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1

Yield and Berries Quality of Superior Grapevines As Influenced With Spraying Wheat Seed Sprout

Farouk H. Abdelaziz¹; Isis A. Rizk² and Mohamed A. A. Abdel Samie¹

¹Hort. Dept. Fac. of Agric. Minia Univ, Egypt

²Viticulture Res. Dept., Hort. Res. Instit. ARC, Giza, Egypt

Abstract: This study was accomplished during 2016 and 2017 seasons to test the effect of treating Superior grapevines once, twice or thrice with wheat seed sprout at 0.5 to 4.0% on yield, shot berries% and berries quality. Subjecting the vines to wheat seed sprout once, twice or thrice at 0.5 to 4.0% was favourable in improving the yield and berries quality relative to the control. Percentage of shot berries in the clusters was measurably reduced with using wheat seed sprout treatments. The best results with regard to yield and berries quality of Superior grapevines grown under Minia region conditions were obtained due to exposing the vines twice with wheat seed sprout at 2.0%.

[Farouk H. Abdelaziz; Isis A. Rizk and Mohamed A. A. Abdel Samie. Yield and Berries Quality of Superior Grapevines As Influenced With Spraying Wheat Seed Sprout. Researcher 2018;10(2):1-6]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 1. doi:10.7537/marsrsj100218.01.

Keywords: Superior grapevines, yield, berries quality, wheat seed sprout

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Development and validation of method for analysis of ceftiofur hydrochloride and ceftiofur sodium by using high performance liquid chromatography

Elham A. Mobarez, Hanan A. Azoz, Maha S. Abd-Elhafeez

Biochemistry, Toxicology and Feed Deficiency Dept. (Pharmacology & Pyrogen Unit), Animal Health Research Institute –Dokki- Egypt

Elham_pharmacology@yahoo.com

Abstract: An isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for assay of ceftiofur hydrochloride and ceftiofur sodium in drug substance and in sterile powder for injection. Chromatography was performed on a 250 mm, 4.6 mm, 5 µm particle, C₁₈ column with a (25:75) 0.1% mixture of (Acetonitrile: de-ionized water) trifloroacetic acid as mobile phase, at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. at 35^oC. The separation was monitored by UV detection at 292 nm. Validation of the method for linearity and range, intra and inter-day precision, accuracy, specificity, recovery, robustness, and limits of quantification and detection yielded good results. The calibration plot was linear from 0.5–50µg/mL and the correlation coefficient was 0.9999 for both ceftiofur hydrochloride and ceftiofur sodium. Limit of detection (LOD) for ceftiofur hydrochloride was 0.03µg/ml and for ceftiofur sodium was 0.02µg/ml. Limit of quantification (LOQ) for ceftiofur hydrochloride was 0.1µg/ml and for ceftiofur sodium was 0.06µg/ml. The proposed method is highly sensitive, accurate and precise and could be used for routine analysis of ceftiofur hydrochloride and ceftiofur sodium in drug substance and in sterile powder for injection.

[Elham A. Mobarez, Hanan A. Azoz, Maha S. Abd-Elhafeez. Development and validation of method for analysis of ceftiofur hydrochloride and ceftiofur sodium by using high performance liquid chromatography. Researcher 2018;10(2):7-15]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 2. doi:10.7537/marsrsj100218.02.

Key words: ceftiofur hydrochloride, ceftiofur sodium, HPLC, validation

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3

New applications in treatment and control of Enterobacteriaceae-causing diseases in poultry

Zeinab M. S. Amin Girh and Nagwa S. Rabie

Poulatry Diseases Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
Nagwasrabie@hotmail.com

