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Soil and Water Conservation
in Kenya-Operations, Achievements and Challenges of the National
Agriculture and Livestock Extension Programme (NALEP)
1*
Titus Wambua Mutisya, 2 Nenkari Juma. and 1
Luo Zejiao
1School
of Environmental Studies, China
University of Geosciences (Wuhan)
Lumo Road 388, Wuhan City, 430074 Hubei Province, P.R. China
tmutisya2003@yahoo.com,
mutisya2003@gmail.com
Abstract：This paper gives an historical analysis
of the soil and water conservation activities in Kenya,
introduces the national soil and water conservation project and
then gives an insight in to the National Agriculture and
Livestock Extension Programme (NALEP) ,which was designed after
several previous projects failed to address the sustainability
of such development projects leading to progressive decline in
soil fertility and agricultural output. The achievements and
challenges faced while implementing the programme activities are
discussed. The general project information was gathered from the
various policy documents, programme documents and workshop
reports while the achievements and challenges were drawn as a
result of the involvement of two of the authors in the programme
activities in 45 focal areas that have been implementing it
since inception.
The strong stakeholder involvement in all the stages of project
development is the basis of the anticipated sustainability. The
synergy between the key stakeholders is necessary for a
sustainable development programme.
Activities which involved the farmers, Government staff, and
other development partners were found to be more successful than
those that involved only one institution. NALEP framework is
worth being replicated in any development project in the
country. Scaling-up and replication of the success cases is
recommended to improve the general household food security,
economic empowerment and environmental conservation.
This is the first paper analyzing the soil and water
conservation, NALEP and its sustainability measures. The
stakeholders could use the information to improve the programme.
[Titus Wambua Mutisya, Nenkari Juma.
and Luo Zejiao. Soil and Water Conservation in
Kenya-Operations, Achievements and Challenges of the National
Agriculture and Livestock Extension Programme (NALEP).
World Rural Observations 2010;2(2):1-9]; ISSN: 1944-6543
(Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online).
http://www.sciencepub.net/rural.
1
doi:10.7537/marswro020210.01
Key words:
Soil and water conservation, NALEP, sustainability, stakeholders |
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Synergistic
Effects
of Plants
Extracts
on Bacteria
*Ojo, O.O1.
and Anibijuwon I.I 2
1Department
of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Ado-Ekiti,
Nigeria.
P.M.B 5363, Ado-
Ekiti, Ekiti- State, Nigeria
2Department
of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Ilorin, P.M.B 1515, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
*Corresponding
author:
walelugba@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT:
The antibacterial activities of ethanol and aqueous extracts of
Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina were
tested invitro against seven bacterial species, Proteus
vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium,
Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and
Klebsiella pneumonia by agar diffusion method. The pattern
of inhibition varied with the plant extract, the solvent used
for extraction and the organisms tested. The antibacterial
activities of the ethanol extracts were significantly higher
(p<0.05) than the antibacterial activities of the aqueous
extracts of the two plants. Among the individual samples,
V. amygdalina had the most impressive activities and
compares favorably with that of the combination of V.
amygdalina and O. gratissimum. The combinations of
the leaf extracts exhibited a higher effect on the test
bacterial species (16mm
to 24mm) than any of the individual plant extracts (12mm to
16mm). Results of this kind herald the interesting promise of
designing a potentially active antibacterial synergized agent of
plant origin.
[Ojo, O.O. and
Anibijuwon I.I. Synergistic
Effects
of Plants
Extracts
on Bacteria.
World Rural Observations 2010;2(2):10-14]; ISSN: 1944-6543
(Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online).
http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 2
doi:10.7537/marswro020210.02
Keywords:
Plant extracts, antimicrobial activity, synergy, bacteria strain |
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Phytoremediation and the Deserts
towards a Sustainable Environmental Development
1
Garba, S. T.*, and 2
Barminas, J.T.
