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Identification of Linear Features using continuation Filters Over Koton Karifi area, Nigeria, From Aeromagnetic Data.

 Abdulsalam N. Nasir.¹, Mallam Abu. ²  Likkason K. Othniel. ^{3
1 & 2} Department of Physics, University of Abuja, Gwagwalada, FCT PMB117, Nigeria
³ Physics Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi State, PMB0248, Nigeria

nasnaeem@yahoo.com

Abstract: Magnetic lineaments over sedimentary basins are zones of gradient interruptions or zones marked by sharp changes of the style of anomalies. These anomalies might be due to the fault affecting the underlying basement alone or both the basement and the sedimentary formations. In this paper, we have applied continuation filters (upward and downward continuations) as processing tools to the aeromagnetic total-field intensity anomaly of the koton-karifi area, Nigeria. The results from these field continuations revealed that as the upward continuation increases the field become broader. The general indication of this is that the linear feature (fault or fracture) might have been hosted in the basement structure and is significant as it was likely an earlier emplaced feature before SE Santonian movements took place . Not much deduction could be drawn from the result of downward continuation as it was generally observed that as we continued the field below source level the contours become clumsy and full of noise.

[Abdulsalam N. Nasir., Mallam Abu. Likkason K. Othniel. Identification of Linear Features using continuation Filters Over Koton Karifi area, Nigeria, From Aeromagnetic Data. World Rural Observations 2011;3(1):1-8]; ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 1

doi:10.7537/marswro030111.01

Keywords: upward continuation, downward continuation, fault, and fracture.

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Haematological responses of hybrid of Heterobranchus bidorsalis and Clarias gariepinus fed dietary levels of Carica papaya  leaf meal.

ANYANWU^a, D.C., UDEDIBIE^b, A.B.I. AND OSUIGWE^b, D.I., Ogwo^a, V. O.

 ^aDepartment of Agric. Science, Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri.

^b School of Agriculture and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri.

ahamefula_dan@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT: The haematological effects of feeding 35% isonitrogenous dietary levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% Carica papaya leaf meal on Hybrid of Heterobranchus bidorsalis and Clarias gariepinus post fingerlings were assessed. These were fed to the fingerlings, randomly assigned to 5 treatments – control (TCN), 5% (TC₁), 10% (TC₂), 15% (TC₃) and 20% (TC₄) CPLM in 3 replicates of 15 post fingerlings each using 15 plastic aquaria of 250 x 150cm dimension. The fish were fed at 5% body weight twice daily within the experimental period of 56 days. The haemoglobin and mean cell haemoglobin concentration levels for TC₄ were significantly (P>0.05) lower than the rest of the treatments. TC₁ was significantly the least in red blood cell level, while the highest for the packed cell volume. The white blood cell value was highest for TC₁, followed by TC₄ and TCN, while TC₂ and TC₃ were the least. The mean cell volume of TC₁ was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the rest of the treatments, followed by TC₃, TC₄, TC₂ and then TCN. The mean cell haemoglobin value for TC_I was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the rest of the treatments, followed by TC₂, TC₃, TC₄ and then TCN, which was the least. TC₂ and TC₃ were not significantly (P>0.05) different from each other.  

[Anyanwu, Udedibie, Osuigwe, Ogwo. Haematological responses of hybrid of Heterobranchus bidorsalis and Clarias gariepinus fed dietary levels of Carica papaya  leaf meal. World Rural Observations 2011;3(1):9-12]; ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 2

doi:10.7537/marswro030111.02

Keywords: Haematological; hybrid; Heterobranchus bidorsalis; Clarias gariepinus; Carica papaya  

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Pharmacokinetics of  florfenicol (Water soluble formulation) in healthy and Pasteurella infected   broiler chickens

 H. A. El-Banna  and H.Y. El-Zorba  

 Department of  Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University

Email: elzorba1@hotmail.com

 Abstract: Florfenicol have been approved in the European Union for use in cattle and pigs as injectable solution for treatment of respiratory diseases in cattle but now it introduced in some countries as oral solution for the treatment of several poultry diseases. The aim of the present study is to describe the Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol (water soluble formulation) in broiler chickens after either a single intravenous and/or oral administration at a dose of 30 mg/kg body weight. Meanwhile, its disposition in control healthy and Pasteurella-infected broilers was compared. Following the IV administration of the drug in healthy and diseased birds, the drug plasma concentration declined in a biphasic pattern. The maximum plasma concentration of florfenicol in control healthy and diseased was reached one hour after its oral administration, but the peak level detected in control broilers was higher than that detected in infected birds. Data of the present study showed that volume of distribution, total body clearance in infected birds were higher than that determined in control birds compared to values determined in healthy ones. On the other hands, systemic bioavailability were significantly lower (F%, 55.6%) in diseased broiler compared to values determined in healthy ones (F%, 71.5).