Abstract: Enterobacteriaceae family is subdivided into eight genera including Escherichieae, Edwardsielleae, Salmonelleae, Citrobactereae, Klebsielleae, Proteeae, Yersineae, and Erwineae. Pathogens members are causing health problems in both humans and animals. Pathogens members are considered the most important avian intestinal pathogens and induced many disease conditions and losses in poultry including chickens, turkey, ducks, and pigeons. Enterobacteriacea was reported as negatively impacts feed conversion, body weight gain, mortality, low egg production, increase dead in shell and low hatchability, condemnations at processing, cost of medication and control. Furthermore, antibiotic resistance bacteria occurs in poultry farms and surrounding environment can be spread to humans. Biochemical or serologic laboratory examinations do not help in differentiating primary from secondary infections but it must come in combination with bird clinic to determine the importance of bacterial isolation for a bird species and a specific disease cause. Poultry diseases control based on hatching eggs and hatchery sanitation as well as farm biosecurity, disinfectants, good management practices, vaccination, accurate diagnosis and treatment (antimicrobial therapy). Corrective drugs are indicated and used very carefully according to manufacture (dosage and directions of application) to get good results and avoid drug resistant bacterial infections. Combinations of antibiotics with probiotics or prebiotics are useful to prevent and control bacterial infections in poultry. Also competitive exclusion proved to be valuable in control of enteric bacterial pathogens. Used disinfectants must be of high safety, of minimal residual toxicity and effectiveness for a variety of infectious agents. It is recommended to apply the recent points in control of enteric pathogens of economic and public health importance including: genetic selection is one of the choices to improve and obtain chicken resistant lines, Phytobiotics (Plant spices and extracts) is used in organic poultry production as some have growth promoting effects and others have antimicrobial properties against bacterial pathogens. Additionally, application of nanotechnology in disinfection, medication and vaccination.
[Zeinab M. S. Amin Girh and Nagwa S. Rabie. New applications in treatment and control of Enterobacteriaceae-causing diseases in poultry. Researcher 2018;10(2):16-20]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 3. doi:10.7537/marsrsj100218.03.

Keywords: New; applications; treatment; control; Enterobacteriaceae-causing disease; poultry

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Evaluation of Cassava enriched with defatted African Yam Bean Flour for Staple Food Production

Akinsola, A.O*., Taiwo-Oshin, M.A., Obisesan, D.O., and Segilola, V.O.

Department of Home Economics, Federal College of Education (Special), Oyo, Oyo State, Nigeria
*Corresponding author: akinsola4gold@gmail.com; +2348034800734

Abstract: The consumption of fortified cassava fermented amala-lafun, foofoo, garri, AFG, flour with legume could help in combating protein-energy-malnutrition in most of its consuming areas. This study was carried out to determine the nutritional composition of cassava enriched with defatted African yam beans (AYB) flour for staple food production. Cassava roots were divided into three portions for different processing to obtain AFG a local staple food. All the cassava products were sun-dried to ≤12% moisture content, mixed with defatted AYB (80:20) and milled separately into fine flour (250 micron). The entire samples were analyzed for proximate composition, functional properties and antinutritional factors using standard methods. Samples were made into gelatinized paste and evaluated for sensory attributes using Hedonic scale. Results showed that moisture, crude protein, crude fat, total ash, crude fibre and carbohydrate contents of the products obtained ranged from 6.10 to 7.90%, 4.80 to 6.80%, 0.30 to 0.60%, 0.70 to 2.10%, 0.71 to 2.40% and 80.8 to 82.9%, respectively. Functional properties of the samples ranged from 1.70 to 3.10, 0.76 to 1.30, 0.62 to 0.68, 1.40 to 2.80 and 14.5 to 23.8s for water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, bulk density, swelling power and wettability index, respectively. All meals prepared from the samples were accepted by the panelists. The findings showed that cassava flour substituted with 20% AYB could be used in the fortification of fermented cassava flour for the production of AFG paste for consumption.
[Akinsola, A.O., Taiwo-Oshin, M.A., Obisesan, D.O., and Segilola, V.O. Evaluation of Cassava enriched with defatted African Yam Bean Flour for Staple Food Production. Researcher 2018;10(2):21-27]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 4. doi:10.7537/marsrsj100218.04.

