Welcome to send your manuscript to: sciencepub@gmail.com

No.

Title/Authors/Abstract

Full Text

Page

1

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AIR QUALITY OF CEMENT AFFECTED AND NON-CEMENT AFFECTED AREAS OF THE SAME GEOGRAPHICAL AREA OF KASHMIR (J&K)

Syed Sana Mehraj¹, Gowher Ahmad Bhat²

1.       Research Scholar, Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, India.

2.       Professor of CORD, University of Kashmir, India.

Corresponding author: showkat80ahmad@gmail.com

Abstract: The rapid population growth along with high rate of urbanization and an increase in industrialisation has resulted in an increase in the levels of various air pollutants. Although, a considerable amount of work has been done to measure the various characteristics of air pollutants in industrialized areas, there is dearth of knowledge on air quality in general. It is in this context that the present study was undertaken to measure the ambient air quality with respect to suspended particulate matter (SPM), respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and sulphur dioxide (SO₂) at a cement industrialised areas of Kashmir valley. The ambient air quality at three different station namely Khrew town, Khonmoh and Chatterhama was monitored with a sampling frequency of 1 hour from March to December in 2011. The results indicated that average values of SPM, NRSPM and RSPM levels exceeded the hourly limits so the values of NO₂ and SO₂ which also exceeds the limits as set by NAAQS at site I and II while as at site III it was within permissible limits. Further high concentration of pollutants was observed in the winter months and least in summer. The highest average concentration of particulate pollutants was recorded at Khonmoh site, while least values were observed at Chatterhama (control) site while as the highest mean concentration of gaseous pollutants was estimated at Khrew site and lowest at Chatterhama site. It can be concluded that cement industry is one of the biggest source of air pollutants and responsible for the high concentration of pollutants in the area.

[Syed Sana Mehraj, Gowher Ahmad Bhat. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AIR QUALITY OF CEMENT AFFECTED AND NON-CEMENT AFFECTED AREAS OF THE SAME GEOGRAPHICAL AREA OF KASHMIR (J&K). World Rural Observ 2012;4(4):1-9]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 1

doi:10.7537/marswro040412.01

Keywords: Ambient; SPM; PM₁₀; industrialisation

Full Text

1

2

Combination effects of Spodoptera littoralis nuclear polyhedrosis and granulous virus against larvae of the cotton leafworm

Hatem, A. E^1,2.,. Shalaby, H. H¹., Fargalla F. H¹. and Vargas-Osuna, E².

¹ Agriculture Research Center - Plant Protection Research Institute - 7 Nady El-Sayied St.,- Dokki - Giza - Egypt. ² Entomology Agroforestry - Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, ETSIAM, Cordoba University, Campus de Rabanales, Building C4, Cordoba 14071, Spain.

hassan_shalaby2003@yahoo.com

Abstract: In the laboratory, the median lethal doses (LD50s), the median survival times (ST50s) and the median lethal times (LT50s) were measured for 3^th instars larvae (L3) of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) infected with S. littoralis nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SpliNPV), S. littoralis granulovirus (SpliGV) or both. The results revealed that interactions between SpliNPV and SpliGV were dose dependent. The larval mortalities in combined treatments of SpliNPV (2.556 OB/larvae and 63.900 OB/larvae) and SpliGV (5.6x10⁶ OB / larvae and 1.4x10⁸ OB / larvae) were higher than those obtained in each single virus treatment. The LD50s was increased significantly in combined treatment than in single treatments. The median lethal doses (LD50s) of the SpliNPV were increased when combined with one dose SpliGV, which indicates a loss of virulence of SpliNPV. The ST50s for single and combined treatments with SpliNPV and SpliGV was significantly higher in combined treatment than in single SpliNPV treatment with 3-6 days, but the ST50s was reduced significantly in combined treatment with low doses of SpliGV. The ST50s in the treatments with SpliNPV doses and constant dose of SpliGV was decreased significantly with the increasing of the SpliNPV doses. The treatments of SpliGV doses and constant dose of SpliNPV the ST50s was increased respect to single treatments without significant differences. The LT50s in combined treatments was increased respectively to single doses of SpliNPV. The SpliGV LT50s were affected by neither the single treatments nor the combined treatments. As conclusion the combination of SpliNPV and SpliGV showed antagonism, so that it is not recommended to use the mixture of both viruses as bioinsecticides.

