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The role of CDK8、STAT1 and TMEFF2 in colorectal cancer

Yu-shengyou^1,* , Ren-qi^2*

1.Department of  laboratory; Guangzhou Medical University, China

2. Guangzhou women and children's Medical Center, China

*Corresponding author. E-mail: Shengyouyu@163.com

Abstract: In the development and progression of cancer, it is estimated that over a million new cases of colorectal cancer (CRC) are diagnosed yearly, accounting for more than 9% of all new cancer cases [Quinn M, et al.2001]. It is also the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths. Despite the recent advances in treating cancer, the 5-year survival rate from CRC remains at 50% and 10% for TNM stages III and IV, respectively[Jonathan A D Simpson,et al.2010]. In this study we investigated the molecular and clinical features of CDK8、STAT1 and TMEFF2-expressing colorectal cancers, the immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of the CDK8、STAT1 and TMEFF2 in these colorectal tissues respectively. The expression of CDK8 locates in nucleus，the positive rates （100 cases colorectal cancer、15 cases adenomas and 15 cases normal mucous） were 37%（37/100)、0(0/15）and 0（0/15）respectively.The CDK8 expression in colorectal cancer was significantly higher than that in normal mucosa and colorectal adenomas (P <0.05); The CDK8 expression had no significant correlation with the clinicopathological factors in patients (P> 0.05)；there was a clear CDK8 protein loss for the older specimens(P＜0.05). The STAT1 expression locates in cytoplasm and nucleus,，and the positive rates were 26%（26/100)、73%(11/15）and 67%（10/15）respectively.The STAT1 expression in colorectal cancer was significantly lower than that in normal mucosa and colorectal adenomas（P＜0.05）；.The STAT1 expression in colon cancer was higher than that in rectal cancer.The TMEFF2 expression were all negative. The CDK8 abnormally high expressed in colorectal cancer,This study suggested that the CDK8 plays a important role in the development colorectal cancer.The decreased expression of STAT1 in colorectal cancer associated with the development of the colorectal cancer; the STAT1 expression was related with tumor location.The loss expression of the TMEFF2 may not be involved in the development of the colorectal cancer.

[Yu-shengyou, Ren-qi. The role of CDK8、STAT1 and TMEFF2 in colorectal cancer. Cancer Biology 2012;2(2):1-6]. (ISSN: 2150-1041). http://www.cancerbio.net. 1

doi:10.7537/marscbj020212.01

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Determinants of Child Mortality in Rural Nigeria

A.O ADEPOJU¹ *, O. AKANNI* AND A.O FALUSI*

* Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan,Oyo State, Nigeria

¹Corresponding author^’s e-mail: adepoju.abimbola6@gmail.com Tel: +234-805-543-0095

Abstract: This study examined the determinants of child mortality in rural Nigeria employing the 2008 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) data. Data were analyzed using Descriptive Statistics and the Logit regression model. The result of analysis showed that the average age of the respondents at first birth is 19 years; while more than half of them had no formal education, and about three-fifths had less than 24 months birth interval. Secondary and higher education of mother, age of mother at first birth, place of delivery, type of birth, child ever breastfed, sex of child, were among the significant factors influencing child mortality in rural Nigeria. Maternal education, access to adequate health care (especially for pregnant women and children under five years) and increased awareness of benefits of breastfeeding were identified as the key factors to reducing child mortality in rural Nigeria.

