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Crop land- Use Pattern in the district Bhiwani , Haryana (India)

*Suman and ** Dr. Chandra Bhan Singh

**Research Scholar, Department of Geography, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

* Associate Professor, Department of Geography, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

Email: chahal.manmohan@yahoo.in

Abstract: The physical environment of man consists of landforms, climate, water, soil, natural vegetation and native animal life. These resource complex is necessary for human existence since it provides him with living space with food and with vast variety of raw materials used in the satisfaction of human wants land resources play a strategic role in the determination of man’s economic, social and cultural progress which could be easily seen and clearly understood through reference to economic history of different countries. But unfortunately, the development and use of such an important resource was left in the past entirely to trial and error method which has naturally led to its improper use in many part of the world. Consequently, this basic resource has gradually deteriorated in a world short of food and other basic raw materials. Conservation of land resource is one of the basic necessities. In countries were efforts are being made to modernize agricultural through the adoption of scientific methods, there is an excellent opportunity for correcting part of errors in land use and to get rid of future errors through detailed mapping and classification of map.

[Suman and Singh, C.B. Crop land- Use Pattern in the district Bhiwani, Haryana (India). N Y Sci J 2022;15(3):1-8] ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online) http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 1.  doi:10.7537/marsnys150322.01.

Keywords: Agricultural, Productivity, Bhiwani, Haryana, India.

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Study Of New Pile Geometry To Reduce Negative Skin Friction On Single Driven Pile And Pile Groups Subjected To Lateral Loads

Omar shawky¹, Ayman I. Altahrany² and Mahmoud M. Elmeligy³

¹ Engineer Omar Shawky, Msc of structural engineering, Faculty of engineering, Mansoura University, Egypt.(eng_omarshawky@hotmail.com)

² Ass. Professor Dr. Ayman Altahrany, Ass.Professor of geotechnical engineering, Faculty of engineering, Mansoura University, Egypt.(atahrany@hotmail.com)

³ Professor Dr. Mahoumd Elmeligy, Professor of geotechnical engineering, Faculty of engineering, vice president of Mansoura University, Egypt. (M.Meligy@mans.edu.eg)

Abstract: Negative skin friction on piles represents a severe problem when piles were installed in soft clay due to consolidation process. It reduces the bearing capacity of piles by adding additional load due to drag load developed on piles. Additional settlement due to negative skin friction might produce threatening consequences such as differential settlements or cracks and can cause failure. This study investigates new techniques to construct piles either single or in groups to reduce NSF developed on the pile surface when the pile is subjected to lateral loads at its top. This study was made for both circular pile and square pile. First technique is to surround the pile by a sand socket along pile length from the ground surface till the neutral plan (NP) location. Second technique depended on changing the geometry of pile surface by adding ridges at equal spaces along pile length.  Another change was made by creating equally spaced grooves on the pile surface. It was concluded that all the three techniques were effective in reducing NSF induced in the pile surface. For both circular and square piles when subjected to lateral loads NSF was reduced with ratio of (30%) in case of sand socket and ratio of (97%) for ridged and grooved piles. Also, it should be noted that the effect of lateral loads on the values of NSF has no literature. 

[Omar shawky, Ayman I. Altahrany and Mahmoud M. Elmeligy. Study Of New Pile Geometry To Reduce Negative Skin Friction On Single Driven Pile And Pile Groups Subjected To Lateral Loads. N Y Sci J 2022;15(3):9-27] ISSN 1554-0200(print);ISSN 2375-723X (online) http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 2. doi:10.7537/marsnys150322.02.

Key words: Lateral load, Pile group, Negative skin friction, drag load, consolidation, soft clay, ABAQUS

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Analysis of the Proximate Composition and Microbial Load of Chicken as Influenced by Oven Drying

¹Oladimeji S. T., ¹Azeez, A. A., ²Ezenwogene, R. C., ¹Onatola, I. T., ¹Ugama, E. E., ¹Ate, J. T. and ¹Ajekiigbe, D. A.