[H. A. El-Banna  and H.Y. El-Zorba. Pharmacokinetics of  florfenicol (Water soluble formulation) in healthy and Pasteurella infected   broiler chickens. World Rural Observations 2011;3(1):13-19]; ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 3

doi:10.7537/marswro030111.03

 Keywords: Pharmacokinetics, Florfenicol- Pasteurella-infected broilers

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Fluoride Content in Ground Water of Khurda District, Orissa, India

Nilakantha Dash¹, Gayatri Nahak³, Harmohan Das² and R.K. Sahu^3*

 ¹Department of Chemistry, Panchayat College, Dharmagarh, Orissa, India

²Department of Chemistry, Ravenshaw Junior College, Cuttack, Orissa, India

³B.J.B. Autonomous College, Botany Department, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India

sahurajani@gmail.com, gayatri.science@gmail.com

Abstracts: Fluoride is a chemical element that has to shown to cause significant effects on human health through drinking water. Different forms of fluoride exposure are of importance and have shown to affect the body’s fluoride content and thus increasing the risks of fluoride-prone diseases. Fluoride has beneficial effects on teeth at low concentrations of 1mg/L of fluoride however have shown to intensify the risk of tooth decay. Fluoride can also be quite detrimental at higher concentrations exceeding 1.5-2.0 as skeletal fluorosis and osteoporosis. Skeletal fluorosis is a significant cause of morbidity. Fluoride has been known to be found most frequently in groundwater at higher concentrations, depending on the nature of rocks and natural fluoride-carrying minerals at certain depths. Fluoride concentration in different water points varies from 0.27-14.00 mg/L. Thus high fluoride concentrations generally can be expected from calcium-poor aquifers and where cation exchange of sodium for calcium occurs. International standards for drinking water have been placed by conditions determine the nature of the standards that are to be legislated by different countries, and thus fluoride limits in drinking water, as well as posing possible measures of mitigation to eliminate such harmful threats.

[Nilakantha Dash, Gayatri Nahak, Harmohan Das and R.K. Sahu. Fluoride Content in Ground Water of Khurda District, Orissa, India). World Rural Observations 2011;3(1):20-26]; ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 4

doi:10.7537/marswro030111.04

Key words: Fluoride, Ground water, Khurda district and Defluoridation

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Poverty Alleviation Programme and Pro-poor Growth in Rural Nigeria: Case of Fadama II Project

Roseline .J Akinlade, Suleiman.A. Yusuf, Bola.T Omonona and A.S. Oyekale

 Department of Agricultural Economics University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

jummy120@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: Past government efforts to reduce poverty in Nigeria have not led to appreciable impact due to their supply driven approach. Recently emphasis is now shifting to demand driven approach through Community Driven Development assets (CDD). Fadama II one of the CDD projects invested mainly in agricultural projects to increase the income of the users.  This study examined whether Fadama II was a pro-poor project.  The data for this study were obtained from secondary source through a survey conducted in twelve World Bank supported Fadama states by International Food Policy Research Institute in 2006/2007 farming year. Only1,738 matched observations from the 3,750 respondents were used in this study.  The data were analysed using propensity score matching and poverty equivalent growth rate.  The result shows that Fadama II was pro-poor nationwide, across the three agroecological zones and in eight benefiting states. Contrariwise, although the poor among the non-beneficiaries benefited more than the non-poor but the growth was not for the very poor.  The study recommended that there is need to promote this type of Economic Community Driven Development project in the nation. Also there should be prevention of elite capture through proper targeting in the subsequent phase (s) of Fadama or any CDD.

[Roseline .J Akinlade, Suleiman.A. Yusuf, Bola.T Omonona and A.S. Oyekale. Poverty Alleviation Programme and Pro-poor Growth in Rural Nigeria: Case of Fadama II Project. World Rural Observations 2011;3(1):27-33]; ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 5

doi:10.7537/marswro030111.05

 Key words: Pro-poor growth; Fadama II; CDD; Rural Nigeria

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Promoting Women Participation in Natural Rubber Production as an Economic Imperative in Achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGS) in Nigeria

Omo-Ikerodah, E.E, Balogun, F.E, Giroh, D.Y, and Mesike, S.C.

 Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 1049, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.

eomoikerodah@yahoo.com,

Abstract: The Natural Rubber (NR) industry in Nigeria plays a significant role in providing employment, rural development and foreign exchange for the country. Its activities however, have been on a decline despite its potentials. To remedy this situation, government, at various times, had made efforts at developing the NR industry in Nigeria. In the process of planning these laudable programmes, policy makers often fail to recognize important contributions of women in agriculture, particularly in food and cash crops production. This paper examined past government efforts in boosting rubber production, current trends in rubber production, and failure of some of the government interventions due to exclusion of women participation in these programmes. The paper reviewed the past role of women in food and tree crops production in Nigeria and identified areas where women needed technological resources that would enhanced their active participation and contributions to NR development. These identified issues and strategies to address them are discussed.

[Omo-Ikerodah, E.E, Balogun, F.E, Giroh, D.Y, and Mesike, S.C. Promoting Women Participation in Natural Rubber Production as an Economic Imperative in Achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGS) in Nigeria. World Rural Observations 2011;3(1):34-39]; ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 6

doi:10.7537/marswro030111.06

 Key words: Women empowerment, Gender, Natural rubber, Agriculture, Development

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Local Beliefs On The Causes And Control Of Malaria In Okigwe Zone Of Imo State , Southern Eastern Nigeria

Iwu, R.U; Egeruoh, A.S; Awurum I. N; and Offor-Emenike, I.

 Dept. of Biology, Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri, Imo state, Nigeria.

Corresponding author: Rosykachi@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT: A cross- sectional survey amongst 83 health workers from okigwe zone of imo state was conducted within a workshop on control strategies in malaria. The aim of the research was to identify some local beliefs on the causes and control of malaria in the zone. Each participant at the workshop was requested to compile a list of this beliefs encountered under their health catchments area. The individual list were compiled to produce a list for each L.G.A and further combined to produce a grand list based on the classification of similar beliefs. Food (4 items), Exposure (3 items), Drinks (2 items), lifestyle (4 items), heredity (2 items) and biological (1 item). Findings depicted a low awareness to the causes and control of malaria and it advocated the use of health awareness programmes like health education, workshops and role play in disseminating health information was advised.

[Iwu, R.U; Egeruoh, A.S; Awurum I. N; and Offor-Emenike, I. Local Beliefs On The Causes And Control Of Malaria In Okigwe Zone Of Imo State , Southern Eastern Nigeria. World Rural Observations 2011;3(1):40-43]; ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 7

doi:10.7537/marswro030111.07

 Keywords: Awareness, Local belief, Malaria & Mosquito

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A study of effective factors on commitment and continuance on volunteers in non-governmental charity Organizations in Tehran City

Chenari¹, V,  Memarzadeh², G. R.

¹Department of  Management and Economics, Science and Research, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

²Department of  Management and Economics, Science and Research, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

 Abstract: The aim of this paper is to study those factors that influence commitment and continuance of volunteering staff in non-governmental charity organization of the city of Tehran. This study uses descriptive-correlative method where subjects are volunteers in non-governmental charity organizations in Tehran. A number of 220 volunteers were selected on randomly systematic basis taking into account the geographical distributions of the subjects from whom 134 (65%) were female while 77 (35%) were male, 100 (45%) were single and 120 (55%) were married. Data were collected through questionnaires and Chi/Square test was used to assess relationship between components while entropy test was carried out for weighting and prioritization of variables in Excel and SPSS software's. The results of Chi/Square test showed that all occupational, environmental and personal factors have a significant relationship with individual commitment and normative continuance. Also, entropy measure showed that the weight effects of occupational factors (0.333), environmental factors (0.342) and personal factors (0.325) in staff commitment. The results showed that the environmental factors are slightly more effective than occupational and personal factors in staff commitment, which calls for more focus on such factors in the commitment and continuance of volunteers in non-governmental charity organizations.

[Chenari, V.,  Memarzadeh, G. R. A study of effective factors on commitment and continuance on volunteers in non-governmental charity Organizations in Tehran City. World Rural Observations 2011;3(1):44-47]; ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 8

doi:10.7537/marswro030111.08

 Keywords: commitment , continuance ,  job satisfaction , volunteers , non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

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The Effects Of Rural Infrastructure Development On Crop Farmer’S Productivity In Osun State.

