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On mammograms and CAD for breast cancer

Mr S MOHAN KUMAR, Prof. Dr .G. BALAKRISHNAN ME., Ph.D.

A.P, SAMSCET & Research Scholar,   Director, IGCE & Research Guide, Karpagam University,      Karpagam University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.    Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

E-Mail: mohankumar.sugumar@gmail.com, mohankumar@janhoo.com

Abstract: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women with approximately one in nine women developing the disease in her life time. Breast cancer is a disease in which cancerous cells are found in the tissues of the breast. These cancerous cells divide and grow continuously and eventually form a lump known as tumor. Although breast is the leading causes of cancer deaths in women, the causes of breast cancer are unknown. However, heredity does play a vital role in the development of breast cancer. The DNA in your cells carry the genetic information that you receive from your parents. Mammography is a specific type of imaging that uses a low dose x-ray for examination of the breast. The images can be viewed on a film at a view box. Most experts agree that successful treatment of breast cancer often is linked to early diagnosis. Mammography plays a major part in early detection of breast cancer, because it can show changes in the breast up to two years before a patient or a physician can feel them. In this work various aspects of mammography and computer aided detections have been analyzed.

[S MOHAN KUMAR, G. BALAKRISHNAN ME. On mammograms and CAD for breast cancer. Cancer Biology 2012;2(2):1-4]. (ISSN: 2150-1041). http://www.cancerbio.net. 1

doi:10.7537/marscbj020312.01

Keywords: Breast; cancer; women; disease; life; time; cell; tissue; vital role; genetic information; x-ray; examination; diagnosis; patient; physician;  mammography

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On mammograms and current technical classifications

¹S. MOHAN KUMAR and ²G. BALAKRISHNAN

¹Assistant Professor,  SAMS College of Engineering and Technology and Research Scholar, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu-641021, India

²Director, Indira Ganesan Group of Institution, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu-641021, India

Abstract: Breast cancer has become a common health problem in developed and developing countries during the last decades and also the leading cause of mortality in women each year. Mammogram is a special x-ray examination of the breast made with specific x-ray equipment that can often find tumors too small to be felt. In this paper, the classification of microcalcification in digital mammogram is achieved by using Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (SNE) for reducing high dimensionality data into relatively low dimensional data and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) Classifier. This system classifies the mammogram images into normal or abnormal, and the abnormal severity into benign or malignant. Mammography Image Analysis society (MIAS) database is used to evaluate the proposed system. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed method can provide better classification rate.

[S. MOHAN KUMAR and G. BALAKRISHNAN. On mammograms and current technical classifications. Cancer Biology 2012;2(2):5-10]. (ISSN: 2150-1041). http://www.cancerbio.net. 2

doi:10.7537/marscbj020312.02

Key words: Stochastic Neighbor Embedding, K-Nearest Neighbor, Digital mammograms, microcalcifications

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An easy new technique for computer aided detection (CAD)mammograms

S. Mohan Kumar *, Prof. Dr. G.Balakrishnan ME., Ph.D. **

* Research Scholar, Department of Computer Sciencem Karpagam University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641021, India, E-Mail: mohankumar@janhoo.com, mohankumar.sugumar@gmail.com, Mobile: 7373944029

** Director, IGCE & Research Guide, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract: Mammograms screenings, mammogram diagnosis, computer aided detection (CAD) technique for mammography, Magnetic resonance image (MRI) and several other algorithms are currently practiced by doctors, surgeons and radiologists to test breast cancer. All these mode of breast examinations have many drawbacks. The main problem with these methods is that the tests do not give us the real picture of the breast cancer. Even highly qualified and well experienced experts in this field miserably fail in the analysis of breast cancer. Consequently this leads to the death of the breast cancer patients. To over come all these burning issues a new physiotherapy practice have been proposed in this work.

[S. Mohan Kumar, G. Balakrishnan ME. An easy new technique for computer aided detection (CAD) mammograms. Cancer Biology 2012;2(2):11-12]. (ISSN: 2150-1041). http://www.cancerbio.net. 3

doi:10.7537/marscbj020312.03

Key Words: Mammography, Cancer, CAD, MRI, physiotherapy.

