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1

Female Education Ratio in the Age Group of 6-14 Years in Educational Zones of Ganderbal, J&K, India

Hafiz Mudasir ¹, M.Y Ganaie ²

^1. Ph.D Research Scholar, Dept. of Education, Dr C.V. Raman University

^2. Associate Professor, Dept. of Education, University of Kashmir

hafizmudasir@rediffmail.com

Abstract: The present study entitled “Female Education Ratio in the Age Group of 6-14 Years in Educational Zones of Ganderbal” was conducted to study total enrolment and Dropout rate of boys and girls studying in the sample schools of the above mentioned educational zones. The investigator developed self-constructed information blanks, Information schedules and used Self-observation and Door to Door School survey techniques to get accurate results from different degree colleges of Srinagar. The investigator for the present piece of research followed the exact procedure as advocated by most of the imminent researchers in the field of education and psychology. For this purpose the data received from the different Schools was analysed statistically using percentage statistics. All the calculated values shown at appropriate section were analysed later and placed in a tabulated form. The study revealed that the Dropout rate is more among female students than male students.

[Hafiz Mudasir, M.Y Ganaie. Female Education Ratio in the Age Group of 6-14 Years in Educational Zones of Ganderbal, J&K, India. World Rural Observ 2015;7(2):1-5]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 1

doi:10.7537/marswro070215.01

Key Words: Dropouts, Detention, Retention, Dropout Rates.

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Participation Pattern Of Farm Women In Post Harvesting

Jahan, Nasreen; Nilofer Khan and Jabeen, N.

^1. Subject Matter Specialist, KVK- Shuhama SKUAST-K, Shalimar

^2. Professor Institute of Home Science, University of Kashmir

^3. Associate Professor, Division of Vegetable Science, SKUAST-K, Shalimar

E-mail: profniloferku@gmail.com

Abstract: Post harvesting is an important component of farm activities and is mostly performed by women. They play a vital role in subsequent processing and storage of the produce. In order to understand the present participation pattern of farm women in post harvest activities a study was conducted in 4 blocks of district Ganderbal in Kashmir division. The study conducted on 200 farm women from each block (20 villages) reveals that almost all women take active part in post harvest handling of the agricultural produce till its final milling and use. The results varied as per the age, marital status, educational status and family income of the participants but the women were found to contribute substantially in drying, sorting, packing, milling and storage. Study points towards a need to technically arm women in post harvest know-how so as to help in reducing losses during storage. This shall not only reduce economic losses but help in maintaining family food security.

[Jahan, Nasreen; Nilofer Khan and Jabeen, N. Participation Pattern of Farm Women in Post Harvesting. World Rural Observ 2015;7(2):6-9]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 2

doi:10.7537/marswro070215.02

Key words: Post harvesting, marital status, educational status, family income, participation

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Effect of Water Irrigation Shortage on Some Quantitative Characters at Different Rice Development Growth Stages

Gaballah, M. M. and Abd Allah, A. A.

Rice Research and Training Center, Field Crops Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Egypt.

abdnby@yahoo.com

Abstract: The field experiment were conducted during 2013 and 2014 rice growing seasons to study the effect of water shortage at the different growth stages viz., planting, tillering, panicle initiation, flowering and ripening on some growth and yield characters of thirteen rice genotypes grown in Sakha agricultural research station, Rice Research Section. The water stress conditions were withholding, flush irrigation every 10 days plus withholding 20 days at maximum tillering (T₁), flush irrigation every 10 days plus withholding 20 days at reproductive stage (T₂), flush irrigation every 10 days plus withholding 20 days at flowering stage (T₃), flush irrigation every 10 days (T₄) and normal irrigation (T₅). The results obtained indicated that water stress during vegetative stage reduced plant height, number of tillers/plant, chlorophyll content and induced leaf rolling in the susceptible rice genotypes. The reduction of grain yield, number of panicles /plant, 100-grain weight and high sterility percentage resulted from water stress at flowering and ripening stages. Water stress during vegetative, panicle initiation, flowering and through the season reduced grain yield by a bought 28%, 34%, 40% and 22% respectively, when compared with control are groups. The results indicated that the genotypes, GZ8710-3-2-1-1, GZ9730-1-1-1-1, GZ9730-1-1-3-2 and GZ9781-3-2-2-6 could be considered as drought tolerance rice genotypes and would be promoted to be new rice varieties.

