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Evaluation of Macular Ischemia in Diabetic Patients by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography & Fundus Fluorescein Angiography

Ali Ahmed Ali Khalifa ¹, MD, Mostafa Mahmoud Mostafa Darwish ², MD and Abdelrahman Adel Ahmed Abdelsadek ³, M.B.B.CH

¹ Professor of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

² Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

³ M.B.B.CH, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

abdelrahmanabdelsadek@gmail.com

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the characteristics of Diabetic Macular Ischemia DMI showed on OCTA in comparison to conventional fluorescein angiography in DR patients and to highlight the utility of OCTA in detection of DMI concerning its advantages and disadvantages in comparison to fluorescein angiography. Design: prospective cross-sectional, observational study. Methods: A total of 20 eyes of 12 patients (with a known clinical diagnosis of DR; in the non proliferative stage) and 6 eyes of normal subjects, were recruited. All patients underwent standard ophthalmological examination together with multimodal imaging procedures including; color fundus photography, fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography angiography using a Zeiss Cirrus 5000 HD-OCT (Zeiss Meditec. Inc, Germany) machine. All imaging procedures were performed on the same day or during the same week. Quantitative flow analysis of the SCP has been performed for selected 20 images of 12 eyes (18 with moderate NPDR and 2 with mild NPDR) versus 6 eyes of normal controls. Results: In this study, we assessed whether OCT angiography can detect changes in FAZ shape and size in comparison with FA image at the same time. Furthermore, the superficial and deep vasculature surrounding the FAZ was analyzed in DR in comparison to a healthy control group. In addition, we were interested to know if these FAZ alterations correlate with visual acuity and can be used for early screening. We found that Statistical analysis shows that there was statistically significant difference between FAZ area size measurements in mm² by FFA (mean value 0.83 ± 0.33) and SCP (mean value 0.45 ± 0.14) in OCTA among patients group that was larger in FFA (P-value < 0.01: Highly significant). On the other hand, no statistically significant difference was found among control group (mean FAZ size in FFA 0.23 ± 0.03 and mean FAZ size in SCP OCTA 0.19 ± 0.03 with P-value > 0.05: Non significant). We also found that statistical analysis shows that there was statistically significant difference between control group and patients group regarding FAZ area size measurements in mm² by FFA and OCTA in (SCP & DCP) that was larger in patient group (Mean FAZ size by FFA in control group 0.23 ± 0.03 and patient group 0.83 ± 0.33 with P-value < 0.01: Highly significant) and (Mean FAZ size by SCP OCTA in control group 0.19 ± 0.03 and patient group 0.45 ± 0.14with P-value < 0.01: Highly significant). We finally found negative correlation between BCVA and FAZ area size in DCP of OCTA which was important result in our study as a prognostic sign before and after treatment. Conclusion: OCT angiography is one of the first non-invasive imaging techniques capable of detecting changes in the FAZ. OCT angiography data showed that in the superficial layer of the vasculature, the mean horizontal, vertical, maximum FAZ diameter were larger in diabetic eyes than in healthy eyes. These findings correspond to our data based on fundus copy and FA. Moreover, all of the above-mentioned findings are more obvious in the deep layer, which was unresolvable with FA images, especially since the anatomical information of the deep vasculature is lost due to retinal light scattering in FA. Therefore OCT angiography might be a better non invasive tool in detecting early FAZ changes in DR compared to FA.

[Ali Ahmed Ali Khalifa, Mostafa Mahmoud Mostafa Darwish, Abdelrahman Adel Ahmed Abdelsadek. Evaluation of Macular Ischemia in Diabetic Patients by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography & Fundus Fluorescein Angiography. N Y Sci J 2018;11(7):1-6]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 1. doi:10.7537/marsnys110718.01.

Key Words: Diabetic macular ischemia, Optical coherence tomography, Angiography, Fluorescein angiography

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The Role of Lymph Node Sampling in Early Stage Endometrial Cancer

Midan M.F., M.D¹, Askar A.A., M.D¹, Khalil M.F., M.D² and Elshorbagy A.M., MSc¹

¹Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University, Dammietta, Egypt.