Keywords: Africa yam beans, amala-lafun, foofoo, functional properties, garri, sensory evaluation

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5

Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Risk Index as a Predictor of successful Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Ahmed A. Rozza, MD; Ali A. Ramzy, MD; Ibrahim A. Yassin, MD; Ahmed E. Ibrahim, M.Sc.

Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University

ahmedsaedawy@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objective: The thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) risk score, global registry of acute coronary events (GRACE) risk score (GRS) and the TIMI risk index (TRI) have been reported in acute coronary artery disease patients. We investigated whether admission TRI is associated with no-reflow (NRF), in-hospital major cardiac events (MACE) and in-hospital mortality in patients underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (P-PCI). Methods: The study population consisted of 100 consecutive patients presented with STEMI and treated with PPCI during the period from March 2017 to November 2017 in Al-Azhar Main University Hospital, and the national heart institute (NHI), Giza, Egypt. All patients were subjected to informed consent, detailed history taking, clinical evaluation, ECG analysis and coronary risk factor assessment. Additionally, Killip class examinations of all patients were recorded. GRS, TRS and TRI were calculated. Results: GRS, TRS and TRI for STEMI patient who underwent P-PCI showed that the increase in these scores was associated with increased NRF, MACE, and increase in hospital mortality, so TRI is a simple score with fewer parameters which can predict a successful P-PCI. Conclusion: TRI significantly related to in-hospital MACE and in-hospital mortality. TRI uses simple and inexpensive methods for evaluating patients with STEMI. In addition, high TRI may be helpful in identifying high-risk patients and determining appropriate treatment strategies.

[Ahmed A. Rozza; Ali A. Ramzy; Ibrahim A. Yassin; Ahmed E. Ibrahim. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Risk Index as a Predictor of successful Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Researcher 2018;10(2):28-38]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 5. doi:10.7537/marsrsj100218.05.

Keywords: Global registry of acute coronary events (GRACE) risk score (GRS), TIMI risk index (TRI), Acute myocardial infarction, No-reflow (NRF), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

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Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections in HIV Positive Individuals in FCT, Abuja, Nigeria in relation with their Socio-economic status.

Nnadi Doralis Chizoba¹, Joshua Ayokunle Ayeni²

^1.Department of Biological Sciences, University Abuja, PMB 119 Abuja Nigeria.

^2.Department of Biological Sciences, University Abuja, PMB 119 Abuja Nigeria.

Jayeni45@yahoo.com

Abstract: Studies was conducted on the prevalence of intestinal parasites in Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) positive patients in FCT, Abuja, Nigeria in relation with their socio-economic status. A total of 150 HIV positive consented participants of age range<1- >40 were recruited into the studies from June 2015 to February 2016. Structured questionnaires were used to collect clinical information. Stool samples were collected from each subject for intestinal parasitic examination using direct microscopy and formol-ether concentration method to detect ova, cysts or trophozoites. Six types of intestinal parasites were identified, the most dominant being, Entamoeba histolytica 67.7% Gardia lamblia 9.7%, Ascaris lumbricoides 6.5% and the least being, Isospora belli, Strongyloides stercoralis and Entamoeba coli with a prevalence of 3.2% respectively. There was a significant association between infection status with respondent social economic status. Sources of water had a strong association with infection status (P=0.001), food preparations also had a significant difference with intestinal parasite (P=0.011) and toilet facility also had an association (P=0.02).

[Nnadi Doralis Chizoba, Joshua Ayokunle Ayeni. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections in HIV Positive Individuals in FCT, Abuja, Nigeria in relation with their Socio-economic status. Researcher 2018;10(2):39-42]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 6. doi:10.7537/marsrsj100218.06.

Keywords: prevalence; parasitic infection; Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV)

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Effect of Anti-retroviral Therapy and Anti-parasitic Drugs on the Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections in HIV Positive Patients in Selected Hospitals in Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria.

Nnadi Doralis Chizoba ¹, Joshua Ayokunle Ayeni ²

^1.Department of Biological Sciences, University Abuja, PMB 119 Abuja Nigeria.

