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Microbiological Perspective On The Quality And Safety Of Borehole Water In Mubi Metropolis, Nigeria.

¹*Tula, M.Y., ²Iruolaje, F.O., ³Bitrus, J. ¹Iliyasu, A.J. and ⁴Jennifer, H.H.

¹Department of Biological Science Technology, Federal Polytechnic Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria.

²Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi, Nigeria

³Department of food Science and Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Mubi, Nigeria

⁴Adamwa State Urban Planning and Development Authority, Yola

birtyty@gmail.com

Abstract: The present study was carried out due to increasing concern on the quality and safety of drinking water in Mubi metropolis, Nigeria. The results of the proximity of boreholes to sources of contamination showed that none of the boreholes was correctly cited. None of the boreholes was cited near a pit toilet; however, 31 (77.5%) of the borehole water sampled were cited less than 10m to source of contamination, out of which 21(67.7%) and 10 (32.3%) are cited less than 10m to refuse dump site and septic tank respectively. The result of heterotrophic plate count (HPC) showed that all the boreholes have bacterial count that ranges from 1.1x10³ – 3.9x10⁴ Cfu/ml, while few other boreholes have too numerous colonies to be counted. Both the total and faecal coliform counts were high and ranges form 09-210 cfu/ml and 0-150 cfu/ml respectively. Based on WHO grouping of faecal coliform bacteria into risk categories, 2 of the borehole water sampled conformed to WHO standard. While 11, 23 and 4 of the borehole water sampled were at low risk, intermediate risk and high risk respectively. The total coliform counts in boreholes from kolere was higher than those of sabonlayi, Nassarawo, Barama, and Lokuwa (p<0.05), but not significantly different from boreholes of other wards (p>0.05). Also, the total coliform count was significantly higher than faecal coliform count (p<0.05). Escherichia coli were isolated in fifteen (37.5%) different borehole sampled water from Kolere, Sabonlayi, Barama, Yelwa and Lamurde wards. None was isolated in boreholes from Lokuwa, Nassarawo and Wuropatuji. The results also revealed the presence of Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella spp., Proteus vulgaris and Klebsiella pneumoniae. These organisms are of public health significance.

[Tula, M.Y., Iruolaje, F.O., Bitrus, J. Iliyasu, A.J. and Jennifer. Microbiological Perspective on the Quality and Safety of Borehole Water in Mubi Metropolis, Nigeria. World Rural Observ 2013; 5(4):1-6]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 1

doi:10.7537/marswro050413.01

Key words: Microbiological, borehole, quality, safety, coliform

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Socio-economic conditions of schedule tribes of kashmir

Showkat Anwar Bhat

Research Scholar Department of Economics, University of Kashmir Srinagar

Abstract: Kashmir Valley is known as paradise on earth with its natural beauty. Schedule tribe is a population group mostly dominated on hilly and mountainous regions of Valley. They are economically poor, socially backward, but culturally sound. The economic poverty among schedule tribes of Kashmir is more than the general population of region. Their housing, sanitation, electricity, health care facilities are very low sub-standard than other sections of population. The literacy rate among schedule tribes of Kashmir is also very low. This paper is based on secondary sources of data and tries to analysis the magnitude of socio-economic access of different parameters.

[Showkat Anwar Bhat. Socio-economic conditions of schedule tribes of kashmir. World Rural Observ 2013;5(4):7-13]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 2

doi:10.7537/marswro050413.02

Key Words: Schedule Tribes, Kashmir, Poverty, Gujjar.

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Geographical Distribution and Developmental Pattern of Buffalo in Egypt

M. K. Hassanein,S.M.Abolmaaty, A.A. Khalil,M. O. Taqi,Yassmin H. Essa, and H.H. Shawki

Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate, Agricultural Research Centre, Giza- Egypt

Maaty2020@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study aims to investigate the buffalo geographical distribution, developmental pattern and the relationship between developmental pattern and drought in Egypt throughout 2001/ 2010. Geographic Information system (GIS) and remote sensing were used as a tool to create buffalo distribution maps and monitor drought conditions from 2001 to 2010. The results indicated that the buffalo census was increasing steadily from 2001 to 2008 and decreased from 2009 to 2010.This drop was highly at lower and Middle Egypt. There is an adverse relationship between buffalo census developmental and drought waves. However, drought is not the only factor that affects the buffalo developmental pattern but it could be one of the most critical ones. In conclusion, drought waves may buffalo's developmental pattern. Therefore, monitoring and forecasting drought waves each year are needed to overcome the expected risks.