[A.O ADEPOJU, O. AKANNI AND A.O FALUSI. Determinants of Child Mortality in Rural Nigeria. Cancer Biology 2012;2(2):7-14]. (ISSN: 2150-1041). http://www.cancerbio.net. 2

doi:10.7537/marscbj020212.02

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HEPATOTOXIC EFFECT OF SUB-ACUTE EXPOSURE OF TREATED CARBANACEOUS EFFLUENT ON MICE

Agunbiade SO¹, Daramola OT¹, Anugweje KC², Onianwa O³, Okonko IO³

¹Department of Biochemistry, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria

²Department of Health Services, Lulu Briggs Health Centre, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria;

³Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria;

mac2finney@yahoo.com, iheanyi.okonko@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT: The present study examined the hepatotoxic effects of carbonaceous wastewater in mice, the mice were exposed to five different concentrations of the waste water. Cyclophosphomide was used as the positive control and distilled water was used as a negative control, for a period of 35das. At post exposure, the activities of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum were measured as indicators of liver function. The weights of the animals were recorded weekly after which their liver were harvested. Organ weight was measured at post exposure and preserved afterwards for histology. The physical, chemical and heavy metal composition of the wastewater was also analysed. The liver weight of the exposed mice was however significantly different from that of the negative control in the 25% and 75% concentration of the wastewater administered at p<0.05. The activities of ALP, ALT, and AST in the serum of exposed mice were significantly increased compared to the negative control mice and this increase was concentration dependent at P<0.05. The histological lesions observed in the liver at various concentrations examined included Kupfer cell hyperplasia, severe portal congestion, portal and central venous congestion and mild hydrople degeneration of hepatocytes. The results of the study showed that the observed hepatotoxic effect in the exposed mice may be caused by the presence of heavy metal and other physical and chemical substances present in the wastewater. This suggests a higher risk to liver damage in humans and other organisms exposed to this wastewater and may also be deleterious to the surrounding environment.

[Agunbiade SO, Daramola OT, Anugweje KC, Onianwa O, Okonko IO. HEPATOTOXIC EFFECT OF SUB-ACUTE EXPOSURE OF TREATED CARBANACEOUS EFFLUENT ON MICE. Cancer Biology 2012;2(2):15-22]. (ISSN: 2150-1041). http://www.cancerbio.net. 3

doi:10.7537/marscbj020212.03

Keywords: Alanine aminotransferase, Aspartate aminotransferase, Alkaline phosphatise, carbonaceous effluent, hepatotoxic effect, Mice, wastewater

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Tumour Necrosis Factor-Alpha affects Estrogen Metabolic Pathways in Breast Cancer Cells

Marwa Kamel¹, Samia Shouman¹, Mahmoud El-Merzebany¹, Gokhan Kilic², Timothy Veenstra³, Muhammad Saeed⁴, Mohamed Wagih⁵, Concepcion Diaz-Arrastia⁶, Deepa Patel⁶, Salama Salama^6*

¹Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt

² Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA

³ Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, 1050 Boyles Street/P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA

⁴Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA

⁵Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Egypt

⁶Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza MS: BCM 610, Houston, TX 77030, USA

salamas@hotmail.com

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the proinflammatory cytokine Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) on estrogen metabolic pathways in MCF-7, a breast cancer cell line. This aims to add to our understanding of the relationship between inflammation and breast carcinogenesis. MCF-7 cells where thus treated with different concentrations of TNF-α and different techniques were employed to assess its effect on the estrogen metabolic pathways: Capillary liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis was used for quantitative measurement of estrogens and estrogen metabolites (EM). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the analysis of estrogen-DNA adduct levels. Reporter gene assay, Real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real time RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis, were used to assess the expression of estrogen-metabolizing genes and enzymes. Our results indicated that compared to controls, TNF-α significantly increased the total EM (P<0.05) and decreased the estrone (E1) / 17-β estradiol (E2) ratio (P<0.05). Moreover, it significantly altered the expression of genes and enzymes involved in E2 activation and deactivation pathways e.g. Cytochrome P-450 1A1 (CYP1A1), Cytochrome P-450 1B1 (CYP1B1), Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). In addition, there were increased levels (P<0.05) of some catechol estrogens e.g. 4-hydroxy-estrone (4-OHE1) and 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OHE2) with decreased levels of methylated catechols e.g. 2-methoxy estradiol (2-MeOE2) (P<0.05). DNA adducts especially 4-OHE1-[2]-1-N3 Adenine was significantly increased (P<0.05). It can thus be concluded that TNF-α directs the estrogen metabolism into more hormonally active and carcinogenic products in MCF-7. This may implicate a new possible explanation for inflammation associated breast cancer.