[Hatem, A. E., Shalaby, H. H., Fargalla F. H. and Vargas-Osuna, E.. Combination effects of Spodoptera littoralis nuclear polyhedrosis and granulous virus against larvae of the cotton leafworm. World Rural Observ 2012;4(4):10-16]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 2

doi:10.7537/marswro040412.02

Keywords: SpliNPV, SpliGV, S. littoralis, combination, antagonism.

Full Text

2

3

Determinants of Households’ Food Demand in Nigeria

Ashagidigbi Waheed .M.^1, Sulaiman .A. Yusuf² and Victor O. Okoruwa³

^1,2,3Department of Agricultural Economics University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

ashagidigbi2000@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: Food crisis in Nigeria has been on the rise with the worsening effect on food security situation in the country. Studies have focused on state sectoral or zonal investigation of households’ food demand in Nigeria. However, investigation of households’ food demand has received little attention at the National level, necessitating this study. Cross sectional data obtained from the Nigerian Living Standard Survey (NLSS) of 2004 by National Bureau of Statistics was employed. A total of 18,861 households units with relevant variables of interest were used. Prices of different food groups were obtained from Prices of Selected food Items (2004) by NBS. Data used were households’ socio-economic characteristics; prices, quantity purchased and expenditure on different food groups (staple (STP), animal protein (AP), fats and oils (FT), fruits (FR) and vegetables (VG)). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) models at p=0.05. The mean age and house size were 47.4±5.35 and 4.85±2.90. Staple was the mostly consumed food group with highest expenditure of N10, 599.6, while fruits is least consumed with lowest expenditure of N374.Older respondents and households with higher income consume less of fats in Nigeria. Expenditure elasticities (Ey) of all the food groups, with the exception of fats and fruits are less than unity. Income smoothening and stability of food prices is an option in ensuring adequate food demand.

[Ashagidigbi W.M,; S.A Yusuf and V.O Okoruwa. Determinants of Households’ Food Demand in Nigeria  World Rural Observ 2012;4(4):17-28]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 3

doi:10.7537/marswro040412.03

Key Words: Food demand, Expenditure elasticities, Nigerian households

Full Text

3

4

Comparative study between Global Positioning System (GPS) surveying methods and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) - based flood volume for reservoir capacity determination in Makera marshland, Muhanga district, Rwanda

Alphonse Nahayo^1,*, David Nkurunziza², Fidele Nsabimana¹

1.       Higher Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry (ISAE)- Busogo; Department of Forestry and Nature Conservation; P.O.Box 210 Musanze, Rwanda; email: nahayo1@yahoo.fr

2.       Ruhengeri Institute of Higher Education (INES), Department of Land Survey, P.O.Box 155 Ruhengeri, Rwanda

Abstract: The main objective of this study was to compare the results got through the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to determine the reservoir capacity of Makera Marshland, Muhanga District in Rwanda. This study also aimed at collecting and identifying the flood volume capacity by using GPS, conducting GIS- based flood volume capacity of Makera marshland based on existing digital topographic map, investigating and identifying differences in the proposed techniques. The GPS surveying method revealed that the plannimetric area of Makera marshland is 447,840.122 m² with the reservoir capacity of 9,703,452.75 m³ calculated above the base height of 1733 m. The GIS- based flood volume capacity of Makera marshland based on existing digital topographic map gave a plannimetric area of 1,914,988.688 m², while the volume capacity was 7,537,512.812 m³. Then, the difference was 2,165,939.938m³. Results indicated that there is a significant difference between the results obtained from GPS surveying and the existing digital map due to the atmospheric fluctuations, the multi path interferences and poor satellite signals. Therefore, the use of GIS- based flood volume is better than using GPS as far as reservoir capacity determination is concerned.

[Nahayo A, Nkurunziza D, Nsabimana F. Comparative study between Global Positioning System (GPS) surveying methods and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) - based flood volume for reservoir capacity determination in Makera marshland, Muhanga district, Rwanda. World Rural Observ 2012; 4(4):29-35]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 4

doi:10.7537/marswro040412.04

Keywords: Global Positioning System, Geographic information Systems, reservoir capacity determination, Makera marshland, Rwanda

Full Text

4

5

 Forest Exploration And Utilization As A Veritable Market For Rural Development: An Assessment Of Oke-Ako, Nigeria.

