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Treatment of Displaced Fractures of the Middle Third Clavicle Using Percutaneous Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nails

Prof. Dr. Kamal Abdelrahman, Prof. Dr. Mahmoud Seddik and Wahid Fathy Mosaed Khalil

Orthopedic Surgery Department, Faculty of medicine-Al-Azhar University, Egypt

wahifathy@gmail.com

Abstract: Treatment of displaced middle third claviclular fractures using percutaneous elastic in tramedullary is an image dependant procedure indicated best for young medically free patients with acute simple 2 part fracture. Delay in surgery may necessitate open reduction. Hammering is not recommended to avoid dorsolateral cortex perforation. The most common complication is medial skin irritation which may end in skin perforation and this is because of the subcutaneous position of the clavicle and the sharp end of the cut nail. Removal of the nail is required after complete radiological union. Most of the cases included in the study had complete union within the follow up period and most of them had early excellent range of motion, strength and superior cosmesis.

[Kamal Abdelrahman, Mahmoud Seddik and Wahid Fathy Mosaed Khalil. Treatment of Displaced Fractures of the Middle Third Clavicle Using Percutaneous Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nails. Researcher 2017;9(10):1-6]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 1. doi:10.7537/marsrsj091017.01.

Keywords: Treatment; Displaced Fracture; Middle Third Clavicle; Percutaneous; Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nails

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Optimize irrigation performance Based on Inflow and Cut-off Time (Case Study: Salman Farsi Province Cultivation Farms in Khuzestan-Iran)

Reza Mazarei, Abd Ali Naseri, Amir Soltani Mohammadi, Zahra Izadpanah

Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Water Sciences Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

reza.mazarei1372@gmail.com

Abstract: Most important problems in surface irrigation is low efficiency, because of failure in management and design. The purpose of this research is find out the best values of inflow and cut-off time based on performance indicators (application efficiency, distribution uniformity and deep percolation). In this research, winSRFR 4.1.3 software used to simulate and evaluate performance indicators. The needed data such as inflow, advance and recession times, properties of field geometric determined three inflows 1, 1.5 and 2 L/s and three replication. Irrigation of furrow was done at three times on 24 September, 1 October and 31 October 2016. Based on the results, change in the flow management was a significant increase in performance indicators. According to limit the inflow on sugarcane fields within this region, 3 L/s (inflow) and 375.59 min (cutoff time) lead to maximum application efficiency, uniformity distribution and deep percolation, From 61.43, 74.85 and 39.19% to 79.18, 87.65 and 20.82% respectively.

[Reza Mazarei, Abd Ali Naseri, Amir Soltani Mohammadi, Zahra Izadpanah. Optimize irrigation performance Based on Inflow and Cut-off Time (Case Study: Salman Farsi Province Cultivation Farms in Khuzestan-Iran). Researcher 2017;9(10):7-11]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 2. doi:10.7537/marsrsj091017.02.

Keywords: Furrow Irrigation; Application Efficiency; Distribution Uniformity; Deep percolation; WinSRFR 4.1.3