[kamel M, Shouman S, El-Merzebany M, Kilic G, Veenstra T, Saeed M, Wagih M, Diaz-Arrastia G, Patel D, Salama S. Tumour Necrosis Factor-Alpha affects Estrogen Metabolic Pathways in Breast Cancer Cells. Cancer Biology 2012;2(2):23-37]. (ISSN: 2150-1041). http://www.cancerbio.net. 4

doi:10.7537/marscbj020212.04

Keywords: Breast cancer; Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; Estrogen metabolites; Estrogen metabolizing genes and enzymes; DNA adducts.

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cLEAD BIOACCUMULATION BY PSEUDOMONAS SPECIES ISOLATED FROM PIG WASTE.

Odu¹, N.N. and Akujobi², C.O.

¹Microbiology Department, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

²Microbiology Department, Federal University of Technology, PMB 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.

campbell205@yahoo.com.

ABSTRACT: Living organisms are exposed in nature to lead commonly in their ionized forms, which at different concentrations affect microbial population. This can have significant impact given that many microorganisms are essential parts of the decomposing food chain. Their presence in the atmosphere, soil and water, even in traces, can cause serious problems to all organisms. Microorganisms are known to interact with heavy metals through a number of mechanisms including intracellular accumulation. Pseudomonas species isolated from pig waste was exposed to different concentrations of lead solution within 24 hours. The percentage log survival / growth rate in the different concentrations of lead was determined periodically. Bioaccumulation of lead by the test isolate was determined in the graded lead concentrations (0, 1.10, 100. 500 μg/ml). The result showed that the growth of the isolate was progressively inhibited by lead in a dose dependent fashion. The isolate showed a potential to survive lead intoxication and accumulated the toxicant. Therefore, Pseudomonas species isolated from pig waste shows a promise for its use in bioremediation of lead polluted environments and can be used remedy the toxic effect of heavy metals on plants. This can be applied as organic manure together with the microorganism in heavy metal-polluted site to prevent heavy metal toxicity and to enhance the growth of plants.

[Odu, N.N. and Akujobi, C.O. LEAD BIOACCUMULATION BY PSEUDOMONAS SPECIES ISOLATED FROM PIG WASTE. Cancer Biology 2012;2(2):38-44]. (ISSN: 2150-1041). http://www.cancerbio.net. 5

doi:10.7537/marscbj020212.05

Keywords: Bioaccumulation, Lead, Pseudomonas species, Pig, Waste

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POTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF LIPASES BY PSEUDOMONAS AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS SPECIES ISOLATED FROM PALM OIL CONTAMINATED TROPICAL SOIL

Odu¹, N.N. and Akujobi², C.O.

¹Microbiology Department, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

²Microbiology Department, Federal University of Technology, PMB 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.

campbell205@yahoo.com.

ABSTRACT: This study reports on the potential production of lipases by Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus species isolated from palm oil contaminated tropical soil. The lipase activities of Pseudomonas species and Staphylococcus species at 37^oC and pH 7 were evaluated. Both organisms grew well and produced lipases at the prevailing assay conditions. The lipase activity by Pseudomonas species was significantly higher than that of Staphylococcus species at P< 0.05. Effect of pH on the enzyme activities of the isolates showed that lipase production varied according to the pH of the assay medium. This shows that pH is a determinant factor in lipase production. There were increases in lipase activities with increase in pH up to optimum pH of 7 in both organisms. The lipase activities decrease progressively after this optimum pH till the last pH of exposure (pH 10). At pH 7 and 8, the two organisms had equal lipase activities (0.64 and 0.63 U/ml/min, respectively), after which, the lipase activity of Pseudomonas species reduced gradually with increase in pH unlike Staphylococcus species whose lipase activity abruptly decreased with increase in pH. Lipase activities in both organisms were affected differently by varying temperature changes. In Pseudomonas species, there was a steady increase in lipase activity with increase in temperature up to the optimum at temperature of 30 ^oC (0.67 U/ml/min). The activity decreased slightly at temperature of   35 ^oC but effect of temperature against the activity was more pronounced at the temperatures of 40 and 45 ^oC. The lipase activity of Staphylococcus species was also affected by temperature changes. There was a steady increase in the activity up to the optimum at temperature of 35 ^oC. The activity started decreasing steady with further increase in temperature. In conclusion, the study showed that Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus species isolated from palm oil contaminated tropical soil has a great potential for the production of lipases.

