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The clinical utility of tumor necrosis factor alpha 308 gene polymorphism in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with or without helicobacter pylori infection

Ashraf A. Omar¹, Nancy A. Ahmed*, Mohammed H. Zaghloul² and Ghada M. Badawy³

*Correspondence to Nancy A. Ahmed, Professor of Internal Medicine, (Hepatology and Gastroenterology), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, E-mail: ziad.emad90@yahoo.com

¹Professor of Internal Medicine, (Hepatology and Gastroenterology), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

²Professor of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

³Assistant lecturer of Internal Medicine, (Hepatology and Gastroenterology), Faculty of Medicine, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt

Abstract: Background: Contribution of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development is widely studied. Tumor Necrosis alpha (TNF α) 308 gene polymorphism and HCC risk is still controversial. It was hypothesized that helicobacter pylori infection (H. pylori) has systemic impact via cytokines, our purpose was to assess the association between TNF alpha 308 polymorphisms and HCC and to investigate H. pylori infection as a possible associated risk factor of HCC. Methods: This study includes 110 HCC patients and 126 healthy control. The study was conducted at Mansoura University for 2 years. H. pylori stool Ag and SNP of TNF alpha 308 gene have been investigated in each group. Results: A higher positive H. pylori stool antigen was found in HCC cases. A higher ‘A’ allele was found in HCC cases. A participant with ‘A’ allele has 2.5-times higher odds to exhibit HCC. A higher G/A – A/A genotypes was found in HCC cases than control. A participant with G/A or A/A genotype has 2.8-times higher odds to exhibit HCC. Also participants with positive H. pylori, and G/A-A/A genotypes have 5.3-, and 2.8-times higher odds, respectively to exhibit HCC. Conclusion: TNF alpha 308 single nucleotide gene polymorphism and positive H. pylori stool Ag could be valuable markers for prediction of HCC development.

[Ashraf A. Omar, Nancy A. Ahmed, Mohammed H. Zaghloul and Ghada M. Badawy. The clinical utility of tumor necrosis factor alpha 308 gene polymorphism in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with or without helicobacter pylori infection N Y Sci J 2022;15(7):1-7] ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online) http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 1. doi:10.7537/marsnys150722.01.

Key words: HCC, TNF-α and H. pylori

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STUDY ON LINEAR ALGEBRIC AND ITS APPLICATION

*Jatin Dagar and **Dr. Rajeev Kumar

*Research Scholar, Department of Mathematics, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

**Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

Email: jatindagar@yahoo.com

Abstract: At the general intra- stage some operational actions are possible, but there is an absence of relationships between properties. At the inter- stage, the identification of relations between different processes and objects, and transformations are starting to form, but they remain isolated. The trans- stage is defined in terms of the construction of a synthesis between them to form a coherent structure. For example, in the genetic decomposition that we are about to describe, different processes and objects for solving quadratic equations using square roots, completion of square, quadratic formula, factoring, and graphical interpretation are given. The stage of development (intra-, inter-, trans-) of the schema of quadratic equations is a measure of the degree of interconnectedness of these ideas in the students’ minds. The progression from action, to process, to object, and to having such constructions organized in schemas is a dialectical progression where there may be passages and returns from one type of construction to the other

[Dagar, J. and Kumar, R. STUDY ON LINEAR ALGEBRIC AND ITS APPLICATION. N Y Sci J 2022;15(7):8-11] ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online) http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 2.

doi:10.7537/marsnys150722.02.

Keywords: linear algebra, Application, Mathematics

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Type and characteristics of Equine Colic

Abebe Mequanent

University of Gondar College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Gondar, Ethiopia, P.o. Box:  196

E-mail:  abebemequanent@gmail.com

Summary: - Colic is a complex symptom exhibited by animals when there is painful condition of any abdominal organs. The etiology of colic can be spasmodic/spastic contraction of the intestinal muscles, tympanic/due to excessive gas accumulation in the intestinal tract, impactive/impacted food mass, stone and displacement /extra-luminal due to mechanical distortion or obstruction of intestine. There are several causes of colic like physical agents which includes feed related; water related and poor teeth.  Diagnoses done based on clinical sign and physical examination of patients.

