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REVIEW OF LITERATURE LSB BASED IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY IN SECURE AND VERIFIABLE COLOR VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHY

*Basawaraja and **Dr. Manoj Kumar

*Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

**Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

Email basu.n.reddy@gmail.com

Abstract: Several Image Steganography techniques are in vogue, amongst which, Least Significant Bit (LSB) is a wellknown approach. It is used to embed the secret message/ data/ information within a cover image. Two famous sub techniques that can be covered under the umbrella of LSB are (i) Insertion based Method (ii) Substitution based Method. Both are widely adopted and used for hiding data but there are some differences between them. Insertion based method increases the size of the image when secret data is embedded while on other hand the substitution based method is used to replace the bits of the image with secret data without increasing the size of the image.

[Basawaraja and Kumar, M. REVIEW OF LITERATURE LSB BASED IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY IN SECURE AND VERIFIABLE COLOR VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHY. N Y Sci J 2024;17(8):1-4]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 01.doi:10.7537/marsnys170824.01.

Keywords: REVIEW OF LITERATURE, LSB BASED IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY, COLOR VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHY

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON EEG IN MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER: A MACHINE LEARNING META ANALYSIS

*Rajeshwara Reddy and **Dr. Manoj Kumar

*Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

**Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

Email : Rajeshwarareddy431@gmail.com

Abstract: Electroencephalography is a widely used clinical and research method to record and monitor the brain’s electrical activity – the electroencephalogram (EEG). Machine learning algorithms have been developed to extract information from the EEG to help in the diagnosis of several disorders (e.g., epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, and schizophrenia) and to identify various brain states. Despite the elegant and generally easy-to-use nature of machine learning algorithms in neuroscience, they can produce inaccurate and even false results when implemented incorrectly. In this chapter, we outline the general methodology for EEG-based machine learning, pattern recognition, and classification. First, a description of feature extraction from various domains is presented. This is followed by an overview of supervised and unsupervised feature-reduction methods. We then focus on classification algorithms, performance evaluation, and methods to prevent overfitting. Finally, we discuss two applications of EEG-based machine learning: brain-computer interface (BCI) and detection and prediction of microsleeps.

[Reddy, R. and Kumar, M. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON EEG IN MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER: A MACHINE LEARNING META ANALYSIS. N Y Sci J 2024;17(8):5-7]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 02.doi:10.7537/marsnys170824.02.

Keywords: REVIEW OF LITERATURE, MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MACHINE LEARNING META ANALYSIS

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EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT RATES OF PELLETED ORGANIC MANURE AND INORGANIC FERTILIZER ON TWO VARIETIES OF OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench)

Tanko Bako¹, Adashu Tanko Gani² and Olima George Eriba²

1, Department of Agricultural and Bio-Resources Engineering, Taraba State University, Jalingo, Nigeria

2, Department of Soil Science and Land Resource Management, Federal University, Wukari, Nigeria

Email: engbako@gmail.com Tel: +234 7064190523

ABSTRACT: The experiment was conducted in the teaching and research farm, Federal University Wukari, Taraba state to evaluate the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield performances of two different varieties of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench). Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications was used. Four different treatments (no fertilizer, 5 tons/ha pelleted organic manure, 10 tons/ha pelleted organic manure and 0.15 tons/ha NPK fertilizer) were used for the experiments. The data were collected on the growth and yield parameters including plant height (cm), number of leaves per plant, leaf area (cm²), length of pods (cm), diameter of pods and weight of pods per plot. Data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance and means found to be statistically significant were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of probability. From this study, the application of 10 tons/ha pelleted organic manure increased significantly the growth and yields performances on okra compared to the other organic and inorganic fertilizer treatments. The results indicated a significant increase in growth parameters of okra including (plant height, number of leaves per plant and leaf area) and yield parameters (weight of pods per plot). Plots treated with 10 tons/ha pelleted organic manure significantly had highest vegetative growth especially plant heights of 88.42 cm for Clemso Okra and 76.14 cm for Kosoko Okra while the control (no fertilizer) plots had the least plant heights of 50.70 cm for Clemso Okra and 44.36 cm for Kosoko Okra. The pod length and pod diameter show no significant difference across all weeks of observation, while the pod weight showed significant difference, where the highest weight of pods per plot of 237.19 g for Clemso Okra and 298.6 g for Kosoko Okra were obtained from plot treated with 10 tons/ha pelleted organic manure while the lowest weight of pods per plot of 127.25 g for Clemso Okra and 135.5 g for Kosoko Okra were obtained from the control (no fertilizer) plots. However, the application of 10 tons/ha pelleted organic manure for optimum yield of okra is recommended.

[Tanko Bako, Adashu Tanko Gani and Olima George Eriba. EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT RATES OF PELLETED ORGANIC MANURE AND INORGANIC FERTILIZER ON TWO VARIETIES OF OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench). N Y Sci J 2024;17(8):8-12]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 03. doi:10.7537/marsnys170824.03.

