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Study On Lung Worm Infection In Small Ruminants: Prevalence And Associated Risk Factors In Some Selected District Of North Gondarzone

¹Ayehualem Tadesse,  ²Hailehizeb Cheru, ³Bewuketu Anteneh and ⁴Belsity Shumet

¹Department of livestock and its by product second level marketing center extension expert, Bichena, Gojjam, Ethiopia, ²Lecturer at burie poly technic college department of animal health P.o. Bbox. 75, Burie, Ethiopia, ³Sinor clinica exper at Lumame Veterinary clinic ,Lumame ,Ethiopia. ⁴Sinor clinical expert at Kuy veterinary clinic, Kuy Ethiopia

haile12cheru12@gmail.com; Telephone: +251921165854

Abstract: Across sectional study of lung worm infection was conducted in three districts of North Gondar Zone namely, Gondar, Maksegnit and Dabat from November 2014 to April 2015 with the objectives of determining the prevalence of lung worm infection, identifying the species of lung worms involved in the infection and assessing the risk factors associated to the disease. For this purpose fecal samples of 313 sheep and 119 goats of all age groups and both sexes were examined by modified Bermann technique for the extraction of L₁ larvae and 100 small ruminant lungs were examined for identification of adult parasites. The finding indicated that an overall prevalence of 32.2%. The specific prevalence was found to be 21.4% and 60.5% in sheep and goats respectively (χ²=60.396, P=0.000). Mulleriuscapillaries was the most identified species (20.8%) followed by Dictyocaulusfilaria (6.21%) and Protostrongylusrufescens (2.78%). A prevalence of 35.5% and 27.7% lung worm infection was observed in female and male animals, respectively. However, the variation was not statistically significant (χ²=1.198, P= 0.274). There was a significant difference (p <0.05) in the infection rate among the study sites, age and management systems. The prevalence of Mullerius capillaries was the highest identified species by both postmortem (18%) and coproscopic (20.8%) examinations. In conclusion, Coproscopic and postmortem examinations revealed that lungworms belong to the major parasites that impaired the health and productivity of small ruminants in the study area. Finally, possible control measures of the disease are forwarded.

[ Hailehizeb Cheru, and Ayehualem Tadesse. Study On Lung Worm Infection In Small Ruminants: Prevalence And Associated Risk Factors In Some Selected District Of North Gondarzone. Rep Opinion 2017;9(9):1-8]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 1. doi:10.7537/marsroj090917.01.

Keywords: Coproscopy, Lungworm, Postmortem, Prevalence, Small ruminants

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Research Relationship Between Internal Audit And Tax Gap

Hamid Ranjbar Jamalabadi¹ (corresponding author), Alireza Pahlavan Hanzaee², Fakhroddin Khamesi Hamaneh³

^1-Department of Accounting, Yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Department of accounting, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran.

^2-Department of accounting ،science and research branch،islamicazad university yazd،iran.

^3-Department of accounting ،science and research branch،islamicazad university yazd،iran.

mohsen8203934@yahoo.com

Abstract: The historical background of the corporate governance dates back to the 1990s when major financial corruptions occurred in some of the largest enterprises. Corporate governance is a set of functions, mechanisms and policies seeking for the better direction of the managers and achievement of responsiveness, transparency, justice and stakeholders’ right (including government). The present study is classified as a correlation-descriptive study and the theoretical data are gathered from the library studies. The required data is collected from the stock exchange and the relatedfinancial reports. The sample is composed of 58 listed firms on the Tehran Stock Exchange during a period covering the years from 2006 to 2010. The findings revealed that the percentage of the non-executive board members has no impact on reducing the tax gap.

[Hamid Ranjbar Jamalabadi, Alireza Pahlavan Hanzaee, Fakhroddin Khamesi Hamaneh. Research Relationship Between Internal Audit And Tax Gap. Rep Opinion 2017;9(9):9-12]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 2. doi:10.7537/marsroj090917.02.