Adeniyi, J.O¹; Olugbamila, O.B²; Aboduade, E.O³, Olufayo, O⁴; Omole, F.K ⁵*

1, 2, 3. Department of Urban & Regional Planning, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Nigeria

4, 5. Department of Urban & Regional Planning, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, P.M.B 704

5*Correspondent author: fkyomole@yahoo.co.uk

ABSTRACT: Rural communities are blessed with resources which need to be exploited to achieve rural development. This study focuses on the assessment of forest resources as a developmental strategy in Oke-Ako, Ekiti State, Nigeria. The rate at which the rural areas are being neglected for the development of urban settlements is on the increase. This phenomenon had lead to the increase of urban populace on a daily basis which equally results to other problems. The abundance of forest resource in the study area has brought about an approximate 3994 population; this makes the community to standout among other settlements in the area. The sampling techniques adopted for this study is a total survey. Structured questionnaires were administered to all the 208 buildings in the study area and relevant government agencies. Data collected from the study area were analyzed and presented with the aid of tables and other graphical illustration. Other findings include; exploitation methods of the forest resources, security measures put in place, efforts towards forest resources preservation, and effects of forest resources development among others. Based on the findings, it is therefore recommended that government at all levels should enlighten the farmers and the entire public on the important of forest resource. Also, forest should be preserved and conserved by government and the community at large so that the available forest resources in Oke-Ako can enhance aesthetic and sustainability of the community.

[Adeniyi, J.O; Olugbamila, O.B; Aboduade, E.O, Olufayo, O; Omole, F.K. Forest Exploration And Utilization As A Veritable Market For Rural Development: An Assessment Of Oke-Ako, Nigeria. World Rural Observ 2012;4(4):36-43]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 5

doi:10.7537/marswro040412.05

Keywords: Forest development, exploration, utilization, marketing, Oke-Ako, and rural community

Full Text

5

6

Forest Exploration And Utilization As A Veritable Market For Rural Development: An Assessment Of Oke-Ako, Nigeria.

Adeniyi, J.O¹; Olugbamila, O.B²; Aboduade, E.O³, Olufayo, O⁴; Omole, F.K ⁵*

1, 2, 3. Department of Urban & Regional Planning, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Nigeria

4, 5. Department of Urban & Regional Planning, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, P.M.B 704

5*Correspondent author: fkyomole@yahoo.co.uk

ABSTRACT: Rural communities are blessed with resources which need to be exploited to achieve rural development. This study focuses on the assessment of forest resources as a developmental strategy in Oke-Ako, Ekiti State, Nigeria. The rate at which the rural areas are being neglected for the development of urban settlements is on the increase. This phenomenon had lead to the increase of urban populace on a daily basis which equally results to other problems. The abundance of forest resource in the study area has brought about an approximate 3994 population; this makes the community to standout among other settlements in the area. The sampling techniques adopted for this study is a total survey. Structured questionnaires were administered to all the 208 buildings in the study area and relevant government agencies. Data collected from the study area were analyzed and presented with the aid of tables and other graphical illustration. Other findings include; exploitation methods of the forest resources, security measures put in place, efforts towards forest resources preservation, and effects of forest resources development among others. Based on the findings, it is therefore recommended that government at all levels should enlighten the farmers and the entire public on the important of forest resource. Also, forest should be preserved and conserved by government and the community at large so that the available forest resources in Oke-Ako can enhance aesthetic and sustainability of the community.

[Adeniyi, J.O; Olugbamila, O.B; Aboduade, E.O, Olufayo, O; Omole, F.K. Forest Exploration And Utilization As A Veritable Market For Rural Development: An Assessment Of Oke-Ako, Nigeria. World Rural Observ 2012;4(4):44-49]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 6

doi:10.7537/marswro040412.06

Keywords: Forest development, exploration, utilization, marketing, Oke-Ako, and rural community

Full Text

6

7

Relationship between the Rate of Infestation with the Mealybug, Icerya Seychellarum (Westwood) (Margarodidae: Homoptera) and the Yield Loss of Seedy Balady Mango Trees at Luxor Governorate

Salman, A.M.A¹ and M.M.S. Bakry ²

¹ Plant Protection Dept., Fac. of Agric. Sohag Univ., Sohag, Egypt

² Scale Insects and Mealy bugs Research Dept., Plant Protection Research Institute, A.R.C, Dokii, Giza, Egypt.