^2.Department of Biological Sciences, University Abuja, PMB 119 Abuja Nigeria.

Jayeni45@yahoo.com

Abstract: A study on the effect of anti retro-viral and anti-parasitic drugs on the Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites on Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) patients was conducted in selected Hospital in FCT, Abuja, Nigeria. A total of 150(52 male and 98 female) HIV positive consented participants were recruited into the studies from June 2015 to February 2016. Structured questionnaires were used to collect clinical information after obtaining consent from participants. Stool samples were collected from each subject for intestinal parasitic examination using direct microscopy and formol-ether concentration method to detect ova, cysts or trophozoites. There was a strong significant association between intestinal infection and anti-retroviral therapy (P=0.039). The prevalence was lower (14%) among HIV infected subjects on ART compared to those not on treatment (31.6%) There was no significant association between parasitic intestinal infection and anti-parasitic drugs (P=0.111). The prevalence of intestinal parasites was lower (7.4%) among HIV infected patients on anti-parasitic therapy compared to those not on anti- parasitic therapy (23.6%). Six types of intestinal parasites were identified, the most dominant being, Entamoeba histolytica with 67.7% Gardia lamblia with 9.7%, Ascaris lumbricoides with 6.5% and the least being, Isospora belli, Strongyloides stercoralis and Entamoeba coli with a prevalence of 3.2% respectively.

[Nnadi Doralis Chizoba, Joshua Ayokunle Ayeni. Effect of Anti-retroviral Therapy and Anti-parasitic Drugs on the Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections in HIV Positive Patients in Selected Hospitals in Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria. Researcher 2018;10(2):43-45]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 7. doi:10.7537/marsrsj100218.07.

Keywords: Prevalence, HIV, Opportunistic intestinal Parasite, Diarrhoea, FCT

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 Estimating the nonlinear refractive index of 10W30 oil using visible low power laser beam

Qusay M. A. Hassan, H. A. Sultan, H. Bakr, Isra^, a M. Ali, R. M. Hassan, C. A. Emshary

Department of Physics, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq

E-mail address: qusayali64@yahoo.co.in

Abstract: Estimating the nonlinear refractive index, n₂, of 10W30 oil using diffraction ring pattern and Z-scan techniques is given. And as high as 1.664 x 10^-7 cm²/W value is obtained. Experimental ring patterns are calculated numerically using Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction integral where good agreements are obtained.

[Qusay M. A. Hassan, H. A. Sultan, H. Bakr, Isra a M. Ali, R. M. Hassan, C. A. Emshary. Estimating the nonlinear refractive index of 10W30 oil using visible low power laser beam. Researcher 2018;10(2):46-51]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 8. doi:10.7537/marsrsj100218.08.

Key words: Self-phase modulation, Diffraction ring pattern, Z-scan technique.

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Enhanced Growth Performance Of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) In Crude Oil Polluted Soil Using Rice (Oryza sativa) Husks And Cassava (Manihot esculata) Peels

Agbor, RB., Okoi E.P., Uno U.U

Department Of Genetics And Biotechnology, University Of Calabar, P.M.B 1115 Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria

Email: agborreagan@yahoo.com, Phone No: 08063430125

Abstract: The study was on the enhanced growth performance of okra in crude oil polluted soils amended with rice husks and cassava peels. Three kilogrammes each of composite soil samples were weighed into 48 perforated polyethylene bags and artificially polluted with 200ml of crude oil and allowed for two weeks before the amendments were applied at 0g, 50g, 100g, 150g and 200g of both wastes. After four weeks treatment, okra seeds were sown in the various treated groups. Soil samples were collected from the various treated groups for physicochemical analysis. The result showed that the amendment of hydrocarbon polluted soil with rice husks and cassava peels significantly improve the moisture content, pH of the soil as compared to the crude oil control. The amelioration with rice husk significantly reduce (P<0.05) the organic carbon content of the soil compared to the cassava peels amended soil. The result implies that the enhancement of the polluted soils with rice husk and cassava peels improves the soil quality and thereby increase the growth performance of okra grown in the soil.