[Abebe. M.A, Type and characteristics of Equine Colic. N Y Sci J 2022;15(7):12-13] ISSN 1554-0200(print);ISSN 2375-723X (online) http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 3. doi:10.7537/marsnys150722.03.

Key words: - Colic and Equine

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Deficiency of zinc and cobalt in living organisms

Abebe Mequanent ¹

¹ University of Gondar College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Gondar, Ethiopia, P.o. Box:  196

E-mail:  abebemequanent@gmail.com

Summary:- Dietary deficiency of zinc are resulting parakeratosis. A zinc deficiency in young, growing pigs can cause parakeratosis, but it is not due to a simple zinc deficiency. The availability of zinc in the diet is adversely affected by the presence of phytic acid, a constituent of plant protein sources such as soybean meal. The disease occurs most commonly during the period of rapid growth and from 20 to 80% of pigs in affected herds may have lesions, and the main economic loss is due to a decrease in growth rate. The sign of zinc include Poor growth, stiff gait, swelling of the coronets, hocks, and knees, alopecia, wrinkling of the skin of the legs, hemorrhages around the teeth and ulcers on the dental pad. Skin biopsy will confirm the diagnosis of parakeratosis. Cobalt deficiency is a disease of ruminants ingesting a diet deficient in cobalt, which is required for the synthesis of vitamin B12. The disease is characterized clinically by in appetence and loss of body weight. Cobalt is unique as an essential trace element in ruminant nutrition, because it is stored in the body in limited amounts only and not in all tissues. No specific signs are characteristic of cobalt deficiency. A gradual decrease in appetite is the only obvious clinical sign. The treatment of deficiency of both cobalt and zinc is simply adding cobalt and zinc in to diet.

[Abebe, M.A Deficiency of zinc and cobalt in living organisms. N Y Sci J 2022;15(7):14-18] ISSN 1554-0200(print);ISSN 2375-723X (online) http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 4. doi:10.7537/marsnys150722.04.

Key words:- Cobalt, deficiency and zinc

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Comparative Analysis Of Single Cell Protein (SCP) Produced From Saccharomyces Cerevisiae By Utilizing Fruit Wastes

¹Ajibade, Hauwa Yetunde; ²Appah, Joseph; ²Suleiman, Ahmed Babangida; ²Dikwa, Karderam Bukar; ²Abdulsalami, Muhammed Sani

¹National Biotechnology Development Agency Abuja, Nigeria

²Department of Biological Science, Nigeria Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria

¹ajibadeyetunde@gmail.com    foruappah1@gmail.com

Abstract: Comparative analysis of single cell protein (scp) produced from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by utilizing fruit wastes was conducted in Abuja. Malt extract agar was used to isolate Saccharomyces cerevisiae from fruit wastes which include watermelon, banana, orange, pineapple and pawpaw respectively using spread plate method of inoculation. After homogenization, 1g of the fruit wastes sample was dissolved in 10 ml sterilized distilled water. The sample suspension was diluted up to 10³. About 0.2 ml of the samples was inoculated on already prepared Malt extract agar plates. The inoculated plates were incubated at ambient temperature (25 ± 20C) for 72 hrs and were subsequently sub cultured to obtain pure isolates. A total of twelve Saccharomyces cerevisiae belonging to one strain were isolated from the five (5) different fruits with four (4) Saccharomyces cerevisiae (33.33 %) isolated from Banana fruit, three (3) from orange (25 %). Two (2) Saccharomyces cerevisiae (16.67 %) each were isolated from Pawpaw and Pineapple respectively while only one Saccharomyces cerevisiae was isolated from Watermelon equivalent to 8.33 % being the least. The fruits juices were filtered with the use of a Muslin cloth. The juices were first combine in ratio 1:1 and then inoculated with 10³ cells/ml of 48 hrs old culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolate and then incubated for 5days to ferment. After fermentation, the dry weights were measured and the protein estimation was determined. The dry weight for the combinations of pawpaw and banana was the highest (210 mg), followed by the combinations of pineapple and banana (205 mg). Based on the fermentation caused by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the highest biomass (dry weight) was recorded for banana being 220 mg. Although the biomass obtained was significantly high, but there is no significant difference between the biomass obtained from various combinations of fruits wastes (P< 0.0). The maximum Single cell protein content by Saccharomyces cerevisiae was 52.3 mg from the combination of pawpaw and banana fruit wastes. Also 52.2 mg of protein was obtained from the combination of orange and banana fruit waste, followed by the combination of pineapple and watermelon with protein content of 51.7 mg. The minimum protein content with Saccharomyces cerevisiae was obtained to be 25.2 mg on the combination of pawpaw and orange fruit waste. The best fruit waste combination that produced maximum single cell protein was determined to be that of pawpaw and banana which is significantly higher (P>0.05) than all other combinations. The fermentation of the fruits waste by Saccharomyces cerevisiae has given good result for single cell protein production, which is an indication that Saccharomyces cerevisiae is effective in utilization of carbon source from the fruits wastes.

[Ajibade, Hauwa Yetunde; Appah, Joseph; Suleiman, Ahmed Babangida; Dikwa, Karderam Bukar; Abdulsalami, Muhammed Sani. Comparative Analysis Of Single Cell Protein (SCP) Produced From Saccharomyces Cerevisiae By Utilizing Fruit Wastes. N Y Sci J 2022;15(7):19-25] ISSN 1554-0200(print);ISSN 2375-723X (online) http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.  05. doi:10.7537/marsnys150722.05.

Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Fruit wastes, Single cell protein

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Simulator for software maintainability

¹Dr. Rajeev Yadav and ²GulshanKumar

¹Professor, Department of Computer Science, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

²Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

Email-gulshan-_dixit@rediff.com

Abstract: Using this analysis one can generate a new sequence of random but related states which look similar to the original. This Markov process is stochastic in nature which has the property that the probability of transition from a given state to any future state depends only on the present state and not on the manner in which it was reached. The simulator is developed in this chapter to compute n-step e steady state stationary transition probabilities for various state of the software under maintenance. The one step transition probabilities for five initial states of deterioration of the software under maintenance. The transition probabilities are chosen  according to Markovian property i.e. the sum of the probabilities of going from one state to all other state is one. The operating efficiency of the software is supposed to be 0.95, 0.87, 0.79, 0.75 and 0.70. The steady state transition probabilities for each state denoted by 0,1,2,3 and 4 are shown. This simulator is executed for a maximum value of n=100 or till the system reaches a steady state while calculating n-step probabilities successively.

[Dr. Rajeev Yadav and GulshanKumar. Simulator for software maintainability. N Y Sci J 2022;15(7):26-31] ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online) http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.  06. doi:10.7537/marsnys150722.06.

Keywords: Software, Simulators, Quality, Maintance

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PARENTS’ TEACHERS’ ASSOCIATION (PTA) ROLE IN MANAGEMENT OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN MAKURDI METROPOLIS OF BENUE STATE

YANGEVE MANASEH PhD

Hill College of Education, Gwanje-Akwanga, Nasarawa State

manassehyangeve@gmail.com

&

OKPE JOSEPH OKPE PhD

Faculty of Education, Department of Educational Foundations, Federal University of Lafia, Nasarawa State okpejosephokpe@gmail.com

&

UWALAKA, MATHEW PhD

Department of Educational Foundations, Benue State University, Makurdi.