²Surgical Oncology Department, Cancer Institute, Dammietta, Egypt.

drmedo445454@gmail.com

Abstract: Objective: To determine the role of lymph node sampling in detection of occult metastasis in early stage endometrial cancer and its impact on prognosis. Methods: This was a prospective randomized study that include 51 patients who clinically diagnosed to have stage I endometrial carcinoma after dilatation and curettage and had low risk for lymph node metastasis (Low risk was defined as grade 1 or 2 endometrioid type with myometrial invasion (MI) ≤50% and primary tumour diameter (PTD) ≤2 cm). Data were analyzed with SPSS version 21 to compare survival rates. Results: Lymph node sampling did not appear to convey a survival benefit in early stage endometrial cancer also it does not increase operative time or intraoperative blood loss as systematic lymphadenectomy. D & C biopsy is a good diagnostic tool but it carries a small percentage of fallacies especially if specimens are inadequate. Tumour stage is the most important prognostic factor in endometrial carcinoma. Conclusions. Lymph node sampling did not appear to have an important role in early stage endometrial cancer, so it should be restricted only to enlarged or suspicious lymph nodes when complete lymphadnectomy couldn't be done. In high risk patients for metastasis systemic pelvic lymphadnectomy should be done with or without para-aortic lymphadnectomy. When Lymph node sampling is the only choice (as in patients with comorbidities) sentinel lymph node mapping may help if available. Also frozen section may be a good intraoperative diagnostic tool in cases with suspicious lymph nodes. Accurate determination of grade and extent of tumour is necessary to decide the type of surgery. A surgeon with expertise in performing lymphadnectomy should be available in surgeries of uterine corpus malignancy. Further studies concerning combination of CA 125 level and other investigations such as P53 gene mutation should be done to recognize patients who may benefit from lymphadnectomy.

[Midan M.F., Askar A.A., Khalil M.F. and Elshorbagy A.M. The Role of Lymph Node Sampling in Early Stage Endometrial Cancer. N Y Sci J 2018;11(7):7-12]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 2. doi:10.7537/marsnys110718.02.

Keywords: Lymph node sampling, Lymph node metastasis, Endometrial cancer, Lymphadenectomy

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Effect of Electromagnetic Field on Wound Healing in Venous Ulcers (A Systematic Review)

Mohamed Mohamed Soliman¹, Wafaa Hussien Borhan¹, Sayed Meshal El sayed², Samah Hosney Nagib¹

¹ Physical Therapy Department for Surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

²Statistics Institute of Statistical Studies and Researches, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract: Objective: the aim of this work was to systematically review this studies which assess the effect of electromagnetic field on wound healing in venous ulcers. Methods: Systematic review of all published studies with all research designs expect expert opinions. A search was made in Medicine, Cochrane library. PED. And Google scholar. Intervention different types of electromagnetic field performed by the physical therapy in wounded patients in venous ulcers outcomes measure wound healing. Results: only 3 studies met the inclusion Criteria, there was conflicting evidence on whether electromagnetic field can accelerate the wound healing. The three studies show significant acceleration of wound healing. Conclusion: the current level of evidence to support the effectiveness of electromagnetic filed on wound healing in venous ulcers was good.

[Mohamed Mohamed Soliman, Wafaa Hussien Borhan, Sayed Meshal El sayed, Samah Hosney Nagib. Effect of Electromagnetic Field on Wound Healing in Venous Ulcers (A Systematic Review). N Y Sci J 2018;11(7):13-19]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 3. doi:10.7537/marsnys110718.03.

Key Words: Systematic Review, Electromagnetic Review, Electromagnetic Field, Wound Healing and Venous Ulcers.

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Battered Piles under Lateral Loads using Strain Wedge Model and Current Practice

Mohamed Ashour¹; Ahmed Alaa Eldin²_; Mohamed G. Arab³

¹Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, Dept. of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Alabama A & M University,

Normal, Alabama 35762.

²Teaching Assistant at Mansoura High Institute for Engineering and Technology, Egypt.