[M. K. Hassanein, S.M. Abolmaaty, A.A. Khalil, M. O. Taqi, Yassmin H. Essa, and H.H. Shawki. Geographical Distribution and Developmental Pattern of Buffalo in Egypt. World Rural Observ 2013;5(4):14-19]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 3

doi:10.7537/marswro050413.03

Key words: Buffalo, drought, GIS, land cover, VHI.

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Dynamic Analysis of Landscape on Forest Resources

Li Changsheng

School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, P. R. China.

E-mail: lichangsheng100@163.com

Abstract To study the landscape change of natural forest resource, FRAGSTATS package of landscape space pattern was used. Landscape shape Index, Mean shape index, Area-weighted mean shape index, Double log fragile dimension, Mean patch fragile dimension, Area-weighted mean patch fragile dimension, Shannon's diversity index, Shannon's evenness index, Simpson's diversity index, Simpson's evenness index, Modified Simpson's evenness index and Modified Simpson's diversity index are calculated. The results showed that Area-weighted mean shape index, Double log fragile dimension and Mean patch fragile dimension decreased slightly, i.e. the Shape of patches (sub compartments) didn’t change a lot. The change of forest landscape was later than that of forest resource. The change of diversity index of patches was not obvious. But Relative patch richness and Patch richness density increased rapidly.

[Li Changsheng. Dynamic Analysis of Landscape on Forest Resources. World Rural Observ 2013;5(4):20-26]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 4

doi:10.7537/marswro050413.04

Key words: forest resource, landscape dynamic, patch

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Study on Forest Site Classification of Southern Xiaoxing’an Mountain in Northeast of China

Yao Wu^1,2 Kailun Qin¹, Minghua Zhang³ and Meng Li²*

¹Forestry School, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China

²Forestry institute of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150040, P. R China

³Keshenketeng forestry bureau of Inner Mongolia Province, Chifeng 024000, P. R. China

Email: wuyao8204@163.com, limeng5710@163.com

ABSTRACT: The principal component analysis and cluster analysis methods were used to classify the forest site type of the southern Xiaoxing’an mountain forests. The collected data sets are including vegetation types, topography, forest growth, soil and meteorological factors. Through principal components analysis，the slope position, slope degree, soil depth and soil type are selected as leading factors to classify site type district. By cluster analysis, the forest sites of the southern Xiaoxing’an mountain are classified into 10 site groups and 35 site types. The site type classification results can be used to provide technical supports for the forest management of the Xiaoxing’an mountain forests as well as the forest right system reform for Yichun Forestry Administrative Bureau.

[Yao Wu, Kailun Qin, Minghua Zhang and Meng Li. Study on Forest Site Classification of Southern Xiaoxing’an Mountain in Northeast of China. World Rural Observ 2013;5(4):27-32]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 5

doi:10.7537/marswro050413.05

Key words: southern of Xiaoxing’ an mountain, principal component analysis, cluster analysis, site classification, forest management

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Prevalence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies in a cohort of street-involved youths in Oyigbo, Rivers State, Nigeria

Frank-Peterside N, Nneji LC, Okerentugba PO, Okonko IO

Medical Microbiology Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, East-West Road, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria;

E-mail address: iheanyi.okonko@uniport.edu.ng, Tel: +2348035380891

ABSTRACT: This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies in a cohort of street-involved youths in Oyigbo local government area of Rivers State, Nigeria. Determine® HIV-1/2 test cards and HIV -1/2 Stat- Pak® Assay kits were used for the detection of HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies in the blood samples. Overall prevalence rate of HIV-1 and HIV-2 was 9.0%. HIV antibodies were more prevalent among female youths (13.6%) than their male counterparts (2.4%). Age group 21-28 years of age had the highest prevalence of HIV (11.9%) compared to age group 15-20 years (3.0%). Two risk factors (age and gender) pertinent to transmission of HIV were studied, each appeared to be significantly associated (P<0.05) with HIV-1 and HIV-2 seropositivity. This study however, further confirmed the presence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies in a cohort of street-involved youths in Oyigbo, Rivers State, Nigeria. This calls for the need for more and extensive HIV awareness programmes in Oyigbo Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria.