1Department
of Chemistry, P.M.B. 1069. University of Maiduguri, Borno State,
Nigeria
2Department
of Chemistry, P. M. B. 2076. Federal University of Technology
Yola (FUTY),
Adamawa
State,
Nigeria.
stelagarba@yahoo.com
Abstract:
Desertification is fast spreading in
North Africa
and the northern Nigeria in particular which share border with
the sahara desert of the north African countries. The leading
causes of this desert encroachment has been identified as;
overgrazing, conversion of rangelands into croplands, incessant
deforestation and bush burning thus leaving the soil bare,
barren, and the entire environment unprotected. Apart from
windstorm that carries suspended particulate matter especially
heavy metals in form of dust, urban environment suffer greatly
from the negative effect of pollutants. Relentless effort has
been made by various governments in many ways to check the
problem but the effort has either been poorly implemented or not
properly regulated. Desert encroachment is fast spreading in the
northern part of Nigeria, thus leaving the environment open,
the soils bare and barren with lots of contaminants owing to the
overwhelming dependence on trees for fire wood in place of
kerosene that is hard to get or not available at all. It
therefore becomes necessary to find a means of covering the soil
to check erosion , immobilized the pollutants, plant trees to
replaced the lost ones, decontaminate the soils and check
windstorms and sandstorms that comes from the neighbouring
countries in the sahara. One of this means that is cheap and
environmentally friendly is phytoremediation. This is therefore
aimed at discussing the laudable in-situ techniques of
phytoremediation and their potential abilities in
decontaminating contaminated environment.
[Garba, S. T., and Barminas, J.T.
Phytoremediation and the Deserts towards a Sustainable
Environmental Development.
World Rural Observations 2010;2(2):15-20]; ISSN: 1944-6543
(Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online).
http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 3
doi:10.7537/marswro020210.03
Key Words:
Deforestation; phytoextraction; pollutants; urban environment;
North Africa; Northern Nigeria |
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Morphological
Factors Responsible For The Great Success Of Chromolaena
Odorata In Imo State
Ezeibekwe, I.O;
Okeke, S.E; Unamba, C.I.N And Mmom, G.A.
Imo State
University, Owerri, Nigeria.
innocent_ezeibekwe@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT:
An investigation
into the morphological factors responsible for the great success
of Chromolaena odorata in Imo State of Nigeria was
carried out. Results show that the factors include (a)
Production of flowers in capitulum, each capitulum of which
contains 56-71 flowers; (b) presence of the average of 20
capitula per –plant; (c) production of 32-51 seeds per capitulum
and an average of 813 per plant; (d) reproduction of both sexual
and asexual methods which guarantees the high seed output; (e)
ability of the plant to perennate; (f) ability of regrowth after
accidents; (g) tremendous spread, and; (h) capacity for
colonization.
[Ezeibekwe, I.O;
Okeke, S.E; Unamba, C.I.N And Mmom, G.A. Morphological
Factors Responsible For The Great Success Of Chromolaena
Odorata In
Imo State.
World Rural Observations 2010;2(2):21-28]; ISSN: 1944-6543
(Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online).
http://www.sciencepub.net/rural.
4
doi:10.7537/marswro020210.04
Keywords:
Morphological Factor; Chromolaena Odorata; Imo State |
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Socio-cultural Characteristics of Educated Small Holder Pig
Farmers and the Effects of Their Feeding Practices on the
Performance of Pigs in Imo State, Nigeria
I. C. Okoli1,
Ogechi R. Alaoma1, M. N. Opara1, M. C.