[Odu, N.N. and Akujobi, C.O. POTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF LIPASES BY PSEUDOMONAS AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS SPECIES ISOLATED FROM PALM OIL CONTAMINATED TROPICAL SOIL. Cancer Biology 2012;2(2):45-49]. (ISSN: 2150-1041). http://www.cancerbio.net. 6

doi:10.7537/marscbj020212.06

Keywords: potential, production, lipases, Pseudomonas species, Staphylococcus species, palm oil, tropical soil.

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Isolation and Identification of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus from Oral Swabs among Primary School Pupils in Uzuakoli, Abia State, Nigeria

Mbakwem – Aniebo C, Odoemelam HA and Okonko IO

Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria;

mac2finney@yahoo.com; iheanyi.okonko@uniport.edu.ng

ABSTRACT: Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from oral swabs of one hundred pupils, (aged 8 – 11 years) of Ngwu/ Amankwo Community Primary School, Uzuakoli, Abia – State. Sterile swab sticks were used for the collection of the specimens. Out of the 100 specimens collected, Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from (61.0%) samples, (65.0%) samples contained yeast – like organisms and (30.0%) samples had both Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, forty of the yeast – like isolates were identified as Candida albicans. The highest carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans was found in the mouth of pupils using Charcoal and Chewing stick as dental agent. These pupils, who used chewing stick only, as their method of oral hygiene maintenance, had a carriage of 67.0%. Pupils that used the toothbrush infrequent had a carriage of 75.0%, those that alternated the use of tooth brush with chewing stick had a carriage of 42.0%, while those that used toothbrush regularly, as their method of oral hygiene, had the least carriage of 4.0%. This study showed that the use of tooth brush regularly, is the best method of oral hygiene.

[Mbakwem – Aniebo C, Odoemelam HA and Okonko IO. Isolation and Identification of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus from Oral Swabs among Primary School Pupils in Uzuakoli, Abia State, Nigeria. Cancer Biology 2012;2(2):50-57]. (ISSN: 2150-1041). http://www.cancerbio.net. 7

doi:10.7537/marscbj020212.07

Keywords: Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Charcoal, Chewing stick, oral swabs, toothbrush, Nigeria

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Cancer and Chemotherapy Literatures

Mark H Smith

Queens, New York 11418, USA

mark20082009@gmail.com

Abstract: Cancer is the cells that grow out of control. Cancer cells can also invade other tissues. Growing out of control and invading other tissues are what makes a cell a cancer cell. Involved in more than 100 diseases, the cancer can cause serious illness and death. Normally, the cells become cancer cells because of DNA damage. This material is a literature collection of the researches on the cancer and the chemotherapy.

[Smith MH. Cancer and Chemotherapy Literatures. Cancer Biology 2012;2(2):58-120]. (ISSN: 2150-1041). http://www.cancerbio.net. 8

doi:10.7537/marscbj020212.08

Keywords: cancer; biology; life; disease; research; literature; chemocherapy

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Colorectal Cancer Literatures

Mark H Smith

Queens, New York 11418, USA

mark20082009@gmail.com

Abstract: This material is a literature collection of the researches on the cancer and the colorectal.

[Smith MH. Colorectal Cancer Literatures. Cancer Biology 2012;2(2):121-186]. (ISSN: 2150-1041). http://www.cancerbio.net. 9

doi:10.7537/marscbj020212.09

Keywords: cancer; biology; life; disease; research; literature; colorectal

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