¹Department of Agricultural and Bio-Environmental Engineering, Federal College of Agriculture, Moor Plantation, Apata, Ibadan

²Department of Agricultural and Bio-Environmental Engineering, Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu

Abstract: Meat products undergo changes during drying and storage that changes their quality however, it is essential to minimize these changes while maximizing process efficiency. The effect of oven drying on some quality attributes of meat including sensory properties (like colour, flavor, taste, texture, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability) and physical properties (like cooking loss, pH and water holding capacity) have been reported but there is dearth of information on the degree of influence of oven drying on outstanding quality parameters of meat hence the need for this study. The study was carried out at the Institute of Agriculture Research and Training, Moor Plantation Apata, Ibadan, Southwest, Oyo State. 10kg of frozen chicken was placed in warm water for about 15 minutes in other to defreeze. After the defreezing, the chicken was cut into pieces and then cooked for about 45 minutes to soften it. The chicken was deboned and the lean meat was grinded minced using mortar and pestle. The minced chicken meat was poured into a big bowl, then 213.97g of butter was added together with 85.67g of red chili pepper, 44.24g of Nut Meg, 120.06g of Green pepper, 85.33g of Ginger, 350gof corn flour, Onion and garlic powder of 1g, Maggi and salt were all added to the minced chicken. Samples were dried in the oven at 70 and 85^oC and the proximate composition determined include crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre Proximate Product Yield, Lipid oxidation, while the microbial loads of the sausage was also carried out and monitored at day 0, 3, 6, and 9 consecutively. The results showed that the oven dried sausage raised the shelf life proximate attributes by increasing the crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre and ash content. Samples dried at 70^oC for 40 minutes, 85^oC for 50 minutes and 85^oC for 60 minutes gave best chicken quality.

[Oladimeji S. T., Azeez, A. A., Ezenwogene, R. C., Onatola, I. T., Ugama, E. E., Ate, J. T. and Ajekiigbe, D. A. Analysis of the Proximate Composition and Microbial Load of Chicken as Influenced by Oven Drying. N Y Sci J 2022;15(3):28-33] ISSN 1554-0200(print);ISSN 2375-723X (online) http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 3. doi:10.7537/marsnys150322.03.

Keywords: Chicken, meat processing, quality, proximate, microbe

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Study on the Effects of Particle Size Characteristics on Compaction Parameters of Fine Grained Soils

A.A. Ojo, A.F. Alasia, M.O. Olarewaju, G.O. Adunoye

^1. Department of Civil Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

kayadunoye@yahoo.com

Abstract: Because of the importance of compaction of soil in civil engineering construction works - road construction, foundation, embankments, dams, etc – there has been continuous attempt to study the relationships between easily-determined soil properties and compaction parameters. This study therefore investigated the relationship between particle size characteristics and compaction parameters of fine-grained soils used as fill materials. This was with a view to developing models that could be used for easy and fast determination of compaction parameters of soil. To achieve the aim of the study, lateritic soil samples were obtained from selected locations. Preliminary, particle size analysis and compaction tests were conducted on the soil samples, using standard procedure. Particle size characteristics (effective sizes – D₁₀, D₃₀, D₆₀; coefficient of curvature, C_c and coefficient of uniformity, C_u) were determined from the particle size distribution curves. Using Microsoft Excel and Xuru’s Regression tools, the laboratory test results were used to develop relationships between compaction parameters (optimum moisture content and maximum dry density) and particle size characteristics. Results showed that the optimum moisture content ranged between 6.7 % and 27 %, while the maximum dry density ranged between 1560 kN/m³ and 2260 kN/m³. The results of regression analysis showed that the combination of D₃₀ and C_u has a strong correlation with maximum dry density (R² = 0.90; while the combination of D₃₀ and D₆₀ showed a fair correlation with optimum moisture content (R² = 0.43). The study concluded that D₃₀ and C_u could be used to estimate the maximum dry density of the soils, by applying the developed equation.