Uchegbu1, C. T. Ezeokeke, C. S. Durunna1,
F. N. Nnadi2 F. C. Iheukwumere3 and N. J.
Okeudo1
1Department
of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of
Technology PMB 1526 Owerri, Nigeria
2Department
of Agricultural Extension, Federal University of Technology PMB
1526 Owerri, Nigeria
3Department
of Animal Science and Fisheries, Abia State University, PMB 7010
Umuahia, Nigeria
dr_charleso@yahoo.com
Abstract:
Five smallholder
piggery farms (A, B, C, D and E) were used to determine the
socio cultural characteristics of smallholder pig farmers and
the effects of their choice of feeding practices on the
performance of pigs during a 14 weeks study period. The farms
were categorized into small, medium and large sizes farms, with
small farms stocking 70-80, medium 120 – 130 and larger 230-270
pigs. Scheduled interviews were used to elicit information’s on
socio cultural characteristics of the farmers and their farms. In each farm, six weaner pigs of Large white, Landrace and Duroc
breeds were selected on their wearing days and their ages and
initial body weights determined. The feeds offered to the
weaners were physically characterized for their ingredient
contents. Thereafter, representative samples of the feeds were
subjected to proximate analysis on the first, seventh and
thirteenth weeks of the study. The study revealed that the,
small, medium and large sized farms were managed by men aged
between 40 and 56 years. Four out of the five had their degrees
in agriculture and had farming experiences of 1 to12 years. The
farms have been in existences for mostly 12-22 years. Corrugated
iron roofing and concrete flooring were common. All the farms
utilized palm kernel cake as their major energy feedstuffs, in
addition to soy bean, cattle blood, local fish meals and
vitamins premix. The mean crude protein values of the feed
samples were of similar range (13.49-14.20%), while crude fiber
and ether extract values were very high. Calculated
metabolizable energy values were also relatively low for growing
pigs. There was significance (p<0.05) difference in the final
body weight of the grower pigs after 14 weeks of feeding across
the farms. However, there was no significance (p>0.05)
difference in weight gain, with farm A, B, C, D and E returning
33.84, 33.72, 32.99, 31 86 and 33.69 kg respectively. The feed
conversion ratio across the different farms was 5.0, 4.5, 5.1,
3.9 and 5.0 for farms A, B, C, D and E respectively. The 3.9
feed conversion ratio returned for duroc breed, indicted
superior performance of the breed under the feeding and
management practices investigated. While growth performance and
proximate values of on-farm formulated feeds obtained tended to
be lower then those obtained from experimental stations, the
educated farmers studied here seemed to prefer their present
performance results. There is need to evaluate the production
components that drive this choice in order to properly situate
pig production and performance in the study area.
[I. C. Okoli, Ogechi R. Alaoma, M. N. Opara, M. C. Uchegbu, C.
T. Ezeokeke, C. S. Durunna, F. N. Nnadi F. C. Iheukwumere and N.
J. Okeudo.
Socio-cultural Characteristics of Educated Small Holder Pig
Farmers and the Effects of Their Feeding Practices on the
Performance of Pigs in Imo State, Nigeria.
World Rural Observations 2010;2(2):29-36]; ISSN: 1944-6543
(Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online).
http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 5
doi:10.7537/marswro020210.05
Keywords:
Pigs, educated farmers, feed, feeding practices, Nigeria |
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Regional groundwater flow modeling in Western Nile Delta, Egypt
Rani Fouad Mohamed
(1), (2), Chen Zhi Hua (1)
(1)
School of Environmental Studies, China University of
Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuchang,Wuhan, Hubei, P.R.China; Zip
code: 430074.
(2) Faculty of
Engineering, Alazhar University, Nasr city, Cairo, Egypt;
Zip code: 11341
Rani_fouad@hotmail.com; Tel: 00862762626996
Abstract: Western Nile delta
is an important area in Egypt in which the government plans to
establish new reclamation projects.
The already present agricultural activities are mainly based on
groundwater for irrigation. However, irrigation requirements
have become so large that they cause depletion of the
groundwater levels in most of the existed wells.
A hydrogeological model for western
Nile
delta has been developed using MODFLOW code.
The developed model
was calibrated for steady state,
and used to
evaluate groundwater potentiality and
reserves. The results have shown that; a reduction in
groundwater abstraction by at least
20%
becomes necessary to achieve sustainable conditions. This study
can be
considered as a preliminary regional evaluation for testing the
future alternative water management scenarios in Western Nile
Delta area.