³Assistant Professor, Civil & Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, UAE; and Assistant Professor, Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura

University, Egypt

Mohamed.Ashour@aamu.edu; mg_arab@mans.edu.eg; ah.a.eldin@gmail.com

Abstract: The Strain Wedge (SW) model, LPILE and Finite Element program (MIDAS GTS-NX) are used to study pile and soil typical parameters impact on the lateral response of single battered piles. The influence of pile battering angle, sand relative density, and pile cross sectional shape are presented in addition to the prediction of the soil wedge geometry infront of the pile. In SW model and LPILE analyses, the soil is modeled as a Beam on Elastic Foundation (BEF) with a set of non-linear p-y curves (i.e., modulus of subgrade reaction, E_s) which accounts for soil and pile properties. Mohr-Coulomb soil failure criteria is employed in MIDAS soil modeling with a Tetrahedron meshing. The used approaches have been compared with field test results. Negative battered piles sustain greater resistance compared to the piles with positive battered angles. The larger the sand relative density the more the battered pile ability to withstand lateral loads. The three techniques are used to predict the pile lateral deflection, bending moment, and shear force along the pile length. Unlike the other two techniques, MIDAS predicts less bending moments and shear forces for positive battered piles, which is also highly influenced by the interface element controlling parameter (i.e., the virtual thickness, t_v).

[Mohamed Ashour; Ahmed Alaa Eldin_; Mohamed G. Arab. Battered Piles under Lateral Loads using Strain Wedge Model and Current Practice. N Y Sci J 2018;11(7):20-28]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 4. doi:10.7537/marsnys110718.04.

Keywords: Strain Wedge, Battered pile, Lateral load, Finite Element, Modeling

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Microtensile Bond Strength of Nanofillled Resin Composite Restoration Bonded to Dentin Using Self-etch adhesive Containing Nanohydroxyapetite versus Conventional One after One Month (In-vitro study)

Ahmed Mohamed Osama1, Mona Ismail Riad2 and Maha Elbaz3

MSc Restorative and Esthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University
2Professor of Restorative and Esthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University.
3Lecturer of Restorative and Esthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University.
At87_1@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of addition of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles to self etch adhesives on microtensile bond strength of resin composite to tooth structure after 24 hours and evaluate the effect of one month storage on the bond strength. Methods: A total of 80 non-carious human molar teeth were selected A flat dentin occlusal surface was prepared 0.5 mm below DEJ perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of each tooth using a low speed diamond saw under water coolant. The specimens was divided into two equal groups of 40 specimens each, according to type of self etch adhesive used, where (A1) represents self etch adhesive containing nano hydroxyapatite and (A2) represents self etch adhesive without nano hydroxyapatite. Each group will be subdivided into two subgroup according to storage period, where (T1) represent 24 hour storage time and (T2) represent one month storage time. A Teflon mold was used to build up resin composite 4mm in thickness; they were light cured according to manufacturer’s instructions. Teeth were sectioned in a longitudinal and a horizontal direction to obtain 0.9±0.1 mm in thickness beams. All samples were tested by universal testing machine. A Two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test was used. Results: Group (A1) after 24 hours produced the highest statistical mean microtensile bond strength (28.21±7.52 MPa) where group (A2) after 1 month storage period showed the least statistical mean microtensile bond strength at. Conclusion: The addition of hydroxy apatite nanoparticles to self etch adhesive system didn’t interfere with immediate bonding to dentin and the bond strength of the tested adhesive either containing or non containing hydroxy apatite nanoparticles deteriorates with aging.
[Ahmed Mohamed Osama, Mona Ismail Riad and Maha Elbaz. Microtensile Bond Strength of Nanofillled Resin Composite Restoration Bonded to Dentin Using Self-etch adhesive Containing Nanohydroxyapetite versus Conventional One after One Month (In-vitro study). N Y Sci J 2018;11(7):29-35]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 5. doi:10.7537/marsnys110718.05.