[Agbor, RB., Okoi E.P., Uno U.U. Enhanced Growth Performance Of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) In Crude Oil Polluted Soil Using Rice (Oryza sativa) Husks And Cassava (Manihot esculata) Peels. Researcher 2018;10(2):52-56]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 9. doi:10.7537/marsrsj100218.09.

Keywords: Crude oil, Polluted, Rice husk, Cassava peels, Soil, Amendment

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Removal Of Heavy Metals And Microbial Loads From Fish Pond Using Biopolymer Crab Shell Chitosan And Egg Shell

Oyewole O.Nather¹, Falodun A. Emmanuel²

Department Of Science Technology, Federal Polytechnic Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State

Email: oyewoleoyewuminather@gmail.com

Abstract: Water is the most important resource for aquaculture and can be a significant source for contamination. The conditions that fishes are cultured may be potentially stressful, causing existing infections to become more severe and precipitate disease outbreaks which may also compromise the fitness of such fish for human consumption. Heavy metals is one of challenge in reusing of wastewater for aquaculture production, this is because they are non-degradable and often accumulate through trophic level causing a deleterious biological effects. The concentrations of heavy metals in four different locations of fish pond in Ado Ekiti were investigated. The concentration of heavy metals in the fish pond (without a coagulant) ranges from Pb (0.12-0.01mg/l), Cr (0.12-0.47mg/l), Fe (0.14-0.34mg/l), Zn (1.81-1.37mg/l) Cd (0.07-0.02mg/l) and some heavy metals are also detected in the fish sample investigated despite the levels of the heavy metals detected in fish are not remarkable to cause acute health consequences, but chronic adverse health effects due to prolonged bioaccumulation and long term exposure through fish consumption can be inevitable. Treatment of the fish ponds with natural coagulants (chitosan and egg shell) has a greater efficiency on the removal of these pathogenic organisms and heavy metals. From the tested water samples, chitosan from crab shell remove the pathogenic organisms more than the egg shell. The effectiveness of the chitosan may be attributed to the flocculation and bactericidal activities, Therefore chitosan and eggshell may serves as a substitutes in treatment of fish ponds.

[Oyewole O.Nather, Falodun A. Emmanuel. Removal Of Heavy Metals And Microbial Loads From Fish Pond Using Biopolymer Crab Shell Chitosan And Egg Shell. Researcher 2018;10(2):57-60]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 10. doi:10.7537/marsrsj100218.10.

Keywords：Removal; Heavy Metal; Microbial Load; Fish Pond; Biopolymer; Crab Shell; Chitosan; Egg Shell

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A Study Of Aggression And Self Confidence Among The Different Disciplines Of University Male Students

Manoranjan Tripathy

Department of Clinical Psychology, Dev Sanskriti University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249411, India

manoranjanonly@gmail.com

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare aggression and self confidence level between the students of Computer Science (CS), Journalism & Mass Communication (JMC) and Tour & Travel Management (TTM) of Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar. The subjects for this study were randomly selected. A total of 90 students (30 from Computer Science, 30 from Journalism & Mass Communication and 30 from Tour & Travel Management) were selected as a subject for this study. To assess the self-confidence of the students, Agnihotri’s Self-confidence Inventory (ASCI) developed by Rekha Agnihotri was used. To measure aggression of male students used the aggression scale constructed by Dr. Roma Pal and Dr. Tasneem Naqvi (1980) was administered. One way ANOVA test was performed for comparison among groups at the 0.05 level of significance. The results indicate that the significant difference was found among different discipline of University male students in relation to self-confidence (p<0.05). On the basis of findings it was concluded that the mean score of aggression of Computer Science students (89.17) is more than the Journalism & Mass Communication and Tour & Travel Management students and the mean score of self-confidence of Journalism & Mass Communication students (27.57) is more than the Computer Science and Tour & Travel Management students.