[Frank-Peterside N, Nneji LC, Okerentugba PO, Okonko IO. Prevalence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies in a cohort of street-involved youths in Oyigbo, Rivers State, Nigeria. World Rural Observ 2013;5(4):33-36]. (ISSN: 1553-9865) http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 6

doi:10.7537/marswro050413.06

Keywords: Antibodies, Cohort, Youths, HIV, seropositivity, risk factors

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Knowledge about HIV/AIDS, level of awareness and Reported Risk Behaviours in a cohort of street-involved youths in Oyigbo, Rivers State, Nigeria

Frank-Peterside N, Nneji LC, Okerentugba PO, Okonko IO

Medical Microbiology Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, East-West Road, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria;

E-mail address: iheanyi.okonko@uniport.edu.ng, Tel: +2348035380891

ABSTRACT: This study was carried out to determine the knowledge of HIV/AIDS and reported risk behaviours in a cohort of street-involved youths in Oyigbo local government area of Rivers State, Nigeria. It also aimed at determining their sexual behaviour and their level of awareness of some of the factors that promote the spread of HIV. One hundred street-involved youths (41 males and 59 females; ages 15-28 years) were recruited for this study. Information was obtained using a Performa specially designed for this purpose. The results showed that of the 100 questionnaires administered, 100 (100.0%) responded. The study showed that 31.0% of the youths were living with their parents; 21.0% stayed alone; 18.0% lived with their relatives and 30.0% stayed with their friends. The results also showed that 14.0% of the youths have had blood transfusion while 80.0% have not had blood transfusion. It also showed that 75.0% of the youths have shared sharp objects, 76.0% used condoms during sexual intercourse; 9.0% do not use condoms while 15.0% used condoms but not always. Thirty-two percent (32.0%) had history of injection drug use (IDU) and 33.0% had involved in survival sex. Sixty-five percent (65.0%) of them took excess alcohol and sometimes drugs, 45.0% knew their HIV status while 55.0% were unaware of their status. It also showed 86.0% knew about HIV/AIDS, 90.0% knew that HIV/AIDS is real, 77.0% knew that HIV/AIDS is not curable but preventable, and 90.0% knew that it was wise to know one’s status. The following prevalences were recorded for perceived factors that promote the spread of HIV among youths: unprotected/unplanned sex (78.0%), use of unsterilized sharp instruments (60.0%), transfusion with unscreened blood (32.0%), and unfaithfulness among partners (30.0%), poor information/illiteracy (31.0%), stigmatization (30.0%), ignorance (33.0%) and poverty (43.0%). However, our study showed that 22.0% of the youths were ignorant of the fact that HIV/AIDS can be transmitted through unprotected/unplanned sex; 40.0% were ignorant of the use of unsterilized sharp instruments; 68.0% were ignorant of transfusion of unscreened blood and 70.0% were ignorant of the fact that unfaithfulness among partners promotes the spread of HIV. While 57.0 - 69.0% claimed ignorant of factors such as poor information/illiteracy, stigmatization, ignorance and poverty. This study has shown the knowledge, attitude and practices of the HIV/AIDS in a cohort of street-involved youths in Oyigbo, Rivers State, Nigeria. Most youths still lack basic information on HIV/AIDS pandemic. It also suggests that intravenous drug use (IDU) is still prevalent among street-involved youths. The use of alcohol and other drugs that can impair decision making about sexual choices and behavior is frequent. This calls for a concerted effort to implement a clear-cut plan to establish the necessary infrastructure and resources to control HIV among youths.

[Frank-Peterside N, Nneji LC, Okerentugba PO, Okonko IO. Knowledge about HIV/AIDS, level of awareness and Reported Risk Behaviours in a cohort of street-involved youths in Oyigbo, Rivers State, Nigeria. World Rural Observ 2013; 5(4):37-43]. (ISSN: 1553-9865) http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 7

doi:10.7537/marswro050413.07

Key words: Awareness, cohort, HIV, Knowledge, Street-involved, Youths, Nigeria

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An Investigation of the impact of board of director characteristic on earnings Forecasts Accuracy*

Alireza khodadadi¹, habibllah rasouli², mohammad Ramazan Ahmadi³.