[Gaballah, M. M. and Abdallah A. A. Effect of Water Irrigation Shortage on Some Quantitative Characters at Different Rice Development Growth Stages. World Rural Observ 2015;7(2):10-21]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 3

doi:10.7537/marswro070215.03

Keywords: Rice, water withholding, maximum tillering, flowering and panicle initiation.

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Response of Kadotta Fig Trees to Using Some Organic Manures Enriched with Em₁ As A Partial Substitution of Mineral N Fertilizers

Abdel Hameed M. Wassel¹; Ahmed M.K. Abdelaal¹, Adel M. Gowda¹ and Mahmoud H. Abdel Aziz²

¹Hort. Dept. Fac. of Agric. Minia Univ. Egypt.

²Hort. Res. Instit. ARC, Giza, Egypt

faissalfadel@yahoo.com

Abstract: During 2013 and 2014 seasons, Kadotta fig trees received the suitable N(400 g N/ tree /year) as 100% inorganic, 37.5 to 87.5 % inorganic N plus 12.5 + to 62.5 % organic manures namely farmyard manure, compost or chicken manure enriched with EM₁ at 20 to 50 ml/ tree / year. The study focused on the effect of these N management treatments on the growth and fruiting of Kadotta fig trees. Generally, the results showed that using the suitable N as 50 to 87.5 % inorganic plus 12.5 to 50% farmyard manure, compost or chicken manure enriched with EM₁ at 20 to 40 ml/ tree effectively enhanced growth characters, tree nutritional status, yield and fruit quality relative to using N as 100% inorganic or when N was added as inorganic N at percentage 37.5 % of the suitable N even with the application of organic and biofertilization. The best organic manures in this respect was chicken manure followed by compost and farmyard manure occupied the last position in this respect. An obvious promotion on fruit quality was observed with reducing percentages of inorganic N as well as increasing percentages of organic manure and EM₁ levels. Using N as 37.5 % inorganic N plus 62.5% farmyard manure + 50ml EM/ / tree gave the worst results on the yield. Supplying Kadotta fig trees with N (400 g N/ tree/ year) as 50% inorganic N plus 50% chicken manure enriched with EM at 40 ml/ tree was responsible for improving yield and fruit quality.

[Abdel Hameed M. Wassel; Ahmed M.K. Abdelaal, Adel M. Gowda and Mahmoud H. Abdel Aziz. Response of Kadotta Fig Trees to Using Some Organic Manures Enriched with Em₁ As A Partial Substitution of Mineral N Fertilizers. World Rural Observ 2015;7(2):22-29]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 4

doi:10.7537/marswro070215.04

Keywords: Kadotta fig trees, inorganic, organic and biofertilization

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Study of Temperature Trends of Nanded, Maharashtra, India

Karnewar Kailas and Avinash Kadam

Research Scholar and Assistant Professor

School of Earth Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Vishnupuri, Nanded 431606 Maharashtra India

Email- kvkarnewar@gmail.com

Abstract: In recent past uncommon behavior of climate specially temperature and rainfall attracted attention of not only climatologist but also  all the citizens  living in developing and developed country alike since climate change increase temperature of urban area as well as It increased extreme condition like heat wave, extreme rainfall etc. So taking this fact in consideration this paper attempt to study temperature trends of Nanded by analyzing data of annual maximum, minimum, mean temperature and by taking anomalies from 1969 to 2007. This analysis in linear trends reveals that maximum temperature, mean temperature, and minimum temperature of Nanded increased during this periods.

