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Evaluation of Bacillus Subtilis Inoculation for Bioconversion of Organic Solid Wastes (Maize Husk, Cowpea Husk and African Spinach) Into Biofortified Compost

¹Oladapo Zainab Abosede and ²Bukola Catherine Akin-Osanaiye

        ¹Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Science, University Of Abuja, P.M.B. 117, Abuja, Nigeria ²Department Of Biochemistry, Faculty Of Science, University Of Abuja, P.M.B. 117, Abuja, Nigeria

                                  ¹Email: oladapozainababosede@gmail.com

Abstract: This study focused on the Evaluation of Bacillus subtilis inoculation for bioconversion of organic solid wastes (maize husk, cowpea husk and African spinach) into biofortified compost. Ten (10) kilograms of carbon-based organic wastes comprising of maize husk wastes, 5 kg of nitrogen based organic wastes which comprises of beans husk wastes and the cofactor which is vegetable (African spinach) wastes combined in the ratio of 2:1:1, 3:2:1 and 4:3:2 were used for the composting set up. The organic waste with 4:3:2 combination had the highest (p<0.05) proximate values of 24.70±3.2 % for ash content and the lowest lipid recorded 3.01±0.1 % as the least. The biofortified compost temperature was monitored during the period of composting. The initial temperature of the three organic wastes composition (2:1:1, 3:2:1 and 4:3:2) inoculated with Bacillus subtilis as well as their controls after mixing was 26.5 °C for day one and rose to 43.2 ⁰C at day 30 while the control temperature was 29.4 ⁰C. The initial pH of the biofortified compost (day 1) was 6.4 for all ratios. For the 2:1:1 combination, the pH increases from 6.4 to 6.5 at day 40 up till day 60 and for 3:2:1 and 4:3:2 combinations ratio the pH increases from 6.4 to 6.7. As the composting progress, the organic matter and organic carbon decrease from the day one to day 60 for all the combinations. The substrates mixtures showed an initial electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.8 dSm^-1 from the first day. It reached up to 2.19 dS m^-1 for 2:1:1, 2.23 dS m^-1 for 3:2:1 and 2.35 dS m^-1 for 4:3:2 with progressive degradation up to 60 days meanwhile, the control only increased from 1.8 dS m^-1 to 1.9 dS m^-1. Compost analysis of the organic waste inoculated with Bacillus subtilis showed a good C:N ratio and increased value of phosphorus and nitrogen up till day 60 which are required for enhancement of soil fertility. The compost generated from the degradation can be applied to increase the fertility of the soil.

[Oladapo Zainab Abosede and Bukola Catherine Akin-Osanaiye. Evaluation of Bacillus Subtilis Inoculation for Bioconversion of Organic Solid Wastes (Maize Husk, Cowpea Husk and African Spinach) Into Biofortified Compost. N Y Sci J 2025;18(3):1-10]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 01. doi:10.7537/marsnys180325.01

Keywords: Organic waste; Bacillus subtilis; biofortified compost; bioconversion

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The Role of Nature in Romantic Poetry

Bhupinder  Kaur

W.no 10, H.no 327, Gurdiyal Singh colony, Indri Karnal-132041 (Haryana)

Email- jagnoor9253471593.JS@gmail.com

Abstract: The debate surrounding romantic poetry often revolves around whether poets use nature as a direct subject or as a metaphorical vehicle for other themes, a topic that ignites fervent discussions among students. This paper examines the role of nature in Romantic poetry through an educational analysis of two iconic poems: Daffodils by William Wordsworth and Ode to the West Wind by Percy Bysshe Shelley. The study delves into the ways in which nature is portrayed in these poems and how it serves as a source of inspiration, reflection, and transcendence for the Romantic poets. The paper also explores the thematic and stylistic elements employed by the poets to convey their deep connection with nature and the profound impact it has on human emotions and experiences. Through this analysis, the paper aims to provide a deeper understanding of the significance of nature in Romantic poetry and its enduring influence on literary and artistic expression, and provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the diverse manifestations of nature in romantic poetry.

