuze ²

^1. Dong Lijuan, female, Qiqihar from Heilongjiang Province, 1973, 12, master degree, associate professor, art college of Northeast Agricultural University, Research direction: film art theory and aesthetics

^2. Lu Yuze, Female, Qiqihar from Heilongjiang Province, 1990, 02, master degree, Lecturer, Heilongjiang institute of industry and Commerce Research direction: Research on TV Art Theory

Abstract: In the context of postmodern theory, the study of the relationship between film authenticity and ornamentality, proposes reflections on the relationship between the artistry and entertainment of films, affects the creation of movies, challenges traditional film theories, and thinks about the meaning of movies. This article focuses on the discussion of the relationship between film authenticity and ornamentality, expounds the essence of "authenticity" of movies in the post-modern context, and improves the "appreciativeness" of modern technology. The impact of the theory and the proposal of the aesthetic aesthetic experience of the audience.

[Dong Lijuan, Lu Yuze. The Game of Authenticity and Ornamentality in the Postmodern Context. Researcher 2020;12(3):54-59]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 10. doi:10.7537/marsrsj120320.10.

Keywords: authenticity, ornamental, hyper-authenticity

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A Physical Modeling of Waveguide Avalanche Photodiodes With an Undepleted Absorption Layer

S. Nikmanesh*, M. H. Sheikhi**, A. Zahabi ***

* School of Electrical and Computer Eng. Shiraz University

** School of Electrical and Computer Eng. Shiraz University

*** School of Electrical Eng. Islamic Azad University, Bushehr Branch

nikmaneshsamira14@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this paper a theoretical physics-based model of the waveguide avalanche photodiodes is presented. This model is used to calculate both time and frequency responses of this APD's and to investigate the dependence of the multiplication and absorption layer thickness on the 3-dB bandwidths of the waveguide-APD. It is shown that introducing an undepleted absorption layer is effective in improving the 3-dB bandwidth without reducing efficiency. The novelity of this method lies it's high capability in modeling WG-APD with undepleted absorption layer. The gain-bandwidth characteristic of WG-APD is studied for different thicknesses of both the absorption and the multiplication layers. the 3-dB bandwidth of the WG-APD based on the calculation results is over 20 GHz up to a multiplication factor of 7.

[S. Nikmanesh, M. H. Sheikhi, A. Zahabi. A Physical Modeling of Waveguide Avalanche Photodiodes With an Undepleted Absorption Layer. Researcher 2020;12(3): 60-67]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 11. doi:10.7537/marsrsj120320.11.

Keywords: Avalanche photodiodes, frequency response, physics-based modeling, undepleted absorption layer, waveguide-apd

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Trends and practices of university students in regular physical activity program, in the case of Woldia University

Henok Mulugeta, Getasew Abebaw

Faculty of Natural and Computational Science, Department of Sport Science, Woldia University, Ethiopia, P.O. Box. 400

geteshabebaw@gmail.com

Abstract: The objective of this research was to assess the trends and practices of university students in regular physical activity program, the case of Woldia University. Method: the study was conducted using a sample of 45 students by using multi-stage sampling technique with the presence of purposive, stratified and simple random sampling technique, (24 females; 21 males) that are attending third year in Woldia University, Faculty of natural and computational science. Results: university students were very well informed about the importance of regular physical activity and sport. Nevertheless, when it came to their involvement in various sporting activity, the questionnaire and observation checklist showed that almost 71% of university students do not generally spend their time participating in any regular physical activity/sport. On the other hand, there is a difference between male (61.54%) and female (38.46%) students in terms of participation on regular physical activity/ sport. The main problems that hindered the participation of university students in physical activities/ sport, almost 47% of students have insufficient time to participate with in academic reason and the others that most students do not participated with having lack of interest in regular physical activity/ sport (28.125%). Conclusion: Based on the university students thought that gave awareness to all departments, management of time with sport, make sport fields safe enough and fulfill enough amounts of fields and equipment for all types of sport will develop students participation in regular physical activity/ sport.

[Henok Mulugeta, Getasew Abebaw. Trends and practices of university students in regular physical activity program, in the case of Woldia University. Researcher 2020;12(3):68-79]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 12. doi:10.7537/marsrsj120320.12.

Keywords: Physical Activity, Trend, Adherence mechanism

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Simulating Methods for WAG Injection and Selecting an Optimal Method for Injection in a fractured reservoir

Meysam Yousefzadeh and Abbasali Changalvaie

Department of petroleum, Omidiyeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Omidiyeh, Iran.

yousefzadeh.meysam@yahoo.com

Abstract: Extraction increasing methods play an important role in global demand for energy in the future. Following primary and secondary methods for oil extraction, several millions oil barrels have remained in pools. Regarding increasing global demand for oil, oil companies attempt to extract oil by optimal methods. A technique is water alternating gas injection (WAG). Evaluations conducted on types of WAG methods show that these techniques sweep oil toward productive wells by increasing the links between oil zones and controlling movements. According to information obtained from different reservoirs, WAG increases 5-10% oil recycling in carbonated pools. The present study evaluates types of WAG in a fractured carbonated reservoirs located in western south of Iran by industrial software Eclipse. Different simulations showed that increase in amount of injected gas into water increases reservoir efficiency. Among WAG techniques, selected technique has always the most oil productivity in the reservoir.

[Meysam Yousefzadeh and Abbasali Changalvaie. Simulating Methods for WAG Injection and Selecting an Optimal Method for Injection in a fractured reservoir. Researcher 2020;12(3):80-84]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 13. doi:10.7537/marsrsj120320.13.

Keywords: simulation, WAG injection, hybrid injection, immiscible injection, simultaneous WAG

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