[Karnewar Kailas and Avinash Kadam. Study of Temperature Trends of Nanded, Maharashtra, India. World Rural Observ 2015;7(2):30-35]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 5

doi:10.7537/marswro070215.05

Key words: Annual maximum, minimum, anomalies, climate change, temperature

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Study of association among various morphological traits of Paspalum distichum, Marsilea minuta, Vicia sativa and Scirpus meritimus

Qurat-ul-Ain Sajid¹, Qurban Ali², Ali Ahmad³, Arfan Ali², Amna Saeed¹, Tahir Rahman Samiullah², Saira Azam², Saira Mahmood⁴, Yusra Babar⁴, Faheem Akram¹, Muhamamd Usman Haidar¹, Syed Bilal Hussain¹, Idrees Ahmad Nasir² and Tayyab Husnain²

^1.  Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Bhauddin Zikarya University Multan

^2.  Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan

^3.  Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan

^4.  Department of Horticulture, Bhauddin Zikarya University Multan

Emails: saim1692@gmail.com, qurban.ali@cemb.edu.pk

Cell No: +92(0)321-9621929

Abstract: Weeds are non-useful plant that grow in the crop plant field and compete with crop plant for water and nutrients. Present study was carried out in Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan during March 2015 to access relationship among various traits of weeds. It was found that higher plant population was recorded for Scirpus meritimus at all studied locations. Paspalum disticum and Scirpus meritimus showed higher plant and inflorescence moisture percentage. Plant population was significantly correlated with all studied traits. Total plant and inflorescence moisture percentage was significantly correlated with all studied traits. It was found that strong and significant correlation was reported between total plant and inflorescence moisture percentage. The significant correlations suggested that the weed plant have ability to store moisture and survive in harsh, hot and dry environmental conditions. It was concluded that the weeds should be controlled through chemical, manual and through the use of transgenic crop plants to minimize yield losses.

[Qurat-ul-Ain S, Qurban A, Ali A, Arfan A, Saeed A, Samiullah TR, Saira A, Saira M, Yusra B, Akram F, Haidar MU, Syed BH, Idrees AN and Tayyab H. Study of association among various morphological traits of Paspalum distichum, Marsilea minuta, Vicia sativa and Scirpus meritimus. World Rural Observ 2015;7(2):36-41]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 6

doi:10.7537/marswro070215.06

Keywords: Paspalum distichum, Marsilea minuta, Vicia sativa, Scirpus meritimus, correlation, morphological traits

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Estimation of correlation among various morphological traits of Carthamus oxycantha, Cirsium arvense, Cleome viscose and Convolvulus arvensis

Saira Mahmood¹, Qurban Ali², Ali Ahmad³, Arfan Ali², Yusra Babar¹, Tahir Rahman Samiullah², Saira Azam², Amna Saeed⁴, Qurat-ul-Ain Sajid⁴, Faheem Akram², Akbar Anjum¹, Idrees Ahmad Nasir² and Tayyab Husnain²

^1.  Department of Horticulture, Bhauddin Zikarya University Multan

^2.  Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan

^3.  Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan

^4.  Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Bhauddin Zikarya University Multan

Emails: saim1692@gmail.com, qurban.ali@cemb.edu.pk

Cell No: +92(0)321-9621929

Abstract: Weeds are the plants out of place where it is not grown. It is also called pest plant. They are a source of pest and diseases. The weeds should be removed from filed to avoid losses of crop plants. The prescribed study was carried out to access the relationship among various weed morphological traits. Higher plant population was recorded for Cleom viscose and higher plant and inflorescence fresh and dry weight was recorded for Cirsium arvensa. Plant population was significantly correlated with fresh and dry plant weight, plant population and total plant and inflorescence moisture percentage. Total plant moisture percentage was significantly correlated with all studied traits. It was found that strong and significant correlation was reported between fresh and dry plant and inflorescence weights. The significant correlations suggested that the weed plant have ability to store moisture and survive in harsh, hot and dry environmental conditions. It was concluded that the weeds should be controlled through chemical, manual and through the use of transgenic crop plants to minimize yield losses.

