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Phase II trial: perioperative chemotherapy with surgical resection in initially respectable prognostically unfavorable colorectal liver metastases

Esam A. Abo-Zena, MD and Mohamed F. Sheta, MD

Department of Clinical Oncology, Tanta University Hospital, Tanta, Egypt

Mohamed_sheta1@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: For patient with resectable colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) with adverse prognostic features, upfront surgery or neoadjuvant chemotherapy represent two treatment approaches which require more randomized trials to enable the treating team to select the most appropriate one to start with. The objective of our study was to assess the clinical outcome of perioperative chemotherapy with surgical resection in this kind of CRLM. Methods: 36 patients with respectable CRLM and unfavorable prognostic features were assigned to receive perioperative 8 cycles of XELOX (capecitabine and oxaliplatin) regimen with resection of liver disease. Patient evaluation included assessment of clinical response, disease free survival, and overall survival along with toxicity. Results: The preoperative chemotherapy resulted in overall response rate (complete response and partial response) of 44.5% (16/36), and tumor control rate (overall response and stable disease) of 86.1% (31/36) whereas complete response was observed in only one patient (2.8%). The median survival for all patients was 34 months and 3 years OS was 46% while the median survival for respected patients not reached, 3 years OS was 57.5% and 3 years DFS was 41.3%. Neutropenia was the most common hematologic toxicity, recorded in 4 patients (11.1%). No mortality due to hematologic toxicity was recorded. Most of the non-hematological toxicities were mild and manageable. Sensory neuropathy was the most common treatment-related adverse event, occurring in 66.6% (24/36) of patients. Conclusions: The current study suggests that perioperative XELOX regimen is an active and safe chemotherapy regimen for this kind of initially resectable CRLM with poor prognostic features.

[Esam A. Abo-Zena, and Mohamed F. Sheta. Phase II trial: perioperative chemotherapy with surgical resection in initially respectable prognostically unfavorable colorectal liver metastases. Cancer Biology 2018;8(1):1-8]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 1. doi:10.7537/marscbj080118.01.

Keywords: perioperative chemotherapy; surgical resection; colorectal liver metastases

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Comparisons between Three Algorithms in Left-Side Breast Cancers Using Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy Technique

E. A. Hegazy¹, E. O. Abdel-Muttalib², M. T. Ahmed³, M. I. Abdel-Hamid³, M. A. Elnaggar⁴, M. M. Ghozlan⁴

¹ Delta University for Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dakahlia, Egypt.

²Mansoura General Hospital, Department of Medical Analysis, Mansoura, Egypt.

³Mansoura University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Mansoura, Egypt.

⁴Alexandria Clinical Oncology Center “Ayadi-Almostakbal” (ACOCAA), Department of Radiotherapy, Alexandria, Egypt.

emadomar78@yahoo.com

Abstract: We aimed to compare between three dose calculations algorithms (convolution (CON), fast superposition (FSUP), and superposition (SUP)) in three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) treatment planning technique for breast cancer patients. Ten patients with left-side breast cancer were selected for this study. Dose of 5000 cGy was prescribed to planning target volume (PTV). For each patient, 3D-CRT plans were created with non-coplanar and non-opposing photon beams of 6 MV quality. CMS XiO system of treatment planning (TPS) was the system for the process of planning. The percent of maximum variation observed between the three algorithms for PTV was 2.72% for average conformity index (CI), and for OARs was 11.47% in average D_mean in case of contralateral breast. Significant variations between three algorithms were observed. From our study, as the results of the three different algorithms showed clear difference in some cases, considerable precaution unavoidable in evaluation of treatment plans, because the selection of dose calculation algorithm could effect on the process of treatment planning (TP) as well as the end medical results.

[E. A. Hegazy, E. O. Abdel-Muttalib, M. T. Ahmed, M. I. Abdel-Hamid, M. A. Elnaggar, M. M. Ghozlan. Comparisons between Three Algorithms in Left-Side Breast Cancers Using Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy Technique. Cancer Biology 2018;8(1):9-17]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 2. doi:10.7537/marscbj080118.02.

Keywords: Comparison; Algorithm; Breast Cancer; Radiotherapy; Technique

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Quantification and Preliminary Estimation of Toxic Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Some Antimalarial Herbal Drugs in Southwest Nigeria

^*Akintelu Sunday Adewale, Abiola Babawale E., AJayi Samuel O., Olabemiwo Ojeyemi M.

Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria

akintelusundayadewale@gmail.com

Abstract: The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in our environment, food and herbal drugs have been linked to many negative health impacts in human This has elicited a growing interest in scientific investigation into qualitative and quantitative evaluation of PAHs in foods, drugs and environment herbal drugs. The aim of this study was to determine PAHs in some antimalarial herbal drugs sold in southwest Nigeria and to estimate their potential health risks. Five antimalarial herbal drugs found in local market in southwest Nigeria were purchased and used for this study and the samples were coded ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’,‘ D’ and ‘E’. The PAHs in these herbal drugs samples were extracted using an ultrasonicator and cleaned up using column chromatograph. PAHs were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). Daily Exposure and Cancer risk parameters of the PAHs were estimated. The sum of PAHs in the samples ranged from 26.38 in sample E to 33.54 mgkg^-1 in sample D while a average sum of the PAHs in the five samples was 29.25 mgkg^-1. The percentage of carcinogenic PAHs in these herbal drugs ranged from 7.99 % in sample D to 15.78% in sample C. The source diagnostic indices showed that the source of PAHs in all the five antimalarial herbal drugs were pyrogenic in nature. The cancer risk estimated for children, preteen and adult with body weight 19kg, 48kg and 65 kg using these herbal drugs ranged from 0.64 x 10^-7 to 3.16 x 10^-7. The estimated cancer risk values of the five herbal drugs are below the minimum (1 x 10^-6) that can cause cancer which is as established by USEPA. This suggests that the use of any of the selected antimalarial herbal drugs may not cause cancer. However overdose and bioaccumulation cases, calls for the need for analytical information on the profile of PAHs in the herbal drugs.

[Akintelu Sunday Adewale, Abiola Babawale E., A Jayi Samuel O., Olabemiwo Ojeyemi M. Quantification and Preliminary Estimation of Toxic Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Some Antimalarial Herbal Drugs in Southwest Nigeria. Cancer Biology 2018;8(1):18-23]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 3. doi:10.7537/marscbj080118.03.

Key words: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Malaria, Herbal Drugs, Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID).

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Results of Low Grade Gliomas Single Institute Experience

Radwa H. Azab, MSc¹, Karim Mashhour, M.D¹, Mohamed Abdalla, MD¹, Hanan Darwish, MD¹, Hoda Abdelghany, MSc², Shawky El-Haddad, FRCR, MD¹.

¹Department of Clinical Oncology, Kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

² Department of Medical Physics, Kasr Al-Ainy Hospital, Cairo University, Egypt

drradwahamdy@gmail.com

Abstract: Aim of the study: The aim of the study is to correlate the progression free survival (PFS) and the overall survival (os) in low grade gliomas with age, performance status, sex, pathological type, grade, tumor volume, biopsy size, laterality of tumor of the patients. Background: Low-grade gliomas (LGG) comprise a rare and clinically challenging group of central nervous system tumors to manage ⁽¹⁾⁾. The median survival time for patients with low-grade glioma has been shown to be between 4.7 and 9.8 years with a range of up to 13 years for certain subtypes (3) 102 Patients was low grade astrocytoma at NEMROCK, 67% was supratentorial, astrocytoma grade II represent 66 % more than grade I. 5 years survival rate was 66 % for the study, the size of the tumor, extent of the surgery, degree of immediate response of irradiation significantly affected the Relapse rate. ⁽⁵⁾ Approximately 2,000 to 3,000 LGGs are diagnosed in the United States every year, accounting for nearly 15% of all primary brain tumors. Peak incidence occurs in people between 35 and 44 years of age, and there is an increased prevalence among white people and men. ⁽¹⁴⁾ Material & Methods: patients with a pathological diagnosis of low grade gliomas (WHO grade I-II) were referred to our center for postoperative irradiation we are going to correlate which will affect overall survival (os) and progression free survival (PFS) of the patients the performance status, young age (equal or less than 40 years old ), sex, pathological type, grade, tumor volume, biopsy size, laterality of tumor. Results: Patients in our study with PS 1 the mean value SD± was ( 36 ± 6.5) and PS 2,3 the mean value SD± (15.6±4.1) with statistical significance (p value<0.009) so better PFS seen in ps 1. Patients in our study with PS 1 the mean value SD± was (43.6 ± 2.29) and PS 2,3 the mean value SD± (36.9±4.16) with no statistical significance (p value<0.156) regarding the overall survival (os), Patients in our study with age equal or less than 40 years has better survival than patients above 40 with statistical significance (p value <0.000). while sex, pathological type, grade, tumor volume, biopsy size, laterality of tumor donot affect theoverall survival or progression free survival of the patients with no statistical significance. Conclusion: In our study only performance status affect PFS and young age (equal or less than 40 years old ) affect overall survival of the patients while sex, pathological type, grade, tumor volume, biopsy size, laterality of tumor donot affect the survival of the patients.