Keywords: Tehran Stock Exchange, Final Tax, Non Executive Members of the Board, Tax Gap

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Resource Use Efficiency Of Sugarcane Production In Mubi North Local Government Area Of Adamawa State Nigeria

Anaryu. B. Wahu, Joyce D Moses, Jimjel Zalkuwi and Dolaree A Dolaree

Department of Agricultural Economics and extension, Faculty of Agricultural sciences. Adamawa State University Mubi. Adamawa State, Nigeria

Corresponding Author’s Email: jzalkwi4u@gmail.com

Abstract: This study examined the resource use efficiency of sugarcane production in Mubi North Local Government Area of Adamawa State Nigeria. The objective of the study was to describe the resources used efficiency in sugarcane production and to identify the main constraints associated with sugarcane production in the study areas. 80 sugarcane farmers were selected using multi-stage sampling technique and administered with well-structured questionnaire to generate primary data. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics regression analysis were used as analytical tools for the study. Results of the regression analysis revealed that, quantity of seeds (x₅) age (x₁) and cost of hired labor were important in explaining the variation in output of sugarcane production in the study area. Inadequate capital and credit inaccessibility, shortage of land, unavailability of fertilizer at affordable price, unimproved varieties, lack of standardized means of measurement, bad road and distance of market from the farm were the major problems militating against sugarcane production in the study area. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that, the study area had great and substantial potential to increase sugarcane production and farmers’ income, if efforts are made for the widespread of new technologies and identified constraints are properly and carefully addressed. However, effort should be made to mobilize and encourage farmers to form co-operative society, so that they can pool their resources together to increase their scale of operation. Also government should make production inputs like improved seeds variety, agro-chemical and also aid like cash funds at the right time and at subsidized rate because production inputs were some of the limiting resources that adversely affected sugarcane production in the study area.

[Anaryu. B. Wahu, Joyce D Moses, Jimjel Zalkuwi and Dolaree A Dolaree . Resource Use Efficiency Of Sugarcane Production In Mubi North Local Government Area Of Adamawa State Nigeria. Rep Opinion 2017;9(9):13-17]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 3. doi:10.7537/marsroj090917.03.

Keywords: Resource; Use; Efficiency; Sugarcane; Production; Mubi North Local Government Area; Adamawa State; Nigeria

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A Field Study for Enhancing and Improving Sport in Jordan: Official Personnel’s Perspectives

Nihad Moneer Othman Al-bateky

Department of Health and Recreation, Faculty of Physical Education, Jordan University, Jordan

dr.nihad_albatikhi@yahoo.com

Abstract: The current research aims to identify the barriers facing youth or sports organizations directly related preparing youth physically. The researcher used the descriptive (survey) approach due to its suitability for this study. ‎ The researcher purposefully chose (30) persons who work as physical education teachers ‎or sports coaches in youth centers. ‎Results indicated that: • Youth centers play a major role in preparing young athletes for competition. -Cooperation between educational governorates and youth centers creates a good ‎atmosphere for preparing youth socially, physically and technically for sport. ‎- There is a lack in specialized science-based programs for preparing youth for ‎sport. -Numbers of coaches and trainers are not sufficient for the numbers of ‎participants. -Poor conditions and insufficient numbers of youth centers have negative effects ‎on preparing sports talents.‎

[Nihad Moneer Othman Al-bateky. A Field Study for Enhancing and Improving Sport in Jordan: Official Personnel’s Perspectives. Rep Opinion 2017;9(9):18-21]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 4. doi:10.7537/marsroj090917.04.

Key words: Youth Centers – Youth Sport – Barriers – Jordan

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Epidemiological Study on the Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Small Ruminant and Associated Risk Factors in Asossa District of the Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia

¹Abebaw Abei, ¹Bossena Fantahun and ²Birhanu Eticha

¹ Assosa Regional Veterinary Diagnostic, Surveillance, Monitoring and Study Laboratory, P.O. Box: 326, Assosa, Ethiopia.

² Benishangul Gumuz Regional State Livestock and Fisheries Resource Development Agency, P.O. Box 30, Assosa, Ethiopia; e-mail: brihanueticha12@gmail.com

Abstract: This study was conducted from November 2016 to May 2017 in Assosa town to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of gastrointestinal parasites that affect sheep and goats and to recommend the possible control measures. Post-mortem examination was made on 384 animals (220 sheep and 164 goats) slaughtered in different bars and restaurants and an overall prevalence of 74% and 60.3% of GIT parasites in sheep and goats were registered respectively. Six species of Nematode, two species of Trematode, one species of each Cestode and Eimeria were identified in both sheep and goats. Prevalaence of 63.7%, 16.7%, 13.7%, 3.8% and 1.9% was recorded for Nematode, Trematode, Eimeria, mixed and Cestode infection of the study animals respectively. The prevalence of each GIT parasites in the present finding was 28.6%, 16%, 13.7%, 9.5%, 7.2%, 6.1%, 6.1% 4.2%, 3.8%, 2.6% and 1.9% for Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Eimeria, Paramphistomum, Fasciola, Strongylus, Trichuris, Chabertia, mixed infection with Eimeria and Trychostrongylus, Ostertagia and Monezia respectively. Statistically significant association was observed (p<0.05) with regard to GIT parasites infection and age and species of study animals while significant association was not seen with regard to sex and GIT parasites infection (p>0.05). To finalize, the finding of the present study revealed high prevalence of GIT parasites infection of sheep and goats implying the importance of devising strategic and holistic approach to control and mitigate the parasitic adverse effect on livestock production and health status in the study district.