[Saira M, Qurban A, Ali A, Arfan A, Yusra B, Samiullah TR, Saira A, Qurat-ul-Ain S, Akram F, Saeed A, Syed BH, Idrees AN and Tayyab H. Estimation of correlation among various morphological traits of Carthamus oxycantha, Cirsium arvense, Cleome viscose and Convolvulus arvensis. World Rural Observ 2015;7(2):42-46]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 7

doi:10.7537/marswro070215.07

Keywords: Carthamus oxycantha, Cirsium arvense, Cleome viscose and Convolvulus arvensis, Correlation

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Effect of Absorptive Capability and Governance Mechanisms on Co-innovational Performance-Based on Empirical Research on R&D Cooperation between Competitive Enterprises

Guoyong Ma^1，2, Chunsheng Shi², Rui Ma¹, Jiaying Bai¹

1. School of Economics and Management, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China

2. School of Economics and Management, Harbin Institute of Technology University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China

Email: 374183628@qq.com

Abstract: With the R&D cooperation between competitive enterprises as the research object, the effect of absorptive capability and governance mechanisms on co-innovational performance, the effect of absorptive capability on governance mechanisms and the regulating role of absorptive capability in the relationship between governance mechanisms and co-innovational performance are discussed in the paper. The empirical result shows that as for the R&D cooperation between enterprises, the stronger the absorptive capability, the greater the tendency to adopt contractual governance for R&D cooperation between competitive enterprises, no significant correlation between absorptive capability and relational governance; both contractual governance and relational governance have significant positive effect on co-innovational performance; absorptive capability has a positive regulating role in the relationship between governance mechanisms and co-innovational performance, but absorptive capability has no positive regulating role in the relationship between relational governance and co-innovational performance.

[Guoyong Ma, Chunsheng Shi, Rui Ma, Jiaying Bai. Effect of Absorptive Capability and Governance Mechanisms on Co-innovational Performance -Based on Empirical Research on R&D Cooperation between Competitive Enterprises. World Rural Observ 2015;7(2):47-54]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 8

doi:10.7537/marswro070215.08

Key words: R&D cooperation between competitive enterprises; absorptive capability; governance mechanism; co-innovational performance

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A Scientific Causal Analysis Of River Blindness: A Type Of Onchocerciasis Specifically Found In Northern Nigeria.

C I N ANONG¹, O A AKINBOADE¹, J O ABIOLA², E C UWALAKA¹ and O A ADEDIRAN¹.

¹ Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan

² Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan.

dnk12_day@yahoo.com

Abstract: River blindness is known internationally and it is of great concern even to the World Health Organization. Experts have also worked greatly to unveil the secrets about its real causes in different parts of the world., An aspect of its cause that seems to have worried researchers in Nigeria is that the same vector does not produce the same disease in the south as is seen in the Northern part of Nigeria. This study was therefore determined to use scientific analysis to find the factors that helps the occurrence of River Blindness in the Northern part of Nigeria, whereas the Southern Nigeria which also harbours the S. damnosum vector, (carrying O. volvulus parasite, the nematode related to any onchocerciasis type of disease), does not have the disease. Scientific analysis is the method adopted for this study, coupled with some descriptive survey. All results were subjected to statistical interpretation to reveal the result in a simplified form. One of the finding is that a variety of the Onchocerca parasite might exist apart from the famous O. volvulus. This coupled with some other human genetic factors, differently found within the north-south divide might be the causal factor.

[Anong CIN, OA Akinboade, JO Abiola, EC Uwalaka, OA Adediran. A Scientific Causal Analysis Of River Blindness: A Type Of Onchocerciasis Specifically Found In Northern Nigeria. World Rural Observ 2015;7(2):55-60]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 9

doi:10.7537/marswro070215.09

Key words: Onchocerciasis, River blindness, Nigeria, Simulum, Causes, Kaduna, Oyo

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Strategic planning in order to reduce earthquake hazards (Case Study: Darreh Shahr County)

Alireza Darban Astaneh1, Mansour Jafarbeiglou2, Ebrahim Moghimi3, Zainab Valizadeh4

1-Department of geography,Assistant Professor of Geography and Rural Planning, Tehran University, Iran

2-Department of Physical Geography, Associate Professor,, Tehran University, Iran