[Rani Fouad Mohamed,
Chen Zhi Hua. Regional groundwater flow modeling in
Western Nile Delta, Egypt. World Rural Observations
2010;2(2):37-42]; ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551
(Online).
http://www.sciencepub.net/rural.
6
doi:10.7537/marswro020210.06
Keywords:
Groundwater modeling, Groundwater/surface-water interaction,
western Nile delta |
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Farmers Profile,
Local Fowl and their Egg Quality in Imo State, Nigeria
*C.T. Ezeokeke, C.S.
Durunna, M.C. Uchegbu, H.O. Obikaonu and I.C. Okoli
Department of
Animal Science & Technology, Federal University of Technology,
Owerri
*Author for
correspondence: E-mail:
chycorn@yahoo.com
Abstract:
The study was
carried out to determine gender influence on the raising of
local chicken in six randomly selected Local Government Areas (LGAs)
of Imo State, Nigeria. Eggs produced by such local fowls were
also assessed for their internal quality. A total of 300
families were visited. The mean populations of local fowls in
the first 3 LGAs were 151, 411, 321, 273, while the second 3
LGAs yielded 243, 203, 157 and 273 cocks, hens, growers and
chicks respectively. Women were more involved in rearing of the
fowls than men and the management systems practiced was mostly
semi intensive and extensive types. The cocks weighed more than
the hens. Common diseases encountered included New Castle,
coccidiosis and chronic respiratory disease (CRD) among others.
Yolk index, Haugh unit, shell thickness and egg weight varied
significantly (p<0.05) among the second set of LGAs.
Conservation to stem extinction and improvement of the fowl
needs to be encouraged.
[C.T. Ezeokeke, C.S.
Durunna, M.C. Uchegbu, H.O. Obikaonu and I.C. Okoli. Farmers
Profile, Local Fowl and their Egg Quality in
Imo State, Nigeria.
World Rural Observations 2010;2(2):43-47]; ISSN: 1944-6543
(Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online).
http://www.sciencepub.net/rural.
7
doi:10.7537/marswro020210.07
Keywords:
Farmer; Fowl; Egg; Quality |
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Preliminary Production Of Sauce From Clupeids
Fakunle, J.O.1,
Sadiku, S.O.E2, Ubanga, U.I.1 and Babinisi,
O. 1
1Department
of Fisheries Technology, Federal College of Freshwater Fisheries
Technology, New Bussa, Niger state, Nigeria.
2Department
of Water resources, Aquaculture and Fisheries Technology, School
of Agriculture Technology of the Federal University of
Technology, Minna, Nigeria.
E-mail:
fakunleolubunmi@yahoo.Com,
olubunmifakunle@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Sauce a salty; flavoured brown liquid was produced from Clupeids
with the use of plastic bucket. Sample A (clupeid with salt) and
B, which is the control (clupeids only without salt). The bucket
was tightly covered with the help of paper tape, which was used
to bind the edges of the bucket so as to prevent the entrance of
air. This was buried in the ground to mimic fermentation tanks
for a period of three months. The temperatures of the
environment were measured and the sauces sampled monthly to
quantify sauce and paste production (7% and 70% respectively)
with proximate composition. At the end of the last month the
sauces were examined for pH, which ranges between 6.8-8.6
specific gravity, 1.09 and 1.06 for samples A and B
respectively. The Total Nitrogen was found to be between
20.15-30.5, salt content15g/l for A, iodine values, 3.05 for A
and 2.30 for B and peroxide values114 and 81 respectively. The
Proximate analysis showed that crude protein and fat increased
from 1st month to the 2nd month and
dropped at the last month. The crude fibre for B decreases but
that of A increased from first month to the last month. The
amino acid profile of the sauces A and B differed in
concentrations both essential and non-essential amino acids
although it conforms to F.A.O/W.H.O standard.
[Fakunle, J.O.,
Sadiku, S.O.E, Ubanga, U.I. and Babinisi, O. Preliminary
Production Of Sauce From Clupeids. World Rural Observations
2010;2(2):48-52]; ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551
(Online).
http://www.sciencepub.net/rural.