^1- Persian Gulf International Educational Branch-Islamic Azad University- Khorramshahr-Iran (corresponding Author)

^3- Department of Accounting, Abadan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abadan, Iran

^3-Assistant Professor of Accounting, Shahid Chamran University

ABSTRACT: In the present study, the relationship between board of director characteristics and management earnings Forecast accuracy in 88 firms listed in Tehran stock exchange (TSE) during (2006-2010) was investigated. Board of director characteristics expected to affect earnings forecast by the management, include CEO dominance CEO duality duty, board of director size, and independence of board of director (ROD). The study hypotheses were analyzed using multivariate regression model and ordinary least square (OLS) test in pooled data analysis method. The results suggested that board size and board independence have a negative significant relationship with error percentage of earnings forecast by the management. However, CEO dominance and CEO duality do not have a statistically significant association with the management earnings forecast error.

[Alireza khodadadi, habibllah rasouli, mohammad Ramazan Ahmadi. An Investigation of the impact of board of director characteristic on earnings Forecasts Accuracy World Rural Observ 2013;5(4):44-49]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 8

doi:10.7537/marswro050413.08

KEYWORDS: corporate governance, CEO independence, the management earnings forecast

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Length-Weight Relationship and Condition Factor of Pomadasys Jubelini in the New Calabar-Bonny River, Nigeria

Agbugui, M. O.

 Department of Biological Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria,

marianuseni@yahoo.com

Abstract: 413 samples of Pomadasys jubelini were obtained from the New Calabar-Bonny River and examined over a period of twenty four months. The length ranged from 8.50cm - 47.60 and the weight from 17.00g - 2320g. Females were longer and heavier than males. There was a strong and positive relationship between fish length and weight (r) = 0.91 for males and 0.99 females, and b value (b<3) indicating a negative allometric growth.The monthly condition factor (K) ranged from 0.00 – 1.16 for males and 0.01 – 2.15 for females. Generally, the fish were in good condition when caught however the conditoon factor varied among different sizes of the fish.

[Agbugui, M. O. Length-Weight Relationship and Condition Factor of Pomadasys Jubelini in the New Calabar-Bonny River, Nigeria. World Rural Observ 2013;5(4):50-53]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 9

doi:10.7537/marswro050413.09

Key words; Length – weight relationship, conditionn factor, Pomadasys jubelini

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The Relationship between Corporate governance and Conservatism in the Listed Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange

Ghasem Almasi *, S. Ali Vaeez **

* Department of Accounting, Payam noor University, Izee, Iran

gh_almas@yahoo.com

** Department of Accounting, Shahid Chamran University, Iran

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the components of corporate governance and accounting conservatism. Conservatism in this study is measured by Basu standard model. Corporate governance characteristics compared with non-duty members of the Board, CEO and Chairman of job separation and the ownership of institutional shareholders has been used as independent variables. Research data, using the population consists of 106 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange analyzes for the period 2001 to 2006 using a combination of data and ordinary least squares regression analyzes. The results of the regression estimates suggest that the timing of the financial reporting of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange will affect the index of profitability. The results reject the hypotheses of the study and showed that significant relationship does not exists between the proportion of non-duty members of the Board, CEO and Chairman of the Board and the task of separating ownership of institutional shareholders as a component of corporate governance and accounting conservatism.

[Ghasem Almasi, S. Ali Vaeez. The Relationship between Corporate governance and Conservatism in the Listed Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. World Rural Observ 2013;5(4):54-60]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 10

doi:10.7537/marswro050413.10

Keywords: corporate governance, conservative, non-duty members of the board of directors, institutional shareholders

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The Analysis on the Energy Consumption and Output Value of Harbin Electric Machinery Company Limited Based on GM (0, 2) Model

Zhang Xinyu

Actuarial and investment science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Email: xinyu1991@163.com

Abstract: The influence which the ten thousand yuan total output value comprehensive energy consumption index gets should be the attention problem of company manager after the company implemented the energy-saving strategy. It can help the company to deploy and use energy rationally and increase the economic efficiency to study the relationship between the total energy consumption and the total industrial output value. This paper takes Harbin Electric Machinery Company Limited for example; it is based on the total energy consumption and the total industrial output value from 2008 to 2012 as the basis and indicates the relationship between the company's total energy consumption and the total industrial output value through using GM (0, 2) model. The time series model is built to illustrate the output change trend over time, predict the next output value, and then predict the total energy consumption value based on the forecast value. Some rationalization proposals are given to the company's long-term development in energy-saving work to make the total industrial output value of every ten thousand yuan consume the minimum amount of energy.