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Cancer Stem Cells and Differentiation Therapy: An Innovative Therapeutic Approach

Esmaeilzadeh Mahdi¹ and Kazemzadeh Fariba²

1. Department of Basic Science , Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University , Mashhad, Iran

Email: mehdi_dna@yahoo.com (Corresponding Author); Phone: +98 (0) 935 979 3491

2.        Department of Basic Science , Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University , Mashhad, Iran

Abstract: Cancer stem cells are closely related to and may often originate with adult stem cells. Under normal circumstances, the regular turnover of cells in developed tissues is offset by the work of adult stem cells, which can divide to make more stem cells or progenitor (immature) cells. The progenitors then differentiate into the mature cells needed to maintain the organ or to respond to an injury, hormones, or other external signals. Cancer stem cells can produce more of their kind or progenitors that multiply and differentiate to become the malignant cells that make up the bulk of a cancer. Nowadays it is reported that, similarly to other solid tumors, colorectal cancer is sustained by a rare subset of cancer stem–like cells (CSCs) which survive conventional anticancer treatments, thanks to efficient mechanisms allowing escape from apoptosis, triggering tumor recurrence. To improve patient outcomes, conventional anticancer therapies have to be replaced with specific approaches targeting CSCs. In this review we provide strong support that BMP4 is an innovative therapeutic approach to prevent colon cancer growth increasing differentiation markers expression and apoptosis.

[Esmaeilzadeh M, Kazemzadeh F. Cancer Stem Cells and Differentiation Therapy: An Innovative Therapeutic Approach. Cancer Biology 2012;2(3):13-20]. (ISSN: 2150-1041). http://www.cancerbio.net. 4

doi:10.7537/marscbj020312.04

Keywords: cancer stem cells; apoptosis; BMP4

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Cancer and Diet Literatures

Mark H Smith

Queens, New York 11418, USA

mark20082009@gmail.com

Abstract: Cancer is the cells that grow out of control. Cancer cells can also invade other tissues. Growing out of control and invading other tissues are what makes a cell a cancer cell. Involved in more than 100 diseases, the cancer can cause serious illness and death. Normally, the cells become cancer cells because of DNA damage. This material is a literature collection of the researches on the cancer and the Diet.

[Smith MH. Cancer and Diet Literatures. Cancer Biology 2012;2(3):21-46]. (ISSN: 2150-1041). http://www.cancerbio.net. 5

doi:10.7537/marscbj020312.05

Keywords: cancer; biology; life; disease; research; literature; diet

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Endometrium and Cancer Literature

Mark H Smith

Queens, New York 11418, USA

mark20082009@gmail.com

Abstract: This material is a literature collection of the researched on the cancer and the endometrium.

[Smith MH. Endometrium and Cancer Literature. Cancer Biology 2012;2(3):47-74]. (ISSN: 2150-1041). http://www.cancerbio.net. 6

doi:10.7537/marscbj020312.06

Keywords: cancer; biology; life; disease; research; literature; endometrium

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Gastric Cancer Literature

Mark H Smith

Queens, New York 11418, USA

mark20082009@gmail.com

Abstract: This material is a literature collection of the researches on the gastric cancer.

[Smith MH. Gastric Cancer Literature. Cancer Biology 2012;2(3):75-132]. (ISSN: 2150-1041). http://www.cancerbio.net. 7

doi:10.7537/marscbj020312.07

Keywords: cancer; biology; life; disease; research; literature; gastric

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Cancer and Hormone Literatures

Mark H Smith

Queens, New York 11418, USA

mark20082009@gmail.com

Abstract: This material is a literature collection of the researched on the cancer and the.

[Smith MH. Cancer and Hormone Literatures. Cancer Biology 2012;2(3):133-209]. (ISSN: 2150-1041). http://www.cancerbio.net. 8

doi:10.7537/marscbj020312.08

Keywords: cancer; biology; life; disease; research; literature; hormone

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