Keywords: Microtensile; Bond Strength; Nanofillled Resin; Composite; Restoration; Dentin; Self-etch adhesive Containing; Nanohydroxyapetite; In-vitro study

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In-vitro Evaluation of Color Change and Surface Roughness of Human Enamel submitted to Different Bleaching Regimens

Ashraf M. Nassar, Hussein Y. Elsayed, Wedad M. Etman and Ali I. Abdalla

Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

drashrafezz@yahoo.com; dr-hussein-yehia@hotmail.com; wmetman@gmai.com; ali_abdalla79@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the color change and surface roughness of human enamel treated with different bleaching materials and techniques after different storage periods. Materials and methods: 36 freshly sound human anterior teeth (shade A3 or darker) were extracted due to periodontal problems. The specimens were randomly divided into four groups (n = 9 samples per group) according to bleaching technique and desensitizer used. GP I: The specimens received Over-The Counter bleaching procedures followed by desensitizer application. GP II: The specimens received Over-The Counter bleaching procedures only. GP III: The specimens received In-Office bleaching treatment followed by using desensitizer. GP IV: Teeth received In-Office bleaching procedures only. The teeth color was measured using the same spectrophotometer and this was done along the evaluation periods at baseline (before any treatment), directly after bleaching and in 3 months intervals for a year postoperatively). Measurements of surface roughness were carried out using an optical interferometer (ZYGO). Results: Data regarding color change and surface roughness were analyzed using analysis of variance and Tukey's test at different evaluation periods (base line, after treatment, 3, 6, 9 and 12 month). One way repeated measure ANOVA test was revealed that no significant difference between all tested groups at any evaluation periods since P value > 0.05. In addition the effect of time was tested among each group and a highly statistically significant difference was shown within all groups where P values =0.000. In addition the effect of time was tested among each group and statistically analyzed using a Post hock (Tukey’s test). A highly statistically significant difference was shown within all groups where P values =0.000. Conclusion: Bleaching techniques resulted in identical tooth whitening but promote superficial changes in enamel structure surface, so faster color regression was recorded.

[Ashraf M. Nassar, Hussein Y. Elsayed, Wedad M. Etman and Ali I. Abdalla. In-vitro Evaluation of Color Change and Surface Roughness of Human Enamel submitted to Different Bleaching Regimens. N Y Sci J 2018;11(7):36-50]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 6. doi:10.7537/marsnys110718.06.

Keywords: in-office bleaching, over the counter bleaching, desensitizing agent, spectrophotometer, surface roughness.

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Response of Some Mango Cultivars Grown Under Middle Egypt Region Conditions to Some Seaweed Extract and Salicylic Acid Treatments

Faissal F. Ahmed¹, Ahmed H.M.Abdelaal¹ and Sameh H.F. Mohamed²

¹Hort. Dept. Fac. of Agric. Minia Univ., Egypt

²Hort. Dept. Fac. of Agric. Al-Azher Univ., Sadat Branch, Egypt

faissalfadel@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study was carried out during 2017 and 2018 seasons to exami6ne the effect of spraying Salicylic acid at 50 to 200 ppm and/or seaweed extract at 0.05 to 0.2 % on yield and fruit quality of three mango CvsFagriKalan, Zebda and Alphonse grown under Minia region condition. The maximum yield expressed in number of fruits per trees and weight (kg.) was recorded in mango cvsFagriKalan, Zebda and Alphonse, in descending order. The highest values of weight, height, diameter and thickness of fruit, fruit pulp %, edible to non edible portions of fruit, total acidity % and total fiber% and the lowest values of fruit firmness, fruitpeel %, T.S.S, total, reducing and non-reducing sugars and vitamin C were recorded on mango Cv. Alphonse. Yield and both physical and chemical characteristics of the fruit were clearly improved in response to treating the tress three times with Salicylic acid at 50 to 200 ppm and/or seaweed extract at 0.05 to 0.2 %relative to the control. Using seaweed extract was superior than treating the trees with Salicylic acid. Carrying out three sprays (growth start, just after fruit setting and after one month later) of a mixture of Salicylic acid at 100 ppm and seaweed extract at 0.1 % was responsible for promoting the yield of mango cvsFagriKalan, Zebda and Alphonse. The best mango cvs grown successfully under Minia region conditions were FagriKalan, Zebdaand Alphonse according to their higher yield, in descending order.

[Faissal F. Ahmed, Ahmed H.M.Abdelaal and Sameh H.F. Mohamed. Response of Some Mango Cultivars Grown Under Middle Egypt Region Conditions to Some Seaweed Extract and Salicylic Acid Treatments. N Y Sci J 2018;11(7):51-61]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 7. doi:10.7537/marsnys110718.07.