[Ojo, A.A., Alasia, A.F., Olarewaju, M.O., Adunoye, G.O. Study on the Effects of Particle Size Characteristics on Compaction Parameters of Fine Grained Soils. N Y Sci J 2022;15(3):34-40] ISSN 1554-0200(print);ISSN 2375-723X (online) http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 3. doi:10.7537/marsnys150322.04

Keywords: Compaction, dry density, effective size, particle size, uniformity coefficient

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Phytochemical and HPLC-UV-DAD chromatographic characterization of stem bark extracts of Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth used for management of diabetes mellitus in Nigeria

Samuel Ehiabhi Okhale^1*, Nnamdi Amuzie ², Chinyere Imoisi³, Jemilat Aliyu Ibrahim¹

¹Department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Idu Industrial Area, Idu, P.M.B. 21 Garki, Abuja, Nigeria.

²Department of Applied Biochemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5026, Awka, Anambra State.

³Department of Chemistry, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.

* Corresponding author: Email: samuelokhale@gmail.com; Phone: +2348036086812

Abstract: Pentaclethra macrophylla is reputed to possess a number of medicinal properties. It is used widely as medication for a variety of ailments and even as treatment for injuries and sores. Pentaclethra macrophylla (P. macrophylla) stem bark has long history of use as herbal remedy for inflammation, fever, diabetes and debility. The phytochemical profile of different polar and non-polar solvent extractives of P. macrophylla stem bark namely hexane (PMHE), ethyl acetate (PMEE), acetone (PMAE), methanol (PMME) and hot water  (PMWE) were investigated using colour reactions, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The phytochemical constituents included tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, sterols, essential oils, alkaloids, phenolic acids and saponins. Thin layer chromatography analysis of the hexane extract (PMHE) revealed the presence of β-sitosterol. The HPLC analysis of the methanol extract revealed three principal components, two of which corresponded to gallic acid, and caffeic acid. These chemical constituents may be responsible for the antidiabetic, therapeutic effects of Pentaclethra macrophylla stem bark, and folkloric uses.

[Samuel Ehiabhi Okhale, Nnamdi Amuzie, Chinyere Imoisi, Jemilat Aliyu Ibrahim. Phytochemical and HPLC-UV-DAD chromatographic characterization of stem bark extracts of Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth used for management of diabetes mellitus in Nigeria. N Y Sci J 2022;15(3):41-49] ISSN 1554-0200(print);ISSN 2375-723X (online) http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 5. doi:10.7537/marsnys150322.05.

Key words: Pentaclethra macrophylla, stem bark, antidiabetic, β-sitosterol, gallic acid, caffeic acid

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Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the essential oil from Nigerian Artemisia annua L. at different growth stages

Samuel Ehiabhi Okhale^1*, Henry Omoregie Egharevba¹, Chinyere Imoisi², Jemilat Aliyu Ibrahim¹, Ibikunle Adeola Jegede¹

¹Department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), P.M.B. 21, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria.

²Department of Chemistry, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.

* Corresponding author: E-mail: samuelokhale@gmail.com; Phone: +2348036086812

Abstract: Artemisia annua is a reputable medicinal plant with long history of use as antimalarial and has characteristic pleasant aroma. The aim of this study is to investigate the volatile oils from the aerial part of Artemisia annua from pre-flowering stage through to post-flowering growth stage using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). The colorless essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation with yield ranging from 0.2% to 0.4% w/w. The major bioactive chemical compounds identified in the volatile oils at the various developmental stages were camphor (5.67-16.84%), artemisia ketone (1.62-7.67%), eucalyptol (3.25-6.48%), arteannuic acid (1.36-4.27%), α-pinene (0.59-3.62%), myrtenol (1.11-2.98%), caryophyllene (1.56-3.89%), copaene (0.68-1.72%), and deoxyartemisinin (0.19-0.64%). The volatile constituents of Artemisia annua were more at the post-flowering stage, the essential oil content increased with delay in harvest. From the results, the chemical composition of Artemisia annua volatile constituents varied depending on the developmental stage.

[Samuel Ehiabhi Okhale, Henry Omoregie Egharevba, Chinyere Imoisi, Jemilat Aliyu Ibrahim, Ibikunle Adeola Jegede. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the essential oil from Nigerian Artemisia annua L. at different growth stages. N Y Sci J 2022;15(3):49-55] ISSN 1554-0200(print);ISSN 2375-723X (online) http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 6. doi:10.7537/marsnys150322.06.