[Radwa H. Azab, Karim Mashhour, Mohamed Abdalla, Hanan Darwish, Hoda Abdelghany, Shawky El-Haddad. Results of Low Grade Gliomas Single Institute Experience. Cancer Biology 2018;8(1):24-29]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 4. doi:10.7537/marscbj080118.04.

Keywords: Low grade gliomas, OS, PFS, age, performance status

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HeLa Cells Research Literatures

Margaret Young

Queens, New York 11418, USA, ma8080@gmail.com

Abstract: HeLa (also Hela or hela) is a cell type in an immortal cell line used in scientific research. It is the oldest and most commonly used human cell line. The line was derived from cervical cancer cells taken on February 8, 1951 from Henrietta Lacks, a patient who died of her cancer on October 4, 1951. The cell line was found to be remarkably durable and prolific which warrants its extensive use in scientific research. The cells from Lacks's cancerous cervical tumor were taken without her knowledge or consent. Cell biologist George Otto Gey found that they could be kept alive, and isolated one specific cell, multiplied it, and developed a cell line. (Before this, cells cultured from other human cells would only survive for a few days; scientists spent more time trying to keep the cells alive than performing actual research on them. Cells from Lacks's tumor behaved differently.) As was custom for Gey's lab assistant, she labeled the culture 'HeLa', the first two letters of the patient's first and last name; this became the name of the cell line. These were the first human cells grown in a lab that were naturally "immortal", meaning that they do not die after a set number of cell divisions (i.e. cellular senescence). These cells could be used for conducting a multitude of medical experiments — if the cells died, they could simply be discarded and the experiment attempted again on fresh cells from the culture. This represented an enormous boon to medical and biological research. The stable growth of HeLa enabled a researcher at the University of Minnesota hospital to successfully grow polio virus, enabling the development of a vaccine, and by 1952, Jonas Salk developed a vaccine for polio using these cells. To test Salk's new vaccine, the cells were put into mass production in the first-ever cell production factory. In 1953, HeLa cells were the first human cells successfully cloned and demand for the HeLa cells quickly grew in the nascent biomedical industry. Since the cells' first mass replications, they have been used by scientists in various types of investigations including disease research, gene mapping, and effects of toxic substances and radiation on humans. Additionally, HeLa cells have been used to test human sensitivity to tape, glue, cosmetics, and many other products. Scientists have grown an estimated 20 tons of HeLa cells, and there are almost 11,000 patents involving these cells. The HeLa cell lines are also notorious for invading other cell cultures in laboratory settings. It is estimated that HeLa cells, at one point, contaminated millions of dollars' worth of biological research. Cancer is the general name for a group of more than 100 diseases. Although there are many kinds of cancer, all cancers start because abnormal cells grow out of control. Untreated cancers can cause serious illness and death. The body is made up of trillions of living cells. Normal body cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion. During the early years of a person’s life, normal cells divide faster to allow the person to grow. After the person becomes an adult, most cells divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells or to repair injuries. This article introduces recent research reports as references in the related studies.

[Young M. HeLa Cells Research Literatures. Cancer Biology 2018;8(1):30-116]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 5. doi:10.7537/marscbj080118.05.

Keywords: HeLa cells; research; literature; cancer; life; cell

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Some Carcinogenic Effects of Fungus in Livestock

Mona S. Zaki¹, Hussien A. M. Osman¹, Nagwa S. Rabie², Mohammad M. N. Authman¹ and Noor El Deen, A. I.¹

¹ Hydrobiology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

² Poultry Diseases Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

Dr_mona_zaki@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: This review focuses on Saprolegniasis in fish andthe toxicity of fumonisin B1 (FB1), a toxic metabolite of Fusarium moniliforme, inchickens. Saprolegniasis is the widely accepted, collective term used to describe fungal diseases of fish and fish eggs caused by members of the genera Saprolegnia, Achyla, and Dictyuchus. Historically, it has been implicated as an integral component of salmon disease. It is also sometimes referred to as fish fungus disease or fungus disease (mainly in ornamental fish) or as winter fungus/saprolegniasis when it is associated with winter kill syndrome in the channel catfish industry. Contaminated grains by fungus are considered as a source of mycotoxin in animal feeding. Fusarium fungi are common plant pathogens produce a toxic metabolite fumonisin B1 (FB1) which considered a causal agent of toxic effect and immunosuppression in chickens ducklings, and turkey poults and do cancer in liver of livestock.