[Manoranjan Tripathy. A Study Of Aggression And Self Confidence Among The Different Disciplines Of University Male Students. Researcher 2018;10(2):61-64]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 11. doi:10.7537/marsrsj100218.11.

Keywords: Aggression, Self Confidence, Streams, ASCI

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Effect of Anti-retroviral Therapy and Anti-parasitic Drugs on the Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections in HIV Positive Patients in Selected Hospitals in Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria.

Nnadi Doralis Chizoba 1, Joshua Ayokunle Ayeni 2

1.Department of Biological Sciences, University Abuja, PMB 119 Abuja Nigeria.
2.Department of Biological Sciences, University Abuja, PMB 119 Abuja Nigeria.
Jayeni45@yahoo.com

Abstract: A study on the effect of anti retro-viral and anti-parasitic drugs on the Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites on Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) patients was conducted in selected Hospital in FCT, Abuja, Nigeria. A total of 150(52 male and 98 female) HIV positive consented participants were recruited into the studies from June 2015 to February 2016. Structured questionnaires were used to collect clinical information after obtaining consent from participants. Stool samples were collected from each subject for intestinal parasitic examination using direct microscopy and formol-ether concentration method to detect ova, cysts or trophozoites. There was a strong significant association between intestinal infection and anti-retroviral therapy (P=0.039). The prevalence was lower (14%) among HIV infected subjects on ART compared to those not on treatment (31.6%) There was no significant association between parasitic intestinal infection and anti-parasitic drugs (P=0.111). The prevalence of intestinal parasites was lower (7.4%) among HIV infected patients on anti-parasitic therapy compared to those not on anti- parasitic therapy (23.6%). Six types of intestinal parasites were identified, the most dominant being, Entamoeba histolytica with 67.7% Gardia lamblia with 9.7%, Ascaris lumbricoides with 6.5% and the least being, Isospora belli, Strongyloides stercoralis and Entamoeba coli with a prevalence of 3.2% respectively.
[Nnadi D.C, Ayeni J.A. Effect of Anti-retroviral Therapy and Anti-parasitic Drugs on the Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections in HIV Positive Patients in Selected Hospitals in Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria. Researcher 2018;10(2):65-67]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 12. doi:10.7537/marsrsj100218.12.

Keywords: Prevalence, HIV, Opportunistic intestinal Parasite, Diarrhoea, FCT

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Genetic Testing Research Literatures

Ma Hongbao, PhD

Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11212, USA
ma8080@gmail.com

Abstract: Genetic testing, also known as DNA testing, allows the determination of bloodlines and the genetic diagnosis of vulnerabilities to inherited diseases. In agriculture, a form of genetic testing known as progeny testing can be used to evaluate the quality of breeding stock. In population ecology, genetic testing can be used to track genetic strengths and vulnerabilities of species populations. In humans, genetic testing can be used to determine a child's parentage (genetic mother and father) or in general a person's ancestry or biological relationship between people. In addition to studying chromosomes to the level of individual genes, genetic testing in a broader sense includes biochemical tests for the possible presence of genetic diseases, or mutant forms of genes associated with increased risk of developing genetic disorders. Genetic testing identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins. The variety of genetic tests has expanded throughout the years. In the past, the main genetic tests searched for abnormal chromosome numbers and mutations that lead to rare, inherited disorders. Today, tests involve analyzing multiple genes to determine the risk of developing specific diseases or disorders, with the more common diseases consisting of heart disease and cancer.[2] The results of a genetic test can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition or help determine a person's chance of developing or passing on a genetic disorder. Several hundred genetic tests are currently in use, and more are being developed. Because genetic mutations can directly affect the structure of the proteins they code for, testing for specific genetic diseases can also be accomplished by looking at those proteins or their metabolites, or looking at stained or fluorescent chromosomes under a microscope.
[Ma H. Genetic Testing Research Literatures. Researcher 2018;10(2):68-93]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 13. doi:10.7537/marsrsj100218.13.

Key words: life; genetic testing; research; literature; cell; gene

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