[Zhang Xinyu. The Analysis on the Energy Consumption and Output Value of Harbin Electric Machinery Company Limited Based on GM (0, 2) Model. World Rural Observ 2013; 5(4):61-73]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 11

doi:10.7537/marswro050413.11

Keywords: GM (0, 2); Energy consumption; Industrial output value; ARMA.

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Bacteriological And Physico-Chemical Assessment Of Wastewater From Wupa Wastewater Treatment Plant, Abuja

Ugoh, S.C., Nneji, L.M. and Atoyebi, B.A

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria

sylvaugoh@hotmail.com, lotannanneji@gmail.com,connecttunde_31@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT: The bacteriological and physico-chemical assessment of wastewater from Wupa Wastewater Treatment Plant, Abuja was carried out. Sixty wastewater samples were collected from four different locations of the wastewater treatment plant. These water samples were also analyzed for the presence of bacterial organisms. The physico-chemical parameters (temperature, pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids and dissolved oxygen) were evaluated. The findings of the result showed that, all samples collected from the entrance points were contaminated with bacteria (100.0%), whereas, in exit points a percentage of 60% was found, but at the downstream (30m from the exit point), the rate of bacterial contamination reduced to 13.30%. Four bacterial species were isolated namely Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and Streptococcus spp. The result of the study indicated that the temperature, pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids and dissolved oxygen of the wastewater from exit points showed a slight conformity to the WHO and FEPA standards, but there is still need for urgent steps to be taken for proper management and sanitation of the wastewater before discharging it to the stream, so as to ensure to total conformity with the approved standards.

[Ugoh, S.C., Nneji, L.M. and Atoyebi, B.A. Bacteriological and Physico-Chemical Assessment of Wastewater from Wupa Wastewater Treatment Plant, Abuja. World Rural Observ, 2013;5(11):74-79]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 12

doi:10.7537/marswro050413.12

Keywords: bacteriological, effluent, wastewater, sewage treated water, treatment plant

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The relationship between personality characteristics and mental health on work performance of primary school principals district one in Zahedan

Gholamali Sargazi¹, Dr. Hossein Jenaabadi², Abedeh Nazari³

¹ MA in educational management, University of Sistan and baluchestan

² Associate Professor, University of Sistan and Baluchestan

³ Master in educational management, university of sistan& baluchestan

hjenaabadi@ped.usb.ac.ir

Abstract: Aim: This research conducted with the aim to examine relationship between personality characteristics and mental health on work performance of primary school administrator’s district one in Zahedan. Research method is descriptive - correlative. The study sample included all principals and teachers in the 2012-2013 school years in the primary schools are working in a city of Zahedan. Numbers of principals were 81 persons, 41 were male and 40 of them were women. The sampling method of principals is a class based sampling according to the class, gender, and number of principals of statistical volume 81 persons of principals, 50 people as sample principals chose and studied. Research tools including questionnaires Five-Factor NEO personality traits and mental health questionnaire Form 28-point GHQ and Likert job performance 45 questions questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 17. Pearson correlation coefficients calculated and the linear multivariate regression analysis conducted. The findings showed that between five personality factors and job performance of male principals in primary schools in district one of Zahedan, there is a significant and inverse relationship. However, in female principals only between the job performance with extraversion, emotional stability factor, relationship is not meaningful. However, between the jobs performance of women principals and conscience, the adaptability and flexibility of experience, there is a significant positive relationship. Between mental health and job performance of male primary school principals in district one in Zahedan, there is a significant positive relationship. However, between mental health and job performance of female primary school principals in Zahedan district one, no significant relationship was found. In connection with the influence of personality characteristics, on male and female principals’ performance only conscience characteristics could predict job performance and it has the most prediction for job performance of male and female principals. The results also showed that the characteristics of male mental health principals, only depression was able to forecast job performance. Among female principals’ mental health characteristics, as described in the above table, in the first step anxiety characteristics and the second step social disorder can have most prediction from the job performance for women principals.