[Mona S. Zaki, Hussien A. M. Osman, Nagwa S. Rabie, Mohammad M. N. Authman and Noor El Deen, A. I. Some Carcinogenic Effects of Fungus in Livestock. Cancer Biology 2018;8(1):117-121]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 6. doi:10.7537/marscbj080118.06.

Key words: Saprolegnia, fungal disease in fish, fumonisin B1, chicken, cancer in liver

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Potential protective effect of Colostrum or Coenzyme Q10 against experimentally induced carcinogenesis

Gamal Mohamed Fathy Edrees; Maher Amer Ali Amer, Mona Sami Gouida, Alaa El-Din L. Firgany, Mostafa Ismail Abd Al-Halium Al-Tonbary.

Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt. mostafaaltonbary@gmail.com

Abstract: The role of Colostrum (50 mg/kg) or Coenzyme Q10 (100 mg/kg) on oxidative stress induced by Erlich ascites carcinoma [EAC] (0.2X10⁶ cells) and CCL₄ (1.5 ml / kg) in female mice were evaluated. Viability, arginase activity, α L-fucosidase and Bcl₂ were significantly exceeded in EAC + CCL₄ treated mice. In addition P53 level significantly decreased. These abnormalities are accompanied by increased the lipid peroxidation product (MDA), protein carbonyl PC and decline in antioxidant enzyme activity as well as GSH, CAT, SOD, GST level. It seems that mice pretreated with Colostrum or Coenzyme Q10 then with EAC + CCL₄ reveal marked protection as antitumor substance.

[Gamal Mohamed Fathy Edrees; Maher Amer Ali Amer, Mona Sami Gouida, Alaa El-Din L. Firgany, Mostafa Ismail Abd Al-Halium Al-Tonbary. Potential protective effect of Colostrum or Coenzyme Q10 against experimentally induced carcinogenesis. Cancer Biology 2018;8(1):122-128]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 7. doi:10.7537/marscbj080118.07.

Key words: Colostrum, Coenzyme Q10, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, CCL₄, Antioxidant

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Cancer and genetic testing Research Literatures

Mark Herbert

Brooklyn, New York 11212, USA
Ms10012002@gmail.com

Abstract: Cancer is the general name for a group of more than 100 diseases. Although there are many kinds of cancer, all cancers start because abnormal cells grow out of control. Untreated cancers can cause serious illness and death. The body is made up of trillions of living cells. Normal body cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion. During the early years of a person’s life, normal cells divide faster to allow the person to grow. After the person becomes an adult, most cells divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells or to repair injuries. Genetic testing, also known as DNA testing, allows the determination of bloodlines and the genetic diagnosis of vulnerabilities to inherited diseases. In agriculture, a form of genetic testing known as progeny testing can be used to evaluate the quality of breeding stock. In population ecology, genetic testing can be used to track genetic strengths and vulnerabilities of species populations. In humans, genetic testing can be used to determine a child's parentage (genetic mother and father) or in general a person's ancestry or biological relationship between people. In addition to studying chromosomes to the level of individual genes, genetic testing in a broader sense includes biochemical tests for the possible presence of genetic diseases, or mutant forms of genes associated with increased risk of developing genetic disorders. Genetic testing identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins. The variety of genetic tests has expanded throughout the years. In the past, the main genetic tests searched for abnormal chromosome numbers and mutations that lead to rare, inherited disorders. Today, tests involve analyzing multiple genes to determine the risk of developing specific diseases or disorders, with the more common diseases consisting of heart disease and cancer. The results of a genetic test can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition or help determine a person's chance of developing or passing on a genetic disorder. Several hundred genetic tests are currently in use, and more are being developed. Because genetic mutations can directly affect the structure of the proteins they code for, testing for specific genetic diseases can also be accomplished by looking at those proteins or their metabolites, or looking at stained or fluorescent chromosomes under a microscope. This article introduces recent research reports as references in the related studies.
[Herbert M. Cancer and genetic testing Research Literatures. Cancer Biology 2018;8(1):129-143]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 8. doi:10.7537/marscbj080118.08.