[Bhupinder  Kaur. The Role of Nature in Romantic Poetry. N Y Sci J 2025;18(3):11-14]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 02. doi:10.7537/marsnys180325.02

Keywords: Romantic poetry; nature; role; education

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Review Of Literature On Teacher Effectiveness In Relation To Level Of Aspiration, Burnout And Self-Efficacy Of Teachers At Elementary Level Of Education

*Amila Huidrom  and **Dr. Sharda Parsad Singh 

*Research Scholar, Department of Education, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

**Assistant Professor, Department of Education, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

Email: amilahuidrom@gmail.com

Abstract: While it has become commonplace to argue that high-quality teachers are essential to student learning, unfortunately, there is little clarity about the best means for improving teacher effectiveness, with major consequences for policymakers and researchers alike. Over the last several decades, education reformers have attempted to improve the capacity of the teacher labor force and the quality of instructional content, spawning a voluminous research literature in the process. However, the relationships between measures of teacher effectiveness and student outcomes, whether understood as mean achievement or equity, are inconsistent, and this, in turn, has raised serious questions about the best approach for achieving policy goals. In this sense, the ambiguity in the research literature has left policymakers with little direction as to the best approaches to reform. In addition, variation across countries in how various measures of teacher quality are related to student outcomes has made cross-country transfer of educational ideas difficult, since without understanding whether (or why) policies work differently in different national contexts, it is hard to know whether (or when) a particular policy should be adopted.

[Huidrom, A. and Upadhyay, V. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS IN RELATION TO LEVEL OF ASPIRATION, BURNOUT AND SELF-EFFICACY OF TEACHERS AT ELEMENTARY LEVEL OF EDUCATION. N Y Sci J 2025;18(3):15-18]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 03. doi:10.7537/marsnys180325.03

Keywords: Review Of Literature; Teacher Effectiveness; Aspiration; Burnout; Self-Efficacy Of Teachers; Elementary Level Of Education

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Milankovitch cycles — Basics of Monsoon Time Scales: Formulation of North East Monsoon Time Scale

Gangadhara Rao Irlapati

H.No.5-30-4/1, Saibabanagar, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India-500055

                                                        E-mail: gangadhar19582058@gmail.com

Abstract:  According to the Milankovitch cycle, the angle of the Earth's axial tilt (obliquity) regarding the orbital plane (the obliquity of the ecliptic) varies between 22.1° and 24.5°, over a cycle of about 41,000 years. The current tilt is 23.44°, roughly halfway between its extreme values. Milankovitch cycles are a series of periodic changes in the Earth's orbit around the Sun that affect the amount of solar radiation the Earth receives, which in turn influences climate change. This tilt does not remain constant at 23.44°.  It oscillates up and down and slowly moves to 24.5°. The oscillation of up and down will be about 85 years, according to the Monsoon Time Scales. That is, about 60 years up, 25 years down, in total oscillating once every about 85 years. When it moves up to 22.1°, droughts and famines occur, and when it moves up to 24.5°, heavy rains and floods occur. Oscillating in this way, it slowly moves forward. All this can be clearly observed in the Monsoon Time Scales. If this is true, then we are close to reaching 24.5°, So, are there going to be more climate changes in the coming centuries? What are the Milankovitch Cycles?  What is their importance in the study of climate changes? How they determine the scientific accuracy of Global Monsoon Time Scales?  What is the relationship between Milankovitch cycles and Global Monsoon Time Scales? What are the new things that can be learned by Global Monsoon Time Scales? What is the need to establish the North East Monsoon Time Scale to unravel the mysteries of the North East Monsoon?  Let's discuss in this paper. I call on world scientists to establish the North East Monsoon Time Scale  following the Basics of Monsoon Time Scales outlined below, based on the India Monsoon Time Scale which is successfully proved out in practice and  break down the mysteries of the North East monsoon.

[Gangadhara Rao Irlapati. Milankovitch cycles — Basics of Monsoon Time Scales: Formulation of North East Monsoon Time Scale. N Y Sci J 2025;18(3):19-74]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 04. doi:10.7537/marsnys180325.04

Keywords: Bioforecast (1965-70); A New Hypothetical Model of Cosmology (1970-77); Inquisition (1977-79); Basics of Geoscope (1980-87); Basics of Monsoon Time Scales (1987-91); Indian Monsoon Time Scale (1991); Researches on Earth and space related issues(1991-2000); Numerical Weather Periodic Tables (2000-10); Designs of Geoscope projects (2010-20); Designs of Global Monsoon Time Scales (2020-)

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