Ashagidigbi Waheed .M.^1, Abiodun .O Falusi² and Samson  O. Awopeju³

 ^1,2,3Department of Agricultural Economics University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

ashagidigbi2000@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: The study was carried out to ascertain level of infrastructure development in Osun state, with data obtained from Primary source. Multistage random sampling procedure was adopted with the selection of 100 farmers from 10 villages in three local government areas selected from the three senatorial districts in Osun state.  The results of infrastructure index shows that Olorunda local government is the most developed with index of 0.45, followed by Ayedaade (0.88). Ife central is underdeveloped having an index of 1.65. Gross margin (economic productivity) analysis also reveals farmers in Olorunda having the highest (N116480), followed by Ayedaade (N103400.4) and Ife central (N64048.29). Paired t-test analysis shows significant difference between the gross margins of farmers in Olorunda and Ife central; and Ayedaade and Ife central. The result of production frontier model reveals fertilizer, farm size and distance to major roads as the major determinants of farmers’ productivity.

[Ashagidigbi W. M, A. O Falusi and S. O Awopeju. The Effects of Rural Infrastructure Development on Crop Farmer’s Productivity in Osun State.  World Rural Observations 2011;3(1):48-58]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (online).  9

doi:10.7537/marswro030111.09

Key Words: Crop farmers, Infrastructure index, Productivity, gross margin

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Bovine Fascioliasis Among Slaughtered Cattle In Selected Abattoirs In Imo State, Nigeria

R.F Njoku-Tony

 Department of Environmental Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State

tonyrosefeechi@yahoo.com; 08068186166

ABSTRACT: A study of fascioliasis involving a 12 months fecal examination  of humped Sokoto gudali cattle from the  Northern part of Nigeria for eggs and adult fluke that cause  fascioliasis was carried out  in five different abattoirs  in Imo State, Nigeria  between 2004 and 2005.The abattoirs are Okigwe, Achingali, Orieagu, Orlu and Afor ogbe. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence and distribution of fascioliasis in cattle slaughtered in different abattoirs of Imo-State, Nigeria. Feces from the rectum of freshly slaughtered cattle were collected and analyzed in the laboratory for fasciola eggs, and their livers sliced to harvest adult flukes. Direct smear, formol ether concentration and sodium chloride floatation methods were used to harvest the eggs and adult flukes. Out of 2,400 cattle examined, 560 (23.3%) were infected. Infection was highest in Okigwe abattoir (34.2%), followed by Achingali (28.7%), Orieagu (25.6%), Orlu (6.5%) and Afor Ogbe (4.5%). Infection level rose with increase in rainfall. Highest infection was observed at the peak of the rainy season July-November and dropping during the dry season December-May .Intensity was higher in males than in females. Result recorded higher infection in the males than the females. Data was analyzed by chi square, analysis of variance and pearson product moment correlation coefficient (r) This result therefore underscores the importance of enforcing disease control programmes and adequate health education for cattle rearers in Imo State, Nigeria. Njoku-Tony, R.F. Bovine Fascioliasis in cattle slaughtered in some abattoirs in Imo state, Nigeria.

[R. F Njoku-Tony. The Effects Of Rural Infrastructure Development On Crop Farmer’S Productivity In Osun State. World Rural Observations 2011;3(1):59-63]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (online). 10

doi:10.7537/marswro030111.10

Keywords- Bovine, Fascioliasis, worms, Slaughter cattle, Abattiors, Prevalence, Nigeria

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Effect of Human Activities, and Environmental Changes on an Alpine Vegetation of District Chamoli, Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India

A.S. Bisht^* and A.B. Bhatt

Botany Department HNB Garhwal University Srinagar (Garhwal) Uttarakhand 246174.