¹ a26s26@yahoo.com, ² md.md_sabry@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present work aimed to evaluate the relationship between the rate of infestation by Icerya seychellarum during three peaks of insect activity in October, May and August and the yield loss of seedy Balady mango trees at Esna district, Luxor Governorate through the two convective seasons of 2010/2011 and 2011/2012. The obtained results revealed that the increase in population density in three peaks of insect population decreased the yield slightly (inverted relation) by (3.6, 6.5 and 4.3 kg/tree) and (2.5, 4.1 and 2.3 kg/tree) during two successive, respectively  and increased the percentage of the yield loss by (1.47, 2.64 and 1.77 %) and (1.47, 1.97 and 1.08 %), when the yield data were correlated with the peaks of insect population in October, May and August through the two successive seasons,2010-2011 and 2011-2012 respectively. The early infestation during May was more effective causing the greatest loss in mango yield during the two seasons. The reduction in mango yield was a summation of many factors including level and time of infestation and the ability of variety to infestation.

[Salman, A.M.A and M.M.S. Bakry.  Relationship between the Rate of Infestation with the Mealybug, Icerya Seychellarum (Westwood) (Margarodidae: Homoptera) and the Yield Loss of Seedy Balady Mango Trees at Luxor Governorate. World Rural Observ 2012;4(4):50-56]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural.  7

doi:10.7537/marswro040412.07

Key words: Icerya seychellarum, infestation, mango variety, yield and percentage of reduction.

Full Text

7

8

Appropriate Rainwater Harvesting Storage Capacity for   Households: A Case Study of Central Gonja District

Issaka Z¹., E. Mensah², W. A. Agyare¹ and E. Ofori¹

1. Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Engineering

2. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.

ebenmensah@gmail.com

Abstract: Rainwater harvesting capacity is determined primarily by mean annual rainfall and roof catchment area. Household water consumption is influenced by activities of individuals in the household. Tradition and culture may also influence water usage pattern. However, some of these factors vary significantly from one community to the other. There is therefore variation in storage capacity of household tanks. The study looked at the appropriate storage capacity for households in the Central Gonja District in the Northern Region, Ghana. Data was collected on daily household water consumption through a survey using questionnaire in Buipe, Yapei and Mpaha areas of the Central Gonja District. The dry-season water demand vis-a-vis rainwater supply approach was used to determine the capacity of storage tanks required to meet dry season demand. The results showed that the roof sizes of the houses were adequate to supply households with rainwater during the critical period of five months (dry spell).

[Issaka Z, E. Mensah, W. A. Agyare and E. Ofori. Appropriate Rainwater Harvesting Storage Capacity for Households: A Case Study of Central Gonja District. World Rural Observ 2012;4(4):57-63]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 8

doi:10.7537/marswro040412.08

Keywords: Domestic Rainwater Harvesting (DRH), household, water supply and demand, Central Gonja District. 

Full Text

8

9

The Effect of Globalization on Growth and Economic Development of Countries

Samad Ranjbar Ardakani, Reza Yousofvand

Department of Management, Payame Noor University, I.R. Iran

Assistant Professor, Payame Noor University, I.R. Iran

samadranjbarardakani@yahoo.com

Abstract: Most of world countries emphasize on a liberal unified market in the world, some of them believe the globalizations in all areas not only the markets. Globalization if be generally or be subject to marginal changes is one of the most attractive phenomena discussed by many researchers since its emergence. The Current paper reviews the globalization, its impact on the development of the societies and sustainable development.