3-Department of Physical Geography, Professor, Tehran University, Iran

4- a graduate student in Geography and Environmental Hazards, Tehran University, Iran

z.valizadeh1@gmail.com

Abstract: Earthquake is of natural disasters and hazards which has immense destruction power in a very short time and in a very vast area that leads to a severe damage on the ground and structures that these damages cause casualties. In addition to direct damage, secondary damage such as fire and outbreaks and other losses such as damage to the economy, society and politics; are of the effects of the earthquake. Therefore, the strategic planning in order to reduce the earthquake hazards is of great importance. In this context, the present study was conducted with the aim of strategic planning to reduce the damage caused by the earthquake in Darreh Shahr City in Ilam Province. This study has been an applied research which its research method is descriptive- analytic. The research population included 15 individuals (experts) working in Darreh Shahr Municipality who were selected through the Snowball method and were questioned and in the following, regarding the comments received from the statistical population (experts), was conducted the strategic planning (SWOT) and finally were provided some policies through the SWOT model.

[A. Darban Astaneh, M. Jafarbeiglou, E. Moghimi, Z. Valizadeh. Strategic planning in order to reduce earthquake hazards (Case Study: Darreh Shahr County). World Rural Observ 2015;7(2):61-70]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 10

doi:10.7537/marswro070215.10

Keywords: strategic planning, hazards, earthquake, Darreh Shahr City

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Political Economics Analysis of Inclusive Growth

--Interpretation Based on Unbalanced Regional Development

Guoyong Ma, Hong Chen, Wanlin Liu

School of Economics and Management, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China

Email: 374183628@qq.com

Abstract: Inclusive growth is an important choice for solving associated imbalance problems in economic development and realizing sustainable economic and social development. The study on inclusive growth based on unbalanced regional development is of great theoretical and practical significance for the solution to unbalanced regional development-related problems. Based on unbalanced regional development, this paper involves the study on inclusive growth and comparative analysis of the manifestations and change process of unbalanced regional development in the eastern, central, northeastern and western parts of China, based on which the connotation and political meaning of inclusive growth are analyzed, with a view to providing useful ideas for solving unbalanced regional development in China.

[Guoyong Ma, Hong Chen, Wanlin Liu. Political Economics Analysis of Inclusive Growth. World Rural Observ 2015;7(2):71-78]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 11

doi:10.7537/marswro070215.11

Key words: unbalanced regional development; inclusive growth; political economics

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Research On User-Centered University libraries Information Service System

Desheng Zheng, Shi Zhang

Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China

Email: zds19631210@163.com

Abstract：The traditional information service system of university's library and existing disadvantages were analyzed. On the basis of the customer relationship management principle in the western marketing theory, the necessity and feasibility of implementing customer's management of university's library were explained. Through transplanting the customer relationship management idea, the modern information service system of university's library was build up.

[Desheng Zheng, Shi Zhang. Research On User-Centered University libraries Information Service System. World Rural Observ 2015;7(2):79-84]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 12

doi:10.7537/marswro070215.12

Keywords: university's library; information service; customer management; construction

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Relation of Fruiting In Ewaise Mango Trees to Foliar Application of Royal Jelly, Magnesium and Boron

Farouk, H. Abdelaziz; Moawad A. Mohamed and Salah E.A. Mahmoud

Hort. Dept. Fac. of Agric. Minia Univ. Egypt

Email: faissalfadel@yahoo.com

Abstract: Growth, tree nutritional status, yield and fruit quality of Ewaise mango trees in response to spraying Royal jelly at 0.05%, magnesium sulphate at 0.5% and boric acid at 0.025% three times were investigated during 2013 and 2014 seasons. Single and combined applications of Royal jelly at 0.05%, magnesium sulphate at 0.5% and boric acid art 0.025% was very effective in improving the leaf area, chlorophylls a, b, total chlorophylls, total carotenoids, N, P, K, Mg, Zn, Fe and Mn, percentages of initial fruit setting, fruit retention, yield and fruit quality rather than non- application. Using Royal jelly, magnesium sulphate and boric acid in descending order was favourable in enhancing yield and fruit quality. Combined applications of these materials were superior than using each material alone in this connection. Three sprays of a mixture of Royal jelly at 0.05%, magnesium sulphate at 0.5% and boric acid at 0.025 % was responsible for improving yield and fruit quality of Ewaise mango trees.

