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Volumetric Mathematical Equations For Round Log Of Some Selected Species

Eguakun, Funmilayo Sarah., Okolo Ebere Chiamaka

Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Agriculture. University of Port Harcourt

funmilayo.popo-ola@uniport.edu.ng

Abstract: Sawmills are major wood-based industries that participate in processing and efficient utilization of timbers. Sawmills constitute 93% of total number of wood-based industry. Accurate measurements are extremely important for the forest manager, harvesting and wood processing company as well as end users. This study was set out to develop mathematical prediction models for volume estimation of round logs using some log characteristics that affects log volume. Three (3) log species Acer rubrum, Ficus elastica and Xylopia aethiopica were selected for the study based on the frequency of sawing in the sawmill. Log characteristics like log length, top and bottom diameter, log taper, log ovality were measured and their mean estimated for thirty (30) sampled logs. The average length of log ranged from 3.02m to 3.48m which was used along with other log variables to estimate mean volumes ranging from 2.67m³ to 5.67m³. The result portrayed that there was positive correlation between length and volume in Xylopia aethiopica (0.94) and Ficus elastica (0.68) and also between volume and diameter in Xylopia aethiopica (0.96),  Ficus elastica (0.97),  Acer rubrum (0.99).  There was a weak negative correlation between the volume and the taper (0.38) and between volume and ovality (0.34) in Xylopia aethiopica. Four mathematical functions namely linear, multiple, single logarithm and double logarithm were used to develop log volume prediction models for selected species. The best volume estimation model for Xylopia aethiopica, Acer rubrum and Ficus elastica are multiple model (R² = 0.97, SEE = 0.155),  linear model (R² = 0.99, SEE = 0.295)  and single logarithm (R² = 1, SEE = 0.068) respectively. However, the linear function was selected as the best for prediction in all the species. Development of specie-specific volume equations is essential to achieve higher levels of precision in estimation of logs which can bring about a rapid and effective process that avoids unnecessary felling of trees and minimizes cost.  [Eguakun, F. S., Okolo E. C.  Volumetric Mathematical Equations For Round Log Of Some Selected Species, N Y Sci J 2023;16(8):1-8]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 01. doi:10.7537/marsnys160823.01.

Keywords: Models, Round log, Sawmill, Volume, Prediction

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Speaking of “air pushing” and “air blocking”^*in the vocal, wind instrument performing and singing

-"Dynamic system" for reconstruction of performing and singing

Zhang Ning

Tianjin, Tianjin Conservatory of Music, China

Email：suona000@163.com

Summary: Air has become the driving force for vocal, wind instruments, and singing vocalization. It is based on the mutual cooperation of the "air pushing " and "air blocking ", which are of two major functional systems.  Studies have shown that “air pushing” is the research category of hydrostatics, based on the Pascal principle; “air blocking” is the research category of fluid kinematics and is based on the resistance effect of the “transverse wall surface” at the entrance of the windpipe. The breath control is realized in the reasonable “pushing” and “blocking”, the “dynamic system” for the performing and singing vocalization is established.

[Zhang Ning. Speaking of “air pushing” and “air blocking”^* in the vocal, wind instrument performing and singing-"Dynamic system" for reconstruction of performing and singing, N Y Sci J 2023;16(8):9-16]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 02. doi:10.7537/marsnys160823.02.

Keywords: vocal, wind instruments performing, singing, air pushing, air blocking, Pascal's principle, Lateral wall resistance

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Dinosaur eggs with fossilized embryos on the Moon

Hari Mohan Saxena^1* and Jag Mohan Saxena²

¹Flat no. 105, Raj Mahal Apartments, D 253, Devi Marg, Bani Park, Jaipur 302016 India.

²House no. 1 E 19, Jai Narayan Vyas Nagar, Bikaner 334003 Rajasthan, India.

*Correspondence: drhmsaxena@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

We have discovered from NASA LROC images two dinosaur eggs on the Moon containing fossilized embryos. One egg (Lat. 38.39144, Lon. 321.00588) is oval with a thin double layered crystalline shell. The embryo has a big head with orbital socket, a beak and body with long limbs and pointed sharp claws. The neck, thorax and lumbar regions and limbs are articulated. Second egg on the South Pole (Lat. -72.86305, Lon. 29.77745) is round and large head of the embryo has a beak, orbital socket and large limbs with pointed sharp claws. This is possibly the first evidence of extraterrestrial life.

[Hari Mohan Saxena and Jag Mohan Saxena. Dinosaur eggs with fossilized embryos on the Moon . N Y Sci J 2023;16(8):17-20]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 03.doi:10.7537/marsnys160823.03.