[Gholamali Sargazi, Dr. Hossein Jenaabadi, Abedeh Nazari. The relationship between personality characteristics and mental health on work performance of primary school principals district one in Zahedan. World Rural Observ 2013;5(4):80-90]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 13

doi:10.7537/marswro050413.13

Key words: job performance, mental health, personality characteristics, primary principals

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The Role of Total Quality Management on enhancing labor productivity

(Power Plant of Jahrom)

Alireza Manzari Tavakoli, Hassan soltani

¹kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran

²science & research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran

Abstract: This study is a descriptive study which it examines the relationship between Total Quality Management establishment and improving Labor productivity In the Power Plant of Jahrom. The employees of this power plant have been the statistical population. Their number has been 120 people and the sample size were selected 68 individuals based on random sampling. Statistical analysis was performed by Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis and Spss software for data analysis. Two types of questionnaires were used in this study. A questionnaire was used to measure levels of productivity derived from the study of Jahed and the questionnaire has been used to measure Total Quality Management prepared by the researcher. The Reliability of the questionnaires has been calculated respectively 0.884 and 0.875 by Cronbach's Alpha. The results show that there is a positive correlation between the dimensions of total quality management (employee involvement, employee empowerment and continuous improvement) and labor productivity. As a result implementing of total quality management leads to productivity growth of labor and organizational productivity.

[Alireza Manzari Tavakoli, Hassan soltani. The Role of Total Quality Management on enhancing labor productivity (Power Plant of Jahrom) World Rural Observ 2013;5(4):91-99]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 14

doi:10.7537/marswro050413.14

Key words: total quality management, labor productivity, Employee participation, employee empowerment

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Effects on unrest historical Center of gravity on historical mentality of modern Iranian

Ali asghar amini dehaghi

Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting, Vali asr street, Tehran, Iran

Amini779@yahoo.com

Abstract: Five critical centers in the Iranians history have led continuing political unrest in the social mentality that basically constitutes the nature of the political culture in the present society due to the Iranian historical temper That include: 1. The invasion new Muslim Arabs from the Arabian Peninsula and the fall of the Sassanid Empire. 2. The Mongol invasions and his domination in the many years on Iranian society. 3. The formation of the national unity of government by the Shi'ite Safavid dynasty of rulers. 4. The incidence of the Constitutional Revolution in the early twentieth century. 5. The incidence of Islamic Revolution in Iran (1979).

[Ali asghar amini dehaghi. Effects on unrest historical Center of gravity on historical mentality of modern Iranian. World Rural Observ 2013;5(4):100-107]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 15

doi:10.7537/marswro050413.15

Key word: Collective memory, Retrospective, perplexity of period, soteriology, Tradition and Modernity

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Training Needs of Table Size Fish Farmers Operating in Niger State, Nigeria

Ifejika, PI¹, Uzokwe, UN², and Oladosu, OI³

¹National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research, Extension and Commercialization Programme, P.M.B. 6006, New-Bussa, Niger State, Nigeria

²Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Delta State University, Asaba campus, Delta State, Nigeria

³Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria

Corresponding Author Emails: ifejikaphilip@gmail.com & ifejikaphilip@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study assessed the training needs of 110 contact table size aquaculture farmers operating in Niger State. Semi-structured questionnaire were used to elicit primary information through face to face interview from respondents and analysed with descriptive tools of frequency, mean, percentage and standard deviation as presented in tables, figures and charts. The result showed that the young and middle aged categories (95.5%) are the contending forces piloting fish farming who are mostly graduates (81.8%). But gender involvement is skewed against women while in the past four years more than half (54%) had no training. As revealed, the pressing training needs of fish farmers in high demand (≥ the mean of 43.1%) were found to be in fish disease control and treatment (50.5%), water quality parameters (46.5%), fish feed formulation (46.0%) and fish processing (44.5%). While training needs on low demands below (≤ the mean of 43.1%) were management practices, pond construction, record keeping and fish breeding. Overall categorization of respondent training needs revealed that 71.3% were in the high category against small proportions on medium category (13.8%) and low category (14.9%). Interesting, respondents showed more confidence in federal establishments to provide quality extension training in fisheries than state agencies. The preferred choices federal government agencies to conduct the training were fisheries research institute (68.0%) and federal ministry of agriculture and rural development (59%). Based on the findings, it is recommended that fisheries research institutions and federal ministry of agriculture should embark on aggressive capacity training of fish farmers on the identified training needs particularly those on high demand to reduce the high incidence of no training as well as to improve skill and knowledge of practicing fish farmers in the state. While the state and local council extension agencies should be mobilised for training of fish farmers in their domain.