Key Words: Manure, NPK, Fertilizer, Growth, Yield

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The Portrayal of Gender Roles in Shakespearean Comedies

Bhupinder  Kaur

W.no 10,H.no 327, Gurdiyal Singh colony, Indri Karnal-132041 (Haryana)

Email-jagnoor9253471593.JS@gmail.com

Abstract: William Shakespeare's plays are renowned for their portrayal of complex and compelling female characters. In both his tragedies and comedies, Shakespeare challenges traditional gender roles and stereotypes, presenting women who are intelligent, independent, and assertive. This study examines the roles of women in Shakespeare's tragedies and comedies, focusing on the plays "Macbeth," "Hamlet," "Othello," "Twelfth Night," "Much Ado About Nothing," and "A Midsummer Night's Dream." The objective of this study is to analyze the portrayal of women in Shakespeare's tragedies and comedies, exploring how their characters challenge traditional gender roles and stereotypes. The study utilizes a qualitative approach, analyzing the text of the plays to identify key themes and character traits associated with the female characters. The analysis includes a comparison of the portrayal of women in the tragedies and comedies, highlighting differences and similarities in their roles and behaviors. The analysis reveals that women in Shakespeare's tragedies are often portrayed as victims of male ambition and jealousy, while women in his comedies are depicted as witty, intelligent, and independent. Overall, Shakespeare's female characters challenge traditional gender roles and stereotypes, presenting a more nuanced and empowering view of women. Women play crucial roles in Shakespeare's tragedies and comedies, challenging traditional gender roles and stereotypes. The study highlights the importance of considering the context of Shakespeare's time when analyzing his portrayal of women, as well as the enduring relevance of his female characters in modern society. Keywords: Shakespeare, women, tragedies, comedies, gender roles.

[Bhupinder  Kaur.  The Portrayal of Gender Roles in Shakespearean Comedies. N Y Sci J 2024;17(8):13-16]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 04. doi:10.7537/marsnys170824.04.

Keywords: The Portrayal, Gender Roles, Shakespearean Comedies

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Indian Monsoon Time Scale & its exploration of climate change

Gangadhara Rao Irlapati

H.No.5-30-4/1, Saibabanagar, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India-500055

Email:  gangadhar19582058@gmail.com

Google/Phone pay A/C No. +91 630 557 1833

Abstract: South West(USA) monsoon is a key system in  global monsoon systems. I have conducted many scientific researches on this monsoon system  and as a part these researches, I proposed and designed the Basics of South West(USA) Monsoon Time Scale  which can help to study the past, present and future movements and conditions of the South West(USA) monsoon. In the current year 2022, the pre-path of Indian summer monsoon was traveling upwards and reached to the 29th June. Below this, the main-path of Indian summer monsoon also traveled upwards parallel to the pre-path of Indian summer monsoon with a difference of about 30 days and reached to the 29th July, As it moves further up, changes in the climate are likely increasing and there are more chances of heavy rains and floods in the coming years.

[Gangadhara Rao Irlapati. Indian Monsoon Time Scale & its exploration of climate change. N Y Sci J 2024;17(8):17-141]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 05. doi:10.7537/marsnys170824.05.

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Reveal and Conveyance in Unauthorized Sale

Mehrdad Kazemi

Department of law IslamAbad Gharb branch, Islamic Azad University, Islam Abad Gharb, Iran

And Department of Islamic Republic of Iran's the Judiciary, Judge Islamabad Garb, Iran

Abstract: Unauthorized sale is one of important issues on subject of sale and given that this sale integrity depends on permission, it is particularly important to describe permission status in unauthorized sale. In Fiqh (Religious Jurisprudence) terminology, sale is defined as transferring the object of property from one person to another, with Known return and parties’ consent (Sharh-e Lame). Unauthorized sale is one lacking element of owner permission. Instances of such a sale include usurped sale or sale without owner permission, fool sale and poor sale, in all cases of which sale is accurate and operative only by the owner permission. Permission takes different forms such as explicit permission, implicit permission and present witness. Islamic jurists have viewed unauthorized sale differently. Some attribute absolute integrity to unauthorized sale; a group regards it void; and others enlarge upon between sale and buying. Many scholars believe that unauthorized sale is accurate but with suspending integrity; this suspension and unauthorized sale reach certainty and perfect integrity, respectively, only through subsequent permission by owner. Permission status in unauthorized sale is perceived differently by different Islamic jurists because some argue that permission is an indication (revealer) in unauthorized sale, that is, as soon as the sale contract is concluded ownership is created but its rule is not revealed without permission. On the contrary, others believe in conveyance, considering permission as conveying. They argue that ownership is created after giving permission, not upon contract conclusion because a contract consists of elements without all of which it is not effective and operative.

[Mehrdad Kazemi. Reveal and Conveyance in Unauthorized Sale. N Y Sci J 2024;17(8):142-147]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 06. doi:10.7537/marsnys170824.06.

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