Keywords: Mango cvsFagriKalan, Zebda and Alphonse, Salicylic acid, seaweed extract, yield, fruit quality.

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Effect of using humic acid and amino acids enriched with different nutrients as partial replacement of mineral nitrogen fertilizers in zebda mango orchards

Hamdy I. M. Ibraheim¹, Hussein H.M. Saied² and Mohamed. S.EH. Awad¹

¹Hort. Dept. Fac. of Agric. Minia Univ., Egypt

²Hort. Dept. Fac. of Agric. Aswan Univ., Egypt

faissalfadel@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study was carried out during 2016 and 2017 seasons to examine the effect of using humicacidand amino acids enriched with NPKMgZnFeMnB as partial replacement of inorganic Nitrogen on growth, tree nutritionals status, flowering and fruit setting, yield and fruit quality of Zebdamangotrees grownunder Aswan region condition. Using nitrogen through 60 to 80 % mineral nitrogen + 0.025 to 0.05 % humic acid and amino acids enriched with NPKMgZnFeMnB applied via leaves had considerable promotion on growth aspects, flowering, fruit setting parameters and yield relative to the use of Nitrogen via 100 % mineral nitrogen or when nitrogen was added via 10 to 40 % mineral nitrogen+ spraying humic acid and amino acids enriched with NPKMgZnFeMnB at 0.1 to 0.4 %. There was a gradual promotion on chlorophylls A, B, total chlorophylls, total carotenoids, N,P, K. Mg, Zn, Fe, and Mn as well as physical and chemical characteristics of the fruits with reducing the percentages of inorganic nitrogen from 100 to 10 % and at the same time enhancing the concentrations of humic acid and amino acids enriched with NPKMgZnFeMnB from 0.0 to 0.4 %. For promoting the yield of Zebda mango tress grown under Aswan region conditions, it is recommended to fertilize the tress with nitrogen at 1000 g /tree/year via 60 % inorganic nitrogen + spraying humic acid and amino acids enriched with NPKMgZnFeMnBat 0.05%. Supplying the tress with nitrogen via 10 % inorganic nitrogen + humic acid and amino acids enriched with NPKMgZnFeMnB at 0.4 % gave the best results with regard to fruit quality.

[Hamdy I. M. Ibraheim, Hussein H.M. Saied and Mohamed. S.EH. Awad. Effect of using humic acid and amino acids enriched with different nutrients as partial replacement of mineral nitrogen fertilizers in zebda mango orchards. N Y Sci J 2018;11(7):62-71]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 8. doi:10.7537/marsnys110718.08.

Keywords: Humic acid- amino acids- nutrients- inorganic nitrogen – growth- yield – fruit quality- Zebda mango tress.

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Antimicrobial Activity of Egyptian Lactobacillus spp. Isolated from Fecal Flora of Healthy Breast-Fed Infants against Food Borne pathogens

El-Banna T, Sonbol F, Abd El-Aziz A and Bennaya M

Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.

drmb799@gmail.com

Abstract: The last years have shown an interest to replacement the administration of antibiotics with probiotics. The aim of our study was to screen the antimicrobial activity and effect of some enviromential factors on this activity. The fifity Lactobacillus isolates were experimented to investigate the inhibitory activity against four pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Candida albicanes) which were separately inoculated in MRS medium (de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe medium) for 48 hours at 37 °C and pH 6.8. Our results showed that enteropathogens growth was stopped in the presence of cell free supernatant (CFSC) of most Lactobacillus and only six isolates had anticandidal activity. The inhibition zone was ranged between 13 and 34 millimeter. Regarding environmental factors they are key parameters which have pronounced influence on the antimicrobial content productivity. The highest production was obtained in addition glucose or fructose to MRS broth adjusted to pH 6.8, at 37 ^oC. Our findings show that Lactobacillus strains with human origin had inhibitory activity against pathogens and these strains may be useful as probiotic candidates in prevention of intestinal infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms.

[El-Banna T, Sonbol F, Abd El-Aziz A and Bennaya M. Antimicrobial Activity of Egyptian Lactobacillus spp. Isolated from Fecal Flora of Healthy Breast-Fed Infants against Food Borne pathogens. N Y Sci J 2018;11(7):72-85]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 9. doi:10.7537/marsnys110718.09.