[Samad Ranjbar Ardakani, Reza Yousofvand. The Effect of Globalization on Growth and Economic Development of Countries. World Rural Observ 2012;4(4):64-67]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 9

doi:10.7537/marswro040412.09

Keywords: Development, Globalization, Liberal Economy, Financial Development

Full Text

9

10

Distance learning tools in adult education

Maryam Khodamoradi, Esmaeel Ghorbani, Mehran Bozorgmanesh and Abbas Emami

Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran

*Corresponding author: mehran11070@yahoo.com

Abstract: While there is still prejudice surrounding some distance learning, it is increasingly being accepted as an alternative to traditional classroom learning. Courses can be offered via the Internet, where students are able to interact with instructors and other students without physically being in the same room. Getting a college education can be difficult for people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Frequent trips to the restroom, exhaustion, doctor visits, and medication side effects are all barriers to the traditional college experience. What if you could get the degree without ever setting foot on a campus? You can do just that through distance or virtual learning. Distance learning has been around for a long time (we've all seen the commercials on TV).

[Maryam Khodamoradi, Esmaeel Ghorbani, Mehran Bozorgmanesh and Abbas Emami. Distance learning tools in adult education. World Rural Observ 2012;4(4):68-71]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 10

doi:10.7537/marswro040412.10

Keywords: adult education, distance learning

Full Text

10

11

Importance of Adult Learning Principles

Esmaeel Ghorbani¹, Maryam Khodamoradi², Mehran Bozorgmanesh³ and Abbas Emami⁴

^1,2,3,4 Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran

*Corresponding author: mehran11070@yahoo.com

Abstract: Adults learn most effectively when they have an inner motivation to develop a new skill or gain new knowledge. They resist learning material if it is forced on them, or if the only reason given is that the material will, in some vague way, be "good for them to know." Adults need to know why they are being asked to learn something; and they definitely will want to know what the benefits will be before they begin learning. This means the best motivators for adult learners are explicit interest and self benefit. If they can be shown that the program will benefit them pragmatically and practically, they will learn better, and the benefits will be much longer lasting. Typical motivations include a desire for better handling of personal money matters, say in retirement, wanting a new or first job, promotion, job enrichment, a need to reinforce old skills in say, handling credit or learn new ones, a need to adapt to community changes such as on-line banking and so on. Remember the tone of the program should be motivating.

Esmaeel Ghorbani, Maryam Khodamoradi, Mehran Bozorgmanesh and Abbas Emami. Importance of Adult Learning Principles. World Rural Observ 2012;4(4):72-75]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 11

doi:10.7537/marswro040412.11

Keywords: adult education, Adult Learning

Full Text

11

12

Technology Adoption and poverty alleviation among Cassava-based Farming Households in Southwest, Nigeria: case of RTEP Production technology

Adekemi A. Obisesan , Bola T. Omonona, Suleiman A.Yusuf , Omobowale A. Oni

Department of Agricultural- Economics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria

kemi_triumph@yahoo.com

Abstract: Poverty is one of the developmental problems facing Nigeria being endemic to rural areas where the main occupation is farming. Nigeria focuses on sustainable agriculture and rural development as a means of reducing rural poverty. However, agricultural growth and development is not possible without yield-enhancing technological options therefore, research and adoption of technological improvement are crucial to poverty alleviation. Among several agricultural programmes targeted towards poverty alleviation in Nigeria is the Root and Tuber Expansion Programme (RTEP) which was designed to consolidate the gains made under the Cassava Multiplication Programme (CMP) with the goal of increasing income and alleviating poverty. This study assessed the impact of Root and Tuber Expansion Programme (RTEP) improved production technology on the poverty status of cassava-based farming households in Southwest, Nigeria. The data were collected with the aid of structured questionnaire through a multistage sampling technique. A sample of 482 households were selected comprising RTEP beneficiaries (RTEP), Non-RTEP beneficiaries within RTEP LGAs (NRTEPW) and Non-RTEP beneficiaries living outside RTEP LGAs (NRTEPO). The data were analyzed using Propensity Score Matching, descriptive statistics and Foster-Greer-Thorbecke weighted poverty index. Out of the 482 households, 387 with similar characteristics were used for analysis in the study. The mean per capita household expenditure (MPCHHE) was ₦51709.49 while the poverty line was ₦34473.00 per annum. The poverty incidence of RTEP was lower than that of the non-beneficiaries, this reveals that RTEP improved production technology has the potential to reduce poverty. The FGT poverty indices of the beneficiaries declined due to participation in the programme. The poverty incidence reduced by 11.15%, 8.25% and 12.38% when compared with ANRTEP, NRTEPW and NRTEPO respectively. This suggests that the cassava production technology promoted under the programme is poverty reducing therefore, there should be further sensitization on this technology to alleviate poverty.