[Ifejika, PI, Uzokwe, UN, and Oladosu, OI. Training Needs of Table Size Fish Farmers Operating in Niger State, Nigeria. World Rural Observ 2013;5(4):108-113]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 16

doi:10.7537/marswro050413.16

Key words: Nigeria, training, needs, fish farmers

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Isolation and identification of Kilifia acuminata (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) toxic compounds in Alphonso mango leaves

Abd Elrahman M. Monzer, Hesham A. Srour and Ahmed M. Abd El-Ghany

Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

hamsor98@hotmail.com

Abstract: Leave samples of Alphonso mango cultivar were extracted with solvents of different polarities (hexane, dichloromethane and methanol). Extracts were bio-assayed for their insect toxicity using mango shield scale Kilifia acuminate as bio-indicator. Of the three tested extracts, methanol extract showed high and significant toxicity against K. acuminata. Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, preparative HPLC, and thin layer chromatography (TLC) were used to isolate compound(s) responsible for such toxic effect to facilitate their identification. GC/MS analysis of the isolated compound identified the phenolic compound pyrogallol (1,2,3-Trihydroxybenzene) as the main K. acuminata toxic compound in Alphonso mango leaves.

 [Abd Elrahman M. Monzer, Hesham A. Srour and Ahmed M. Abd El-Ghany. Isolation and identification of Kilifia acuminata (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) toxic compounds in Alphonso mango leaves. World Rural Observations 2013;5(4):114-119]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 17

doi:10.7537/marswro050413.17

Key words: Mangifera indica, Kilifia acuminata, HPLC, TLC, GC/MS, Insecticide, Pyrogallol.

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The relationship between styles of parenting schooling success, aggression and mental health in high school students (girls and boys) of the town of Bandar-e- Mahshahr (Iran)

Fatemeh Ebrahimi¹, Dr. Nadereh Sohrabi², Dr Siamak Samani ³

^1.Student of Accounting, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran

^2.Department of Accounting, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran

^3.Department of Accounting, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran

Abstract: The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the styles of parenting with factors such as educational scuccess, aggression and mental health of high school students of Bandar-e- Mahshahr town (boys and girls). Our sample included 17565 boys and girls students, which amongst them 432 were selcted for this research as sample. In this research we used the sampling method. That is to say we selected 3 male school and also 3 female school from the schools of the city and totally 18 class from all levels were selected. The questionair used in this research include: The Alabama parenting questionair, the questionair of depression, anxiety, and psychological pressure (DASS), and the Bass Vapri questionair.

[Fatemeh Ebrahimi, Nadereh Sohrabi, Siamak Samani. The relationship between styles of parenting schooling success, aggression and mental health in high school students (girls and boys) of the town of Bandar-e- Mahshahr (Iran). World Rural Observ 2013;5(4):120-127]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 18

doi:10.7537/marswro050413.18

Key words: parenting styles, educational scuccess, mental health, agression

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Comparative studies between Gum Arabic recognized as a natural prebiotic and Bfidobacterium as probiotic as potential cure for experimental bacterial infection in mice

Amnah A.H. Rayes

Faculty of Applied Sciences. Umm Al- Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia

Amnaa_rayes_50@yahoo.com

Abstract: Gum Arabic as natural prebiotic is food ingredients that stimulate the growth of useful bacteria which lives in the large intestine of the human being or animal and beneficial to the digestive system, body's immunity, disposal of poisons, fats and excreta. Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that can be found in various foods, or in the form of dietary supplements. Common strains of probiotics are Lactobacillis and Bifidobacterium families of bacteria. So present study aimed to investigate the effect of Gum arabic as natural prebiotics in comparison with Bfidobacterium animalis sub sp. lactis (Bb12) as probiotic and combination of prebiotic and probiotic when administrated as food additive when challenged the experimental mice with salmonella typhimuarium. The results indicated that there were symbiosis between prebiotic and probiotic, gum Arabic is good for health as natural prebiotic especially in the large dose, Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 also good for health and immune status while the combination between gum Arabic as prebiotic and Bifidobacterium as probiotic (5 g GA+ Bb12) was better whether the combined application of PRO and PRE (synbiotics) has synergistic and additive significant effects, they give good results than each one alone and improved the health conditions, physiological and immune response; cellular and humeral for challenged mice with salmonella typhimuarium.

[Amnah A.H. Rayes. Comparative studies between Gum Arabic recognized as a natural prebiotic and Bfidobacterium as probiotic as potential cure for experimental bacterial infection in mice. World Rural Observ 2013;5(4):128-135 == page 128+ numpages 8-1135- page 128+1 ]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 19

doi:10.7537/marswro050413.19

Key words: Gum Arabic; Bifidobacterium; phagocytic activity; lysozyme;AST; ALT; Uric acid; Creatinine.

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