Keywords: Artemisia annua, volatile oils, camphor, artemisia ketone, arteannuic acid, deoxyartemisinin.

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DR. B R Ambedkar And Indian Females' Authorization

Kuldeep Singh

Department of History, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India.

Email: -Kuldeepsingh143@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: Dr. Ambedkar, a dedicated warrior and a profound scholar, has made major contributions to society's pursuit of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. He was the first Indian to break down obstacles to women's growth in India. By codifying the common Civil Code for Hindus and other parts of Indian society, he created the groundwork for more tangible and earnest efforts. The purpose of this article is to illustrate Dr. Ambedkar's perspective on women's issues in pre- and post-independence India, as well as its relevance in the current situation. In 1920, Dr. Ambedkar launched his movement. He began ferocious propaganda against the Hindu social system, launching the journals Mook Nayak in 1920 and Bahiskrit Bharat in 1927 to that end. Through its topics, he emphasised gender equality and the need of education, as well as the difficulties of the depressed and women. Dr. Ambedkar's support to enable women to speak fearlessly was seen when Radhabai Vadale addressed a news conference in 1931. In the Bombay Legislative Assembly, he was an outspoken supporter of family planning legislation for women. Dr. Babasaheb dedicated his life to the welfare of women, even if they were involved in undesirable habits and professions such as prostitution. Ambedkar raised awareness among impoverished, uneducated women and motivated them to combat unfair and societal practises like as child marriage and the devadasi system. Dr. Ambedkar attempted to adequately include women's rights into India's political discourse and constitution. In assembly, he persisted on the Hindu Code bill, offering fundamental adjustments and revisions. He also pushed on and summoned all legislative members to assist in passing the bill in parliament. He eventually quit for the same reason. As a result, his genuine interest and compassion for the whole development of women are shown in every statement and word.

[Kuldeep Singh. DR. B R Ambedkar And Indian Females' Authorization. N Y Sci J 2022;15(3):56-59] ISSN 1554-0200(print);ISSN 2375-723X (online) http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 7. doi:10.7537/marsnys150322.07.

Keywords: - women empowerment, Hindu code bill, perfect equality, India.

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Dr. B R Ambedkar And Indian Females' Authorization

Kuldeep Singh

Department of History, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India.

Email: -Kuldeepsingh143@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: Dr. Ambedkar, a dedicated warrior and a profound scholar, has made major contributions to society's pursuit of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. He was the first Indian to break down obstacles to women's growth in India. By codifying the common Civil Code for Hindus and other parts of Indian society, he created the groundwork for more tangible and earnest efforts. The purpose of this article is to illustrate Dr. Ambedkar's perspective on women's issues in pre- and post-independence India, as well as its relevance in the current situation. In 1920, Dr. Ambedkar launched his movement. He began ferocious propaganda against the Hindu social system, launching the journals Mook Nayak in 1920 and Bahiskrit Bharat in 1927 to that end. Through its topics, he emphasised gender equality and the need of education, as well as the difficulties of the depressed and women. Dr. Ambedkar's support to enable women to speak fearlessly was seen when Radhabai Vadale addressed a news conference in 1931. In the Bombay Legislative Assembly, he was an outspoken supporter of family planning legislation for women. Dr. Babasaheb dedicated his life to the welfare of women, even if they were involved in undesirable habits and professions such as prostitution. Ambedkar raised awareness among impoverished, uneducated women and motivated them to combat unfair and societal practises like as child marriage and the devadasi system. Dr. Ambedkar attempted to adequately include women's rights into India's political discourse and constitution. In assembly, he persisted on the Hindu Code bill, offering fundamental adjustments and revisions. He also pushed on and summoned all legislative members to assist in passing the bill in parliament. He eventually quit for the same reason. As a result, his genuine interest and compassion for the whole development of women are shown in every statement and word.

[Kuldeep Singh. DR. B R Ambedkar And Indian Females' Authorization. N Y Sci J 2022;15(3):60-63] ISSN 1554-0200(print);ISSN 2375-723X (online) http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 8. doi:10.7537/marsnys150322.08.

Keywords: - women empowerment, Hindu code bill, perfect equality, India

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