[Farouk, H. Abdelaziz; Moawad A. Mohamed and Salah E.A. Mahmoud. Relation of Fruiting In Ewaise Mango Trees to Foliar Application of Royal Jelly, Magnesium and Boron. World Rural Observ 2015;7(2):85-92]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 13

doi:10.7537/marswro070215.13

Keywords: Ewaise mango trees, Royal jelly, magnesium sulphate, boric acid, yield and fruit quality.

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Response of Succary Mango Trees to Foliar Application of Silicon and Boron

Moawad A Mohamed; Mohamed A. El- Sayed and Hamdy A. M. Abd El- Wahab

Hort. Dept. Fac. of Agric. Minia Univ. Egypt

E mail: faissalfadel@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study was carried out during 2013 and 2014 seasons to examine the effect of single and combined applications of potassium silicate at 0.1 to 0.2% and boric acid at 0.025 to 0.05% on growth, nutritional status of the trees, yield and fruit quality of Succary mango trees grown under Upper Egypt region conditions. Single and combined applications of potassium silicate at 0.1 to 0.2% and boric acid at 0.025 to 0.05 % were very effective in stimulating all growth characters in the Spring, Summer and Autumn growth cycles, chlorophylls a, b, total chlorophylls, N, P, K and Mg in the leaves, yield and fruit quality relative to the control treatment. Using potassium silicate was superior than using boric acid in this respect. Carrying out three sprays of a mixture of potassium silicate at 0.1 % and boric acid at 0.025 % was responsible for improving yield and fruit quality of Succary mango trees grown under Upper Egypt conditions.

[Moawad A Mohamed; Mohamed A. El- Sayed and Hamdy A. M. Abd El- Wahab. Response of Succary Mango Trees to Foliar Applciaiton of Silicon and Boron. World Rural Observ 2015;7(2):93-98]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 14

doi:10.7537/marswro070215.14

Key words: Succary mango trees, boron, silicon, yield and fruit quality

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Yield and Fruit Quality of Washington Navel Oranges As Influenced By Foliar Application of Fenugreek and Rocket Seed Sprouts

Abd El- Rahman, M.M.A.

Hort. Dept. Fac. of Agric. South Valley Univ. Qena, Egypt

E mail: montoaly@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study was carried out during 2013 and 2014 seasons to investigate the effect of spraying fenugreek and/ or rocket seed sprouts each at 0.1% to 0.4% on growth, nutritional status, yield and fruit quality of Washington Navel orange trees. The two crop seed sprouts were applied four times at growth start, just after fruit setting and at one month intervals. Spraying fenugreek and/ or rocket seed sprouts four times at 0.1 to 0.4% was very effective in stimulating leaf area and shoot length N, P, K, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, fruit retention %, yield and fruit quality and reducing preharvest fruit drop % rather than non- application. Application of fenugreek seed sprout was materially favourable than using rocket seed sprout in this connection. Using both crop seed sprouts together was superior than using each crop seed sprout alone in this respect. The promotion on growth, leaf mineral content, yield and fruit quality was depended on increasing concentrations of each crop seed sprout from 0.1 to 0.4% without considerable effect among the higher two concentrations. Carrying out four sprays at growth start, just after setting and at one month intervals with a mixture of fenugreek and rocket seed sprouts at 0.2% was responsible for improving yield and fruit quality of Washington Navel orange trees.

[Abd El- Rahman, M.M.A. Yield and Fruit Quality of Washington Navel Oranges As Influenced By Foliar Application of Fenugreek and Rocket Seed Sprouts. World Rural Observ 2015;7(2):99-104]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 15

doi:10.7537/marswro070215.15

Keywords: Washington Navel oranges, fenugreek and rocket seed sprouts, yield and fruit quality.