[Abebaw Abei,  Bossena Fantahun and Birhanu Eticha. Epidemiological Study on the Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Small Ruminant and Associated Risk Factors in Asossa District of the Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia. Rep Opinion 2017;9(9):22-29]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 5. doi:10.7537/marsroj090917.05.

Key words: GIT parasites, Sheep and Goats, Prevalence and Risk Factors.

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Epidemiology of Bovine Trypanosomosis: Prevalence and Associated risk factors in Kameshi District, Western Ethiopia

Asmamaw Aki Jano

Assosa Regional veterinary Diagnostic, Surveillance, Monitoring and Study Laboratory, P.O. Box: 326, Asossa, Ethiopia. Email: asmamawaki@gmail.com, Telephone; +251 922232353

Abstract: A cross sectional study was carried out in Kameshi District of Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia from September to January, 2017 to determine the prevalence of trypanosomosis in cattle and the prevailing species of trypanosomes, associated risks and its vector density. Blood samples were collected from (n=384) randomly sampled cattle (Bos indicus) and examined using parasitological (buffy coat technique) and hematological (measurement of packed cell volume) procedures. An overall, 98/384 (25.52 %) prevalence was recorded. The infection was caused by T. congolense 75/98 (76.53%), T. vivax 14/98 (14.28%), T. brucei 3/98(3.06%) and mixed infection was found to be 6/98 (6.12 %). The infection rate was found statistically significant (P<0.000) among trypanosome species. Mean packed cell volume (PCV) value of infected animals was lower (20.7% + 3.75) than non- infected animals (24.81 % + 1.43) and the variation was statistically significant (P<0.000). Non - significant difference was recorded within study sites, sex and age categories of animals (P>0.05), where as significant association was observed in body conditions. Glossina tachinoides was the only tsetse fly caught and its mean apparent density measured as f/t/d was 2.41. In addition, other mechanical vectors such as Stomoxys, Haematopota, and Tabanids with f/t/d of 1.66, 0.29 and 0.28 were recorded respectively. In conclusion, the result of the current study showed the economical importance of trypanosomosis in the study area signaling for devising strategic control efforts.

[ Asmamaw Aki Jano. Epidemiology of Bovine Trypanosomosis: Prevalence and Associated risk factors in Kameshi District, Western Ethiopia. Rep Opinion 2017;9(9):30-38]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 6. doi:10.7537/marsroj090917.06.

Key words: Kameshi district, PCV, Risk factor, Trypanosome, Trypanosomosis, Tsetse fly

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Goat Breeds and Protein Requirements

Mutassim M. Abdelrahman, Mohsen M. Alobri and Faisal A. Alshamiry

King Saud University, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, Department of Animal production, P.O.Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

amutassim@ksu.edu.sa

Abstract: Breed and environmental factors may affect protein and probably other nutrients requirements when compared with NRC recommendation. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding different levels of protein in three breeds of goats. The breeds are Shami, Baladi and crossbred (Shami × Baladi). A total of 54 (18 from each breed) weanling kids (75 to 90 days old) were randomly selected and individually housed at the experimental farm. The three dietary treatments were T1: Control ration, formulated according to NRC (1981) to cover the protein and other nutrients requirements 2: T2: ration formulated to cover only 75% of protein recommended by NRC T3: Control diet + undegradable methionine 2.4 g /day/ kid. Results of this field experiment indicated that feeding undegradable methionine above NRC protein recommendation level caused a significant improvement in general performance of crossbred growing kids, but no effect reported for the performance of growing Shami and Baladi kids. In conclusion, it is very clear that breed affect protein requirements of growing goats when compared with NRC (1981) which designed for international temperate breeds. So, further research is needed in the area of nutrients requirements of breeds raise in our region.