&

AGASHUA NGUKEREN MERCY

Department of Educational Foundations, Benue State University, Makurdi

Abstract: The study investigated influence of Parents’ Teachers’ Association (PTA) role in management of secondary schools in Makurdi Makurdi Local Government Area of Benue State. Two research questions guided the study and two hypotheses were formulated and tested. Descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. The population of this study comprised 778 teachers from 22 public secondary schools in Makurdi Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria. A sample of 140 teachers from 9 secondary schools was used for the study. A 10-item structured four-point rating scale questionnaire developed by the researcher titled” Parent Teachers’ Association Questionnaire (PTAQ) was used for collection of data for the study.  Data obtained from field study were then analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Mean scores and Standard Deviation were used to answer research questions while chi-square (χ²) test of goodness of-fit was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that Parents’ Teachers’ Association role has significant influence on funding and maintenance of discipline in secondary schools in Makurdi Local Government Area of Benue State. It was concluded that Parents’ Teachers’ Association (PTA) has significant influence on the management of secondary schools in Makurdi Makurdi Local Government Area of Benue State. It was recommended among others parents should be encouraged by appropriate school authorities to fully support the financing of their wards or children mostly by providing all the required learning materials and they should frequently and promptly pay their school fees.

[YANGEVE MANASEH. PARENTS’ TEACHERS’ ASSOCIATION (PTA) ROLE IN MANAGEMENT OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN MAKURDI METROPOLIS OF BENUE STATE. N Y Sci J 2022;15(7):32-39] ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online) http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 07.

doi:10.7537/marsnys150722.07.

Keywords: Parent teachers’ association, funding, maintenance of school discipline.

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KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AMONG HOUSEHOLDS IN OBUDU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA

Simon Alain Inah¹, Cyril Lishilinimye Atabusi¹, Chinasa Orie Agwu Amadi², Richard Owen Obinna², Alexis Ebikonbowei Okaba³, Darlington Egbe Egbonyi⁴,

¹ Department of Public Health, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria

² Department of Public Health, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria

³ Department of Biological Sciences, University of Africa, Toru Orua Sagbama, Bayelsa, Nigeria

⁴ Department of Environmental Resource Management, University of Calabar, Calabar

Corresponding author: pharmalain2006@gmail.com or inahsa@unical.edu.ng

ABSTRACT: This study was aimed at determining the knowledge and practice of solid waste management among households in Obudu, Cross River State, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used. The multi-stage sampling procedure was used to randomly select 390 respondents from 390 households for the study. A semi-structured questionnaire which was self-administered and interviewer-administered was given to the respondents. SPSS (version 20.0) was used to analyse the data. The results were interpreted and presented in simple percentages and tables. Types of household waste generated were mainly farmyard waste 314 (80.5%), polythene bag 278 (71.3%) and metals 89 (22.8%) with main sources from agricultural waste 333 (85.4%) and food processing waste 289 (74.1%). Household waste storage method was mainly in plastic bucket 180 (46.2%) and only 96 (24.6%) confirmed the availability of household waste bin. Most respondents 206 (52.8%) indicated that refuse dump/open dumpsites were their main place for disposal of household wastes. Environmental challenges associated with improper household solid waste management as indicated include; emission of offensive odour 337 (86.4%), pollution 256 (65.6%) and flood 121 (31.0%). As indicated, common diseases associated with improper household solid waste management as indicated were mostly malaria 303 (77.7%) and cholera 114 (29.2%). Environmental health officers should be involved in monitoring residential premises to ensure proper storage and frequent disposal of solid waste at the appropriate sites.

[Simon Alain Inah, Cyril Lishilinimye Atabusi, Chinasa Orie Agwu Amadi, Richard Owen Obinna, Alexis Ebikonbowei Okaba, Darlington Egbe Egbonyi. KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AMONG HOUSEHOLDS IN OBUDU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA. N Y Sci J 2022;15(7):40-50] ISSN 1554-0200(print);ISSN 2375-723X (online) http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 08. doi:10.7537/marsnys150722.08.

Keywords: Knowledge, Practice, Solid Waste, Waste Management, Household

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