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Evaluation impact of various factors on air pollution

Mahdi Ojaghi¹, Ziba Beheshti², Mohammad hossein Mohammadi ashnani³, Alireza Rahmati⁴

^1. MSc in Planning, management & training of Environment, Faculty of Environment, Tehran University.

^2. MSc in Assessment and Land Use Planning, Faculty of Environment and Energy, Islamic Azad University, Tehran

^3. MSc in Planning, management & training of Environment, Tehran University

^4. PhD in geography and rural planning, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran

Abstract: Air pollution is one of the most important interests of the local authorities. Meteorological factors are of great importance when execute an air quality prediction system. Differences between parameterizations were observed in meteorological variables and Betts-Miller-Janjic, Morrison 2-moment and BouLac schemes proved to be the best parameterizations for cumulus, microphysics and PBL, respectively. In this issue, the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF-ARW) model was used to compare the performance of the different cumulus, microphysics and Planet Boundary Layer parameterizations over Bogotá, The region. Surface observations were used for comparison and the evaluated meteorological variables include temperature, wind speed and direction and relative humidity. As a complement to this study, a WRF-Large Eddy Simulation was conducted in order to evaluate model results with finer horizontal resolution for air quality purposes.

[Mahdi Ojaghi, Ziba Beheshti, Mohammad hossein Mohammadi ashnani, Alireza Rahmati. Evaluation impact of various factors on air pollution. World Rural Observ 2015;7(2):105-110]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 16

doi:10.7537/marswro070215.16

Key words: Air Quality, Meteorological Modeling, Sensitivity Analysis

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A Review of Resilience Concept and Content in Recent Nigerian Agriculture Policy Trends

Olatomide Waheed Olowa and Omowumi Ayodele Olowa

Department of Agricultural Education, Federal College of Education (Technical) Akoka, Nigeria

olowa1@yahoo.com

Abstract: The nexus between climate change and agriculture, and the formidable (but not insurmountable) barriers to achieving sustainable development in Nigeria are the themes of this paper. Among the economic sectors, agriculture is the most vulnerable to climate change. With more than 60% of its population directly or indirectly relying on agriculture as a source of livelihood, Nigeria will be adversely affected by this external factor. Disruptions in food supply will also have negative impacts on the wider population of food buyers. More importantly, as Nigeria accounts for a sizeable proportion of sub-Saharan Africa’s and the world’s supply and demand for grains, any significant changes in the food systems of Nigeria will have global implications on food availability, access, and utilization. The Paper recommends among others the Institutionalization of early warning systems through the strengthening and coordination of the nation’s meteorological services and the integration of indigenous knowledge of climate and early warning signals

[Olowa, OW, Olowa, OA. A Review of Resilience Concept and Content in Recent Nigerian Agriculture Policy Trends. World Rural Observ 2015;7(2):111-119]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 17

doi:10.7537/marswro070215.17

Key words: Resilience, Climate change, Food security, Agricultural sector, Nigeria JEL Code: 005 234

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Effect of earnings management through discretionary accruals on future profitability of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange

Alireza Babaei¹ (Corresponding Author), Mohadeseh Rezaei², Mohammad Babaei³

^1. Master of Accounting, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Research Science, Department of Education Financial of Saveh

^2. Master of Accounting, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Teacher of Saveh Education

^3. Graduated of Audit at Allameh Tabatabai University in Tehran, Save Tax Administration Employee

Bali_6040@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study examines the impact of earnings management through discretionary accruals on future profitability of the companies listed in Tehran stock exchange deals. To review, non-discretionary and discretionary accruals, cash flow from operations was evaluated. In this study, using data from 91 financial companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange in the period 2007-2011, the relationship between accruals and future profitability of the company, based on multivariate regression models were evaluated. The results show that 95% of earnings management in Tehran Stock Exchange has a tendency to be efficient.

[Alireza Babaei, Mohadeseh Rezaei, Mohammad Babaei. Effect of earnings management through discretionary accruals on future profitability of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. World Rural Observ 2015;7(2):120-125]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 18

doi:10.7537/marswro070215.18

Key words: earnings management, the profitability of future discretionary and non-discretionary accruals

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Response of Saidy Date Palms to Some Inorganic, Organic and Biofertilization As Well As Some Antioxidant Treatments

Faissal F. Ahmed¹; Moawad A, Mohamed¹; Ahmed Y. Mohamed² and Mohamed G.O. Gebreel¹

¹ Hort. Dept. Fac. of Agric. Minia Univ.