Keywords: Lactobacilli, probiotic, antibacterial activity

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Chemical Composition of Sickle Pod (Senna obtusifolia) and Coffee Senna (Senna occidentalis) Leaves Indigenous to Mubi

Augustine, C¹., Bashir, F.A¹ Edward, A²., Medugu, C.I² Abdulrahman, B.S¹ Markus, J³ and Mohammed, Y¹.

^1.  Department of Animal Production, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria.

^2.  Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria

^3.  Post Primary Schools Management Board, Adamawa, State, Nigeria.

Abstract: A study was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition of Senna obtusifolia and Senna occidentalis leaves. Freshly harvested Senna obtusifolia and Senna occidentalis leaves were properly air-dried under shade in triplicates. They were milled into powder, properly sieved and taken into the laboratory for analysis. The samples were analysed in triplicates for their proximate composition, amino acid profile and levels of anti-nutritional factors using standard laboratory procedures. The results revealed that Senna obtusifolia and Senna occidentalis leaves had dry matter and crude protein content of 90.50 and 91.30% and 19.55 and 17.55%, crude fibre 14.16 and 15.02%, ether extract 3.15 and 3.45% and nitrogen three extract of 38.06 and 39.60%, respectively. The leaves were also observed to have good array of amino acid. The lysine and methionine content of the leaves which are the major limiting amino acid in most plant feeds are quantitatively observed to be 3.59 and 4.13% and 1.55 and 1.37g/100g. The Senna obtusifolia and Senna occidentalis leaves also contained some anti-nutritional factors such as tannins (1.85 and 3.32g/100g), phytates (3.70 and 3.85g/100g), oxalates (1.38 and 2.87g/100g), saponins (3.40 and 3.81g/100g) and phenols (8.15 and 15.03g/100g), respectively. It can be concluded that Senna obtusifolia and Senna occidentalis have good nutritional properties but Senna obtusifolia leaves appeared to possess superior nutritional values than Senna occidentalis leaves. It was also observed that the leaves contain some toxic factors that may adversely affect nutrient utilization and overall animal performance. The leaves should therefore be processed before incorporation into the diets of domestic animals and aquaculture species.

[Augustine, C., Bashir, F.A Edward, A., Medugu, C.I Abdulrahman, B.S Markus, J and Mohammed, Y.. Chemical Composition of Sickle Pod (Senna obtusifolia) and Coffee Senna (Senna occidentalis) Leaves Indigenous to Mubi. N Y Sci J 2018;11(7):86-90]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 10. doi:10.7537/marsnys110718.10.

Keywords: Chemical composition, Senna obtusifolia, Senna occidentalis

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Next Generation Wind Turbines- Changing the view of Wind

Yebin Lee¹ and Sungbin Kim²

¹Staten Island Technical High School 485 Clawson St, Staten Island, NY 10306

²Stuyvesant High School 345 Chambers St, New York, NY 10282

Corresponding Author: Yebin Lee

Staten Island Technical High School， 485 Clawson St, Staten Island, NY 10306

E-mail: yebin.lee@sitechhs.com

Sungbin Kim

Stuyvesant High School, 345 Chambers St, New York, NY 10282

E-mail: bin6704@gmail.com

Abstract: In the last decade, there has been an increased focus on moving away from fossil fuels for energy needs and adopting renewable energy sources. More than a century of innovations in wind turbines has brought wind power generation costs at level with fossil fuels. From the period 2004 to 2013, the total installed capacity of wind power stations across the world went up from 48GW to 318GW, an increase of more than 550% (REN21). Having grown in leaps and bounds in the last decade, wind power seems to be our best bet to meet the energy demands of the future. This paper examines key innovations in this field that will feature in the next generation turbines and drive wind power into the future.

[Yebin Lee and Sungbin Kim. Next Generation Wind Turbines- Changing the view of Wind. N Y Sci J 2018;11(7):91-95]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 11. doi:10.7537/marsnys110718.11.