[Mutassim M. Abdelrahman, Mohsen M. Alobri and Faisal A. Alshamiry. Goat Breeds and Protein Requirements. Rep Opinion 2017;9(9):39-42]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 7. doi:10.7537/marsroj090917.07.

Keywords: Breeds, goats, NRC, Undegradable protein, performance.

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Iranian Nation-State Building Chronological Continuance or Politicized Changes?

Azam Molaee¹, Alireza Azghandi²

¹ Department of International Relation, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran

²Department of Political Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran

A_molaee2000@gmail.com

Abstract: This article examines the nation- state building status in Iran since the formation of first national government in this country (1925). From a constructivist view, I have concentrated to analyze and compare the nation-state building process in Pahlavi regime and the Islamic Republic of Iran and tried to answer the following question: Whether the outbreak of Islamic revolution totally transformed the assumptions on national state or Islamic Republic has just developed this incomplete process and made it more perfect? Central idea of this paper is that the Islamic republic despite deep differences in values, identities, and norms with Pahlavi regime, continued the process which formerly began in its own way and in accordance to its norms. Due to weaknesses and strengths of both Pahlavi and Islamic Republic in nation-state building process, the point is that no one can talk about the outstanding developments of Islamic Republic in this area.

[Azam Molaee, Alireza Azghandi . Iranian Nation-State Building Chronological Continuance or Politicized Changes? Rep Opinion 2017;9(9):43-53]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 8. doi:10.7537/marsroj090917.08.

Key words: Nation State, Territorial Satiation, National Cohesion and Integration, Political Stability

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Knowledge Management in Chabahar Trading Port: Examining the Interactions between Technologies and People

Mohammad Saeid Arbabi

Graduated in Master Degree of MBA from IUC (International University of Chabahar)

pmo_msa@yahoo.com

Abstract: Knowledge management is still more difficult a concept to understand because it is clouded with very many misconceptions. For most organizations, knowledge management is a process which aims at replacing conventional business processes. The dilemma is that for most of them, these processes that KM aims at computerizing do not exist. What many fail to comprehend is that knowledge management is more of a business practice than a product. The aim of this study is to examine the place of people and technology in the context of knowledge management. Based on the emerging concept of intellectual capitals where knowledge is perceived as part of the property of a firm, this study will seek to foster an understanding of knowledge management and determine the validity of the notion that knowledge management can replace human intellectuals in organizations. In conducting the study, a qualitative approach was adopted. Data was obtained from both secondary and primary sources. The primary data collection process was undertaken at Chabahar port which is based in the Islamic republic of Iran. The results were subsequently analyzed. For purposes of standardizing the results to make them suitable for comparison, the average auto sum formula was adopted. The results revealed a consistency with much of the literature on the subject to the effect that human resources are the key success factors in the implementation of knowledge management. Knowledge management is not a process for replacing human labour; on the contrary it is dependent on the knowledge residing in people minds. Recommendations were made that Chabahar port managers should begin by creating suitable environments for people to share their tacit knowledge. Further, that they should encourage a knowledge sharing culture in their organization as sustainable knowledge management is more dependent on the ability of employees to share each other’s knowledge than on complex technology.

[Mohammad Saeid Arbabi. Knowledge Management in Chabahar Trading Port: Examining the Interactions between Technologies and People. Rep Opinion 2017;9(9):54-68]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 9. doi:10.7537/marsroj090917.09.

Keywords: Knowledge Management, Chabahar Trading Port, Technologies, People

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The Presence of United States in Middle East: Stability or Instability

Sheida Mahnam

Department of International Relation, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

mahnam.unesco@gmail.com

Abstract: The questions in this study, have given rise to some strong opinions. Hardliners in the Iranian government, for example, argue that all outside forces must leave the region before any new approach to security and cooperation can be advanced. Some Western analysts, on the other hand, believe that future approaches to regional security will require an intimate network of collective defense arrangement between outside powers, particularly United States, and selected regional states. Between these two extreme lie more subtle approaches. It seems clear that any regional security architecture in the Middle East will have several components. The object of this paper is to undertake a descriptive study of Middle East security and the role of United States with a view to the Iraq war, the first steps and primary goals of United States and analysis the present condition of the regional security.

[Sheida Mahnam. The Presence of United States in Middle East: Stability or Instability. Rep Opinion 2017;9(9):69-78]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 10. doi:10.7537/marsroj090917.10.

Keywords: Middle East security, U.S. Foreign policy, New Iraq, Iran’s Role

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Spatio-seasonal physico-chemistry of Aiba stream, Iwo, Nigeria.