² Hort. Res. Instit. ARC, Giza, Egypt.

Email: faissalfadel@yahoo.com

Abstract: During 2012 and 2013 seasons, Saidy date palms received N as 40 to 100% inorganic plus 10 to 30 % farmyard manure and Biogen as well as vitamins A & K and salicylic acid each at 250 ppm. Growth characters, plant pigments, N, P, K, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu, yield, fruit quality, nitrite and nitrate in the juice in response to these treatments were investigated. Using the suitable N via 60 to 80% inorganic N plus 10 to 20% organic N and Biogen was accompanied with improving yield and bunch weight relative to using N completely via inorganic N or when inorganic N was added at percentages lower than 60%. Spraying vitamins A & K and salicylic acid each at 25.0 ppm caused a great promotion on growth and fruiting relative to the check treatment. Using vitamins A was superior than using vitamin K in this respect. Spraying salicylic acid at 250 ppm was preferable than using any vitamins in this connection. The best findings were recorded on the palms that fertilized with N as 60% inorganic N + 20% farmyard manure enriched with 20% Biogen. Supplying Saidy date palms with N (1000 g N / palm/ year) via 60% inorganic + 80 kg farmyard manure / palm / year+ 200 g Biogen / palm / year besides spraying salicylic acid at 250 ppm four times is responsible for improving yield and fruit quality.

[Faissal F. Ahmed^;Moawad A, Mohamed^; Ahmed Y. Mohamedand Mohamed G.O. Gebreel. Response of Saidy Date Palms to Some Inorganic, Organic and Biofertilization As Well As Some Antioxidant Treatments. World Rural Observ 2015;7(2):126-139]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 19

doi:10.7537/marswro070215.19

Keywords: Inorganic, organic and biofertilizaiton of nitrogen, farmyard manure, Biogen, vitamins A and K, salicylic acid, yield and fruit quality.

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Investigation Nurses caring behavior working in cancer section based on patients point of view

Mahnaz SeyedShohadaei¹, Saeid Hossein Oghli², Forough Rafiei³, Kazem Najafi⁴ Fatemeh Zeinali⁵

^1.  Faculty member, Department of Surgery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences

^2.  lecturer in school of nursing of Naqadeh, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Iran

^3.  Professor and faculty member and head of the School of Nursing and Midwifery of Iran, University of Medical Sciences, Center for Nursing Care Research

^4.  Instructor and member of the Scientific Board, Faculty of Bam, Bam, Iran

^5.  Instructor of Nursing, school of nursing of Naqadeh, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Iran

Abstract: Goal: Nursing care is the most important task of the quality of nursing services is one of the major concerns in the field of health managers and the aim of ensuring the health and well-being of patients and care recipients, nursing services is a recognition of the caring behaviors of nurses by patients and recipients of nursing care can help nurses to understand and assess the behavior of their care. Methods: This study was a cross - sectional, in which 408 patients in cancer treatment centers affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences participated. The CBI questionnaire and demographic questionnaire was used for data analysis software SPSS16. Results: The results of this study showed that the mean and standard deviation behaviors nursing care of the patients, respectively, 3.98 and 1.03, as well as the knowledge and professionalism of the highest scores and respect for the other lowest score of the dimensions caring behaviors is allocated. Conclusion: The results are more nurses to the physical aspects of care and less on other aspects of caring behaviors are which can be satisfied with the quality of nursing care they receive is effective.

[Mahnaz SeyedShohadaei, Saeid Hossein Oghli, Forough Rafiei, Kazem Najafi, Fatemeh Zeinali. Investigation Nurses caring behavior working in cancer section based on patients point of view. World Rural Observ 2015;7(2):140-142]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 20

Key words: caring behaviors of nurses, nurse, cancer

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