Keywords: Generation； Wind; Turbines; Changing; view; Wind

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Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab in diabetic macular edema versus vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling with bevacizumab as an adjuvant

Hany Samour, Adel Hassouna and Okasha MG

Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

mgaber.okasha@gmail.com

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the functional and anatomical outcome of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in diabetic macular edema (DME) with pre-operative intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB). Methods: This was a prospective study between 2017 and 2018. We included 30 eyes of 30 patients (median age 60 ± 12 years) with type II diabetes mellitus suffering from DME (central macular thickness (CMT) ≥ 300 µm. 15 eyes treated with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV group) with preoperative IVB, and 15 eyes received intravitreal bevacizumab (B group). The best- corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and CMT were investigated at baseline and at 1, 3 and 6 months postoperatively. Also, the number of intraoperative coagulation spots and the incidence of post- vitrectomy hemorrhage at one month postoperative to evaluate IVB. Results: 41%, 33% of patients gained more than two lines on Snellen’s chart in PPV and IVI group (p < 0.001). 31%, 20% decreased by one Snellen line in one eye in PPV and B group (p < 0.001). Average CMT decreased from 469 ± 48 μm to 350 ± 19 μm at the end of follow up period (p < 0.001) in PPV group and from 541 ± 23 μm to 328±17 μm in B group (p < 0.001). Preoperative IVB reduced intraoperative and postoperative bleeding. Conclusion: Vitrectomy may result in satisfactory functional and anatomical results in the treatment of DME and may be more convenient than multiple intravitreal bevacizumab injections. Preoperative IVB reduce intraoperative and postoperative bleeding.

[Hany Samour, Adel Hassouna and Okasha MG. Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab in diabetic macular edema versus vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling with bevacizumab as an adjuvant. N Y Sci J 2018;11(7):96-98]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 12. doi:10.7537/marsnys110718.12.

Keywords: Diabetic macular edema, vitrectomy, intravitreal injection, bevacizumab

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Antifungal Activity of Eco-friendly 10% Microemulsion Formulation of Trans-methyl Cinnamate against Some Important Phytopathogenic Fungi

Mohamed, A. A. Shaymaa

Pesticides Formulation Research Department, Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center

shimoabdewahab_2004@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study was undertaken to investigate the antifungal potential of trans – methyl cinnamate against four fungal strains economically important phytopathogic fungi in the Egyptian environment named S. rolfsii, R. solani, A. solani and F. solani; preparation of microemulsion formulation and determinate its physical properties. Moreover, investigated the antifungal activity of the prepared formulation. Trans-methyl cinnamate prepared by Phase Inversion method. The prepared microemulsion presented polydispersity Index 0.296 and mean droplet size 55 nm. The LC₅₀’s of the tested compound trans-methyl cinnamate and the prepared 10% micro emulsion formulation against the tested fungi were determined according to the relationship drawn between the logarithm of concentration and the percent of growth inhibition (ldp lines), and the toxicity indices and relative potencies were calculated. The prepared formulation was more effective than the corresponding active material regarding the value of LC₅₀ in the case of all examined fungi. The LC₅₀ values of trans-methyl cinnamate on the tested phytopathogenic fungi S. rolfsii, R. solani, A. solani and F. solani were 115.56, 69.07, 165.21 and 422.77, respectively. Whereas, the LC₅₀ values of prepared trans-methyl cinnamate 10% ME formulation on the same examined fungi were 58.62, 60.86, 50.56 and 209.30 ppm, respectively. The toxicity indices were 50.72, 88.12, 30.6 and 49.51% for trans-methyl cinnamate 99% against S. rolfsii, R. solani, A. solani and F. solani, respectively when compared with for trans-methyl cinnamate 10% ME, which had the 100% toxicity index. Finally, the relative potencies of trans-methyl cinnamate 10% ME on S. rolfsii, R. solani, A. solani and F. solani, were 1.97, 1.14, 3.27 and 1.58 folds, respectively than trans-methyl cinnamate 99%.

[Mohamed, A. A. Shaymaa. Antifungal Activity of Eco-friendly 10% Microemulsion Formulation of Trans-methyl Cinnamate against Some Important Phytopathogenic Fungi. N Y Sci J 2018;11(7):99-107]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 13. doi:10.7537/marsnys110718.13.

Keywords: Trans-methyl cinnamate – microemulsion formulation – ME – antifungal activity – phase inversion esterification method

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