[Obisesan AA, Omonona BT, Yusuf SA, Oni OA. Technology Adoption and poverty alleviation among Cassava-based Farming Households in Southwest, Nigeria: case of RTEP Production technology. World Rural Observ 2013;5(1):76-81]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 12

doi:10.7537/marswro040412.12

Key words: Technology adoption; poverty alleviation; RTEP; Nigeria

Full Text

12

13

Effect of Bending Date on Spurs Formation and Fruit Set of Le-Conte Pear Trees

Hanaa M. Sherif

Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Egypt.

Hanaa.sheref@yahoo.com

Abstract: This investigation was carried out during 2009/2010 and 2010/ 2011seasons on four- years- old “Le -Conte” Pear trees (Pyrus communis) budded on Pyrus betulaefolia rootstock and grown in a sandy soil in El-Khattaba at El-Monufia Governorate to study the effect of bending dates on spurs formation, fruit set and fruit quality of Le-Conte trees. Bending occurred on three stages: (i) early summer (June &July), (ii) summer (August) and (iii) late summer (September & October).Degree of bending was 90 C^o on branches of two years old. Bending increased number of current shoots; vegetative spurs, flowering spurs, and fruit set. Results revealed that all treatments significantly increased yield, fruit weight, fruit size, fruit length, fruit diameter, in both seasons. Carbohydrates content of spur terminal buds of shoots increased by bending date. Contrarily, nitrogen decreased, consequently carbohydrates / nitrogen content increased by bending date. Generally, the best date for bending “Le-Conte” pear trees was in late summer (September) followed by early summer (July).

[Hanaa M. Sherif. Effect of Bending Date on Spurs Formation and Fruit Set of Le-Conte Pear Trees. World Rural Observ 2013;5(1):82-87]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 13

doi:10.7537/marswro040412.13

Keywords: 'Le-Conte" Pear, bend, bending date, flowering spurs, fruit yield, fruit quality.

Full Text

13

14

Indigenous Knowledge in agriculture

Esmaeel Ghorbani, Maryam Khodamoradi, Mehran Bozorgmanesh and Abbas Emami

Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran

*Corresponding author: mehran11070@yahoo.com

Abstract: Indigenous knowledge owners of world in current age (which known as information age) have valuable experiences from industry age and from inappropriate exploitation of their natural sources. These countries have learned that exporting produced goods is better than selling petroleum. enforcing indigenous productive system at villages and also encouraging youths and teens to learn indigenous knowledge at on hand , and preparing suitable research condition for applied-sciences scholars in order to identify better and increasing applied aptitude of indigenous knowledge at the other hand , is equal to protection and sustainable use of  natural resources.

[Esmaeel Ghorbani, Maryam Khodamoradi, Mehran Bozorgmanesh and Abbas Emami. Indigenous Knowledge in agriculture . World Rural Observ 2012;4(4):88-92]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 14

doi:10.7537/marswro040412.14

Keywords: indigenous knowledge

Full Text

14

15

Online Classes VS Traditional Classes: Comparison between the Two Methods

Sharareh Khodamoradi ¹ and Mohammad Abedi²

¹ Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

²Department of Agricultural Management, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: There are two types of programs offered by distance education schools: synchronous learning programs and asynchronous learning programs. With synchronous learning, distance education students must log on to the school’s website at a set time. Often, they interact with their peers and professors via group chats, web seminars, video conferencing, and phone call-ins. With asynchronous learning, distance education students complete all coursework on their own time. They often learn via assignment sheets, message boards, email, pre-recorded video lectures, mp3s, and traditional mail correspondence.

[Sharareh Khodamoradi and Mohammad Abedi. Online Classes VS Traditional Classes: Comparison between the Two Methods. World Rural Observ 2012;4(4):93-99]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 15

doi:10.7537/marswro040412.15

Keywords: Online Classes, Traditional Classes, distance education

Full Text

15