¹ Ebenezer Oluwatosin Atobatele, ²Godwin Oladele Olutona*

¹Department of Biological Sciences, Bowen University, Iwo

²Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Bowen University, Iwo

*Corresponding author e-mail: delog2@yahoo.com; delog2@gmail.com

Abstract: Seasonal variation of some physico-chemical parameters of Aiba River at four locations has been assessed. Over the years, the river has been subjected to various human interferences and water quality was to be getting deteriorated gradually. Major anthropogenic activities practiced in and around the river are as follows: irrigation activities, car wash, artificial pond, washing cloths and utensils, spiritual bathing, discharge of domestic waste etc. All these constitute serious threat to the aquatic biota and thereby alter the physico-chemical and biological concentration of the river. The physico-chemical parameters were determined using standard methods and methods described by Ademoroti. The pH, water temperature, sulphate, phosphate, total alkalinity/bicarbonate levels indicate moderate quality of water. Electrical conductivity was above the maximum allowable limit in dry season. Dissolved oxygen and nitrate levels were slightly above maximum allowable limit for aquatic biota. BOD level indicates the absence of major organic pollution sources. The t-test calculated for seasonal variation shows that of all the parameters studied only temperature was significant at P < 0.05. One –way ANOVA for all the locations revealed that all the parameters studies were not significant at P < 0.05. The nutrient levels in the river system is a warning signal of eutrophication, hence the pollution level has to be checked. It is therefore recommended that periodical assessment of both physico-chemical and microbial analysis of the area should be carried out, as this would be helpful in early detection of any future degradation.

 [  Ebenezer Oluwatosin Atobatele,  Godwin Oladele Olutona . Spatio-seasonal physico-chemistry of Aiba stream, Iwo, Nigeria.. Rep Opinion 2017;9(9):79-83]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 11. doi:10.7537/marsroj090917.11.

Keywords: Water quality, Nutrients, Aiba stream, Physico-chemistry, Pollution

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Iran, world economy and World Trade Organization (WTO)

Dr. Ahmad saee, Dr. Farzad Piltan

Department of International Relation, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran

piltan_tpo@yahoo.com

Abstract: To achieve strategic goals, Iran with an oil dependent economy, needs to make arrangements to join world economy. Participating in international economical organizations including WTO is an essential tool to reach this goal. Although disagreements exist among governmental authorities, industry owners and economical experts, becoming observer member and starting full membership process bring up more serious discussions about its relation with world economy and consequences of membership in WTO. In this article the attitude of Iran toward world economy, different views and the process of gaining observer membership, consequences and barriers of Iran’s full membership in this organization have been reviewed.

[Ahmad saee, Farzad Piltan. Iran, world economy and World Trade Organization (WTO). Rep Opinion 2017;9(9):84-91]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 12. doi:10.7537/marsroj090917.12.

Keywords: Iran -World Economy- World Trade Organization (wto)- International Economical Organizations

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Review on Mechanism of Antimicrobial Drug resistance in Animal and Its Public Health Significance

Habtamu addis

University of Gondar College of veterinary medicine and animal science, Department of veterinary clinical, Gondar, Ethiopia p.o. Box:196

Email: yohansaddis68@gmail.com

Abstract: Antimicrobials are used in livestock production as therapeutics, prophylactics, and growth promoters. These drugs assist in sustaining livestock production and in controlling bacterial pathogens that may be transferred to humans. Bacteria exhibit a number of well characterized mechanisms of resistance to antimicrobials that include: modification of the antimicrobial; alteration of the drug target; decreased access of drug to target; and implementation of an alternative metabolic pathway not affected by the drug. The mechanisms of resistance are complex and depend on the type of bacterium involved (e.g. Gram–positive or Gram–negative) and the class of drug. Some bacterial species have accumulated resistance to nearly all antimicrobial classes due to a combination of intrinsic and acquired processes. This has and will continue to lead to clinical failures of antimicrobial treatment in both human and animal medicine. The development of resistance can be minimized provided that a number of measures are observed to prolong the useful life of all antibiotics in both human and veterinary medicine. Antibiotic use should be limited to situations where they are needed and the selection of the right antibiotic should take a number of factors into account.

[Habtamu addis. Review on Mechanism of Antimicrobial Drug resistance in Animal and Its Public Health Significance. Rep Opinion 2017;9(9):92-98]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 13. doi:10.7537/marsroj090917.13.

Key words: Antimicrobial, Bacteria, Resistance

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