*adityabisht1234@yahoo.com

Abstact: District Chamoli is famous for its high peaks and several alpine meadows. The world famous ‘Valley of Flowers’ and ‘Rudranath Bugyal’ are the centre of great tourist attraction on account of their scenic grandeur and the wealth of beautiful flowers. Human activities such as tourism and biotic pressure (grazing, etc.) have tremendously increased during last two decades that has a profound effect on the ecology of valley and adjoining area result a change on the vegetation composition of this beautiful alpine pasture of Rudranath (Garhwal Himalaya). To observed the changes, the valley has undergone growth form pattern and phytosociological attributes were analysed during 2002 under grazed and highly disturbed (exposed to extension grazing) and ungrazed or undisturbed (protected from grazing) conditions. These observations were repeated during 2007. It was observed that number of early growing species and long vegetative growth cycle species had increased at both sites in 2007 in comparison to 2002. The less palatable species viz., Anemone spp., Poa annua, Polygonum spp., Ranunculus hirtellus, etc., predominantly found near the timber line at sub alpine region, were present at both sites with higher dominance (TBC) and niche width in 2007 indicating wide distribution of the species along an altitudinal gradient.  These observations indicated the migration of these species towards upper slopes of alpine. Species diversity was also higher after five years. However, it is obvious that climatic changes alone are not responsible for these vegetational shifts. Infect, human induced changes are the main reasons for habitat destruction and changes in vegetation composition of the alpine region of Garhwal Himalaya. Before final conclusions can be made, long –term studies in vegetation composition and changes are needed, especially in Himalayan region.

[A.S. Bisht and A.B. Bhatt. Effect of Human Activities, and Environmental Changes on an Alpine Vegetation of District Chamoli, Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. World Rural Observations 2011;3(1):64-71]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (online). 11

doi:10.7537/marswro030111.11

Key words: Garhwal Himalaya; diversity; phytosociology

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Groundwater Exploration With D.C Resistivity Method In Maigamo Area Of Kubanni River Basin Zaria, Nigeria.

Ameloko A Anthony¹, Omali Aurelius O²

 ¹Department of Petroleum Engineering Covenant University Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria

²Department of Earth Sciences Kogi State University Anyangba, Kogi State, Nigeria

aduojo2001@yahoo.com

Abstract: A geoeletric investigation of Western part of Kubanni River Basin was carried out using the vertical Electrical sounding (VES). The survey was carried out with the aim of investigating the subsurface around the study area to delineate aquifer overlying the Precambrian basement complex in the area. The result of the Schlumberger array data suggests that the subsurface resistivity is not homogeneous, but varies from one place to another. Also, the interpreted VES data revealed that, most of the layers underneath are two and three layer cases. While the resistivities of the layers ranged from about 40.09 ohm-m to 1960.23 ohm-m depending on the lithology. The geologic sections deduced from the geoelectric soundings suggest that the weathered basement most likely forms the aquifer in the area. This area is characterized by relatively low resistivity values 40.09 ohm-m – 100 ohm-m.

[Ameloko A Anthony, Omali Aurelius O. Groundwater exploration with D.C resistivity method in Maigamo area of Kubanni river basin Zaria, Nigeria. World Rural Observations 2011;3(1):72-81]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (online). 12

doi:10.7537/marswro030111.12

Keywords: Electrical method, Interpretation, Basin, Acquisition, Aquifer, Basement complex

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Prevalence Of Paramphistomiasis Among Goats Slaughtered In Some Selected Abattoirs In Imo State, Nigeria

Njoku-Tony, R.F.

Department Of Environmental Technology, School Of Engineering And Engineering Technology, Federal University Of Technology, P.M.B 1526 Owerri, Nigeria. E-mail: tonyrosefeechi@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT: Tropical diseases of ruminants of which Paramphistomiasis is one have been of serious veterinary concern particularly in the eastern part of Nigeria. The current study investigated the prevalence of this disease among Sokoto red Hausa goats, in selected abattoirs in Imo State, Nigeria between 2004 and 2005. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence and distribution of paramphistomiasis in both sexes of the goats imported from northern states of Nigeria. Direct smear, formol ether concentration and sodium chloride floatation methods were used to harvest the eggs and adult parasites.  Of 128 animals examined, 30 (23.4%) of the goats had serious infection with paramphistomum cervi. The prevalence varied among goats in various abatoir locations. Highest infection was recorded at Orlu abattoir with 44.4% followed by Orieagu and Achingali 25.0% respectively, followed by Afor Ogbe 24.0%, Okigwe 17.1%. Sex of the ruminants showed no significant relationship with the infections, age was found to be highly significant. Adult animals (>2years) had more infections than younger ones (<2years) at P<0.05. Infection rose with increased rainfall. Highest infection was observed at the peak of rainy season and decreased also with decreased rainfall. Intensity of infection was light in males than females. This result therefore calls for adequate environmental health education programme and appropriate sensitization exercise for goat rearers on the existence and prevalence of the infection. Njoku-Tony,R.F, Prevalence of  Paramphistomiasis among goats slaughtered in some selected abattoirs in Imo State, Nigeria.