Keywords: Dinosaur Fossil, Dinosaur eggs, Dinosaur embryo, The Moon, Lunar South Pole

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New York renting and bad-tenants (rent hegemony)

Ma Hongbao, PhD

Queens，New York， United State

mahongbao@gmail.com

Abstract: Private property is sacred and inviolable, and the spirit of the contract cannot be violated. Renting a house and paying rent are justified. Renting a house without paying rent is the same as eating in a restaurant without paying for it. Require parliamentarians to formulate a national law that treats rent payments in the same way as paying for meals and getting goods in stores, directly linking the severity of non-payment of rent with the amount and length of rent arrears, and the issue of non-payment of rent by the police direct processing, eliminating unnecessary housing courts, ensuring social order and the bottom line of civilization. [Ma Hongbao. New York renting and bad-tenants (rent hegemony), N Y Sci J 2023;16(8):21-26]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 04. doi:10.7537/marsnys160823.04.

Key words: inviolability of private property; spirit of contract; renting house; renter; rent; law; social order; the bottom line of civilization; the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON SOIL CARBON AND PLANT DIVERSITY IN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS OF CALCAREOUS SOILS UNDER SALINE WATER IRRIGATION

*Bindia Devi and **Dr. Anup Kumar

*Research Scholar, Department of Botany, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

**Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

Email: bindiamanhas92@gmail.com

Abstract: Agroforestry traditionally includes trees under different systems, including silvopastoral, agrisilvicultural, agrosilvopastoral systems (Nair et al., 2009). The components of these systems include perennials such as trees and shrubs, crops and other herbaceous species, and animals. Agroforestry practices include woodlots, dispersed, hedgerows, boundary planting, home gardens, taungya among others. In addition to climate regulation function (through carbon sequestration), tree in agroforestry contribute to soil protection, water regulation, enhancement of local climate conditions, reduces impacts on natural forests and other environmental benefits (Mbow et al., 2014b). Integration of trees on farms has also been shown to improve land productivity and resilience of households through provision of diversified products for sustaining livelihoods (Kahiluoto et al., 2014; Lasco et al., 2014; Mbow et al., 2014a).

[Bindia Devi and  Dr. Anup Kumar. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON SOIL CARBON AND PLANT DIVERSITY IN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS OF CALCAREOUS SOILS UNDER SALINE WATER IRRIGATION. N Y Sci J 2023;16(8):27-31].ISSN1554-0200 (print);ISSN2375-723X(online).http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 05. doi:10.7537/marsnys160823.05.

Key words: Review of literature, soil carbon, plant diversity, agroforestry systems

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The Increase In Aerosols Released Into The Air And Its Geoecological Consequences

¹ Mirzahmedov Ismoiljon, ² Mirabdullaev Bakhodirjon

Namangan State University, Namangan, 160107, Uzbekistan

E-mail address: ismoil_landsat@mail.ru

Abstract. This article describes the negative effects of changes in the composition of atmospheric gases, chemical emissions in the air that is to aerosols. The increase in the quantity of aerosols in the air of the city of Namangan over the years was analyzed and the impact of such chemical waste in the air on human health was studied.

[Mirzahmedov Ismoiljon, Mirabdullaev Bakhodirjon. The Increase In Aerosols Released Into The Air And Its Geoecological Consequences. N Y Sci J 2023;16(8):32-37]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 06.doi:10.7537/marsnys160823.06.

Key words. Aerosols, carbon dioxide, dust, radioactive substances, plastic waste, bronchial asthma, air concentration, "Lime method"

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Basics of South Asian Monsoon Time  Scale

Gangadhara Rao Irlapati

H.No.5-30-4/1, Saibabanagar, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India-500055

E-mail: gangadhar19582058@google.com

Google pay A/C No. +91 9988239159

Abstract: There are many mysteries and unsolved issues in the monsoon systems that cannot explain and solve. I proposed and designed the Basics of Monsoon Time Scales for all world monsoon systems for unraveling the mysteries of the monsoon systems, studying the characteristics of mechanism of monsoons and exercising the benefits of mankind and development of monsoon sciences. As a part of  these researches, South Asian Monsoon Time Scale is proposed and designed by me in 1991 as a part of Basics  of Global Monsoon Time Scales to study the past, present and future movements of the South Asian monsoon and it’s weather conditions and natural calamities in advance. I call on world scientists to establish the South Asian Monsoon Time Scale and break down the mysteries of the South Asian monsoon. I proposed and designed the South Asian Monsoon Time Scale which can help to study the past, present and future movements of the South Asian monsoon and it’s weather changes and natural calamities in advance, break down the mysteries of the South Asian monsoon and use it for the benefit of mankind and also for a comprehensive study of the South Asian monsoon.

[Gangadhara Rao Irlapati. Basics of South Asian Monsoon Time Scale. N Y Sci J 2023;16(8):38-108]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 07.doi:10.7537/marsnys160823.07.

Key words: Global Monsoons Time Scales, North American Monsoon Time Scale, North African Monsoon Time Scale, Indian Monsoons Time Scale, East Asian Monsoon Time Scale, Western North Pacific Monsoon Time Scale, South American Monsoon Time Scale, South African Monsoon Time Scale, Australian Monsoon Time Scale, European Monsoon Time Scale.

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