Key words: cancer; genetic testing; life; research; literature; cell

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Spatial Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Soils and Plants of a Landfill site in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State

Anwana, E. D*, Ita, R. E and Mbong, E. O.

Department of Botany & Ecological Studies, University of Uyo, P.M.B.1017, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
e_anwana@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: Landfill sites are known to harbor inter alia unsorted waste such as plastics, old batteries, electronics and electroplated metals. These sites serve as important sources of organic manure for vegetable and crop production. Consequent upon this, monitoring heavy metal proportions and toxicity from these landfills becomes necessary for ecosystem integrity and human well-being. In line with this, the present study investigated the concentration of heavy metals in and around a popular landfill area within the central axis of Uyo metropolis. Four sampling sites around the landfill were chosen for the investigation. Sites included; the landfill, farmland, streambed and floodplain-wetland. Twenty-four soil samples from the four sites were collected using a soil auger. Additionally, plant shoots from the most dominant flora species, Cytrospermum senegalensis (Scott) Engl. around the landfill area was collected. Shoots were harvested from mature plants growing five metres inwards of the landfill and in three other locations not farther than twenty meters. Five metals namely; Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn) and Aluminum (Al) were determined using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Of the five metals tested in both the soil samples and plant shoots, Fe was the most abundant metal. Notably, the highest value was from soil (197.9mg/kg) and plant (19.40mg/kg) samples obtained from the farmland. The farmland also had the highest level of Pb in both soil and plant samples; soil (9.9mg/kg) and plant (10.9mg/kg).The landfill site was second to the farmland in heavy metals concentration, while the streambed had the least concentration of heavy metal. Also, Transfer factor threshold for Pb and Cd in both landfill and farmland exceeded unity (> 1). More so, Cd levels clearly exceeded regulatory standards. Furthermore, the floristic composition of the study area was a mixed flora of food crops and those typical of riparian vegetation. The high concentrations of heavy metals within the study area have severe implications for crop production, particularly as Pb and Cd are known to be carcinogenic. Beyond the direct consumption of crops grown around the landfill, is the issue of downstream users of the river basin. In light of this, we argue for a relocation of this landfill and immediate remediation of the site. Also, the use of landfill areas such as those of the study areas for farming activities should be discouraged through awareness mobilization at farmers-agriculture extension service platforms.
[Anwana, E. D, Ita, R. E and Mbong, E. O. Spatial Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Soils and Plants of a Landfill site in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State. Cancer Biology 2018;8(1):144-149]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 9. doi:10.7537/marscbj080118.09.

Keywords: Landfill; Heavy metals; Soil; Plant; Transfer factor threshold

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Cancer and Quantum Research Literatures

Mark Herbert

Brooklyn, New York 11212, USA

ms10012002@gmail.com

Abstract: Cancer is the general name for a group of more than 100 diseases. Although there are many kinds of cancer, all cancers start because abnormal cells grow out of control. Untreated cancers can cause serious illness and death. The body is made up of trillions of living cells. Normal body cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion. During the early years of a person’s life, normal cells divide faster to allow the person to grow. After the person becomes an adult, most cells divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells or to repair injuries. In physics, a quantum is the minimum amount of any physical entity involved in an interaction. The fundamental notion that a physical property may be "quantized" is referred to as "the hypothesis of quantization". This means that the magnitude of the physical property can take on only discrete values consisting of integer multiples of one quantum. For example, a photon is a single quantum of light (or of any other form of electromagnetic radiation), and can be referred to as a "light quantum". Similarly, the energy of an electron bound within an atom is also quantized, and thus can only exist in certain discrete values. Atoms and matter in general are stable because electrons can only exist at discrete energy levels in an atom. Quantization is one of the foundations of the much broader physics of quantum mechanics. Quantization of the energy and its influence on how energy and matter interact (quantum electrodynamics) is part of the fundamental framework for understanding and describing nature. This article introduces recent research reports as references in the related studies.

[Mark Herbert. Cancer and Quantum Research Literatures. Cancer Biology 2018;8(1):150-183]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 10. doi:10.7537/marscbj080118.10.

Key words: cancer; quantum; cell; life; research; literature

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