[Njoku-Tony, R.F. Prevalence Of Paramphistomiasis Among Goats Slaughtered In Some Selected Abattoirs In Imo State, Nigeria. World Rural Observations 2011;3(1):82-86]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (online). 13

doi:10.7537/marswro030111.13

Keywords – Tropical diseases, Paramphistomiasis, Worms, Slaughter goats, Abattoir, Prevalence, Nigeria

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Effect Of Policies On Rice Production, Importation And Consumption In Nigeria, (1981-2005)

Roseline J Akinlade¹, Oluwatofunmi J Ogunsola¹ Olubunmi L Balogun¹ and Adeola Carim-Sanni²

 ¹Department of Agricultural Economics University of Ibadan, Nigeria

²Nigerian Institute of Social Economic Research (NISER), Ibadan, Nigeria

jummy120@yahoo.co.uk

ABSTRACT: The study examined the effect of Policies on Rice Production, Importation and Consumption in Nigeria. The data were mainly from the secondary sources and they were time series data covering 1981- 2005. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data.  The findings show that in  the first era of the ban period ( 1986- 1990)  a large quantity of rice of about 2,216,060 tonnes was produced with less rice importation of about 288,800 tonnes and more quantity of rice was consumed at this period ( about 1,572,700 tonnes) which later increased  in the Second Era  compared to the Pre- Ban period. This increase spilled over to the Post- Ban period except in the Second Era where average rice production decreased to 3,139,400 tonnes showing the effect of policy inconsistency in the county. It was also shown from the result that the higher the average quantity of rice imported the lower the average quantity of rice produced and the higher the quantity consumed in the country. The study recommended that rice importation should be banned to encourage local rice production in the country.

[Roseline J Akinlade, Oluwatofunmi J Ogunsola Olubunmi L Balogun and Adeola Carim-Sanni. Effect Of Policies On Rice Production, Importation And Consumption In Nigeria, (1981-2005). World Rural Observations 2011;3(1):87-91]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (online). 14

doi:10.7537/marswro030111.14

KEYWORDS: Policies, Rice, production, consumption and importation, Nigeria

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Harvest Regulation Based on Sustainable Management of Forest Resource

Lili Zhao ¹, Changsheng Li^1,2*

¹College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China.

²School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology,

Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China.

^*Correspondence author,e-mail:lichangsheng100@yahoo.com.cn

Abstract By the support of ForStat2.0, beginning with the real production, uncut age series，stable yield restriction，target area error restriction，and total volume and to construct the real age series，target age series，regular period，the upper limit of restriction at the end of period, each of them determined the structure of that linear programming model. The result of the experimentation in Mangui Forest Bureau proved that, the cut area and volume dropped by stages, and the preserved volume moved up in conk, as a result, the sustainable forest age structure was reached.

[Lili Zhao, Changsheng Li, Harvest Regulation Based on Sustainable Management of Forest Resource, World Rural Observations 2011;3(1):92-96]; ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 15

doi:10.7537/marswro030111.15

Keywords: Forest resource, Sustainable management, Harvest regulation

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Impact of the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake on China's stock market: As an example to the “Chenyu Plate” of China

Xie Yong-gang¹,  Guo Xin-li¹,  Dang Peng¹ , Xie Bo-wen²

(1. Productivity Research Center, Heilongjiang University, Economic Research Office of Disaster, 150080)

(2.Business Administration School of Dongguk University, Korea)

Abstract: The stock market ont only meet with the macro-economic impact, but also with a number of unexpected events’ influences. May 12 Wenchuan earthquake had a short-term impact on the stock market. Some companies’ stocks suspended and significantly increased. It caused 66 listed companies’ stocks with effect from the suspension, 45 listed companies suspended. Medicine, agriculture and cement stocks rose overall, more than 40 pharmaceutical stocks raised limit. For long-term impact, we use GARCH model and analysis the long-term impact on stock mark. The result shows that the earthquake has not changed the basic level of China's stock market, the time of continuity and fluctuations are short and the long-term impact on China's stock market is limited.

[Xie Yong-gang, Guo Xin-li, Dang Peng, Xie Bo-wen, Impact of the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake on China's stock market: As an example to the “Chenyu Plate” of China, World Rural Observations 2011;3(1):97-108]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 16

doi:10.7537/marswro030111.16

Key words: Wenchuan earthquake; Stock market; GARCH model

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