8
doi:10.7537/marswro020210.08
Key
words;
Sauce, Amino acids profile, proximate composition, Specific
Gravity and pH |
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Productivity of
Intercropping Systems Using Amaranthus cruentus L and
Abelmoschus esculentus (Moench) in Edo State, Nigeria
B.O. Obadoni, J.K.
Mensah and S.A. Emua
Department of
Botany, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo state, Nigeria.
E-mail:
berndonis@yahoo.com
Abstract:
Amaranthus
cruentus
L. (Large green) and Abelmoschus esculentus L. (Moench)
(Okra) were grown at various replacement ratios (100/0, 67/33,
50/50, 33/67 and 0/100) in a randomized complete block design
with four replications. Experiments were conducted during the
growing seasons (November – February) of 2006 and 2007 in Ekpoma
in the rainforest zone of Nigeria. At 4 and 6 WAP, large green
in equal proportions with okra significantly (P<0.05) produced
higher dry matter per plant while at 8 and 10 WAP, 67% large
green grown in mixtures with 33% okra gave higher dry matter
yield. Dry matter yield in Okra did not significantly (P>0.05)
vary at all planting combinations. There was a significant
linear correlation (r=0.51) between total dry matter production
and yield. Combining large green and okra at 67/33% respectively
gave a higher yield and consequently greater monetary returns
than all other planting frequencies. In the mixtures, large
green yield was slightly significant while okra (fruit yield)
varied depending on its proportion in the mixtures: the lower
the proportion of okra, the higher its yield. It is therefore
more economical to intercrop these two crops.
[B.O.
Obadoni, J.K. Mensah and S.A. Emua. Productivity of
Intercropping Systems Using Amaranthus cruentus L and
Abelmoschus esculentus (Moench) in
Edo State, Nigeria.
World Rural Observations 2010;2(2):53-60]. ISSN: 1944-6543
(Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online).
http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 9
doi:10.7537/marswro020210.09
Key
words: Productivity,
Inter-cropping, large green/okra, Nigeria |
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Body Characteristics, Yield Indices And Proximate Composition Of
Moonfish (Vomer setapinnis) Kolade
O.Y, Adejonwo O.A, Oramadike C.E, Ibrahim O.A.
Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research
Victoria Island
Lagos.
Corresponding Author:
Kemmystick2005@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT:
The body characteristics, yield indices and proximate
composition of moonfish (Vomer setapinnis) in
Nigeria’s Coastal Waters were carried out with a view to
obtaining the flesh yield, waste yield and their utilization
potentials. The mean values of length (cm) and weight (g) were
22.76 ± 1.75 and 1 ± 31.7 respectively. Anatomical
fractionation showed that Moonfish contained on the average
42.4% fillet, 26.1% head, 23.3% body frame and 4.9% gut. The
proximate composition analysis showed that the fish sample
contained 77.1% water content, 0.98% lipid, 20.4% protein and
1.5% ash. Moonfish thus constitutes a source of high protein as
well as an ideal dietetic fish food.
[Kolade O.Y, Adejonwo O.A, Oramadike C.E, Ibrahim O.A.
Body Characteristics, Yield Indices And Proximate Composition Of
Moonfish (Vomer setapinnis). World Rural Observations
2010;2(2):61-64]; ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551
(Online).
http://www.sciencepub.net/rural.
10
doi:10.7537/marswro020210.10
Keywords:
Weight, Length, Anatomical, yield, Moonfish |
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Comparative Studies On Effects Of Garlic (Allium Sativum) And
Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) Extracts On Cowpea Insects Pest
Attack.
Isirima Chekwa,
Ben1, Umesi Ndubuisi2 and Nnah Maxwell
B.3
1&3School
of Vocational Education, Department of Agricultural Education,
2School of Science, Integrated Science Department.
Federal College of Education(Technical ) Omoku.
Email:
chekirima@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT: In
an investigation conducted at the Teaching and Research Farming
of the Rivers State University of Science and Technology Port Harcourt to compare the effects of plants extract of Garlic
and Ginger on the growth and yield characteristics of cowpea,
garlic bulbs and ginger rhizomes were weighed(0,30,and 60g/l)
and ground into paste. Each rate of the pastes were steeped
into two spoonfuls of vegetable oil and mixed with 10g of detergent(to serve as adjuvant) .Each rate of the garlic or
ginger, vegetable oil and detergent mixture was diluted in 10
liters of water and applied as foliar spray on growing cowpea
3Weeks after planting. Subsequent spray scheduled was done at
10-day intervals. It was a 2×3×4 split plot factorial
experiment fitted into a completely randomize design and
replicated three times. Leaf damage decreased with increasing
application of the plant extracts (garlic and ginger). Though a
linear increase in insects pest population was observed as
levels of the plant extracts increased , flower abscission
decreased with increase in rates of the plant extract
treatments. Again weight per 100 seeds and grain yield increased
significantly with increasing rates of the plant extract
treatments. The observed increase in cowpea insect pest
incidence with increase in the rates of the plant extracts, implies that the plant extracts posses attractant properties
while at the same time exhibiting antifeedant characteristic
making it possible for an increase in grain yield as was
observed in this study.
[Isirima Chekwa,
Ben, Umesi Ndubuisi and Nnah Maxwell B.
Comparative Studies On Effects Of Garlic (Allium Sativum) And
Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) Extracts On Cowpea Insects Pest
Attack.
World Rural
Observations 2010;2(2):65-71]; ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN:
1944-6551 (Online).
http://www.sciencepub.net/rural.
11
doi:10.7537/marswro020210.11
Key words:
Comparative, Extracts, Ginger, Garlic, attractants, Antifeedants |
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2- D Electrical
Imaging And Its Application In Groundwater Exploration In Part
Of Kubanni River Basin-Zaria,
Nigeria
Ameloko A. Anthony, *Rotimi
O. John
Department of
Petroleum Engineering Covenant Universty Ota Ogun State Nigeria
Corresponding
e-mail/Tel: aduojo2001@yahoo.com/ 2348036878319
*E-mail:
tossynrotimmy@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT:
A modern field system, Terrameter (Signal Averaging System) SAS
4000/1000, was used to accomplished the task of exploring
groundwater in Kubanni River Basin. 23 image lines were
measured at different strategic locations of the study area
based on the fractured map of the area and previous information
obtained from the area. Four straight line profiles with a
spread of 200 m per section were traversed during the course of
this survey with three of them generally trending along a
North-South direction while the fourth, trends approximately
along the East- West direction. The four profiles has a total
coverage distance of about 4.2 km. The data used for this survey
was acquired by measuring a series of constant traverse along
the same line but with the electrode spacing being increased
with each successive traverse. Since increasing separation leads
to greater depth penetration, the measured apparent
resistivities was used to construct a vertical contoured section
displaying the variation of resistivity both laterally and
vertically over the section. Interpretation of the data aquired
using this equipment revealed the suitability of the Southern
part of the study area for location of boreholes, as the
resistivity values of rock obtained around this zone reflects
aquiferous materials. More layers of rock units around Area BZ
and Tudun Sarki were revealed than what was reported by previous
workers. Also observed were slight variation in depth to bed
rock around area BZ and the
Nigerian College of Aviation Technology as compared with
observations made by previous workers. However, the observation
of the increasing undulating bedrock geometry with depth towards
the southern part of the study area was consistent with that of
the previous workers.
[Ameloko
A. Anthony, Rotimi O. John. 2- D Electrical Imaging And Its
Application In Groundwater Exploration In Part Of Kubanni River
Basin-Zaria, Nigeria.
World Rural Observations 2010;2(2):72-]; ISSN: 1944-6543
(Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online).
http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 12
doi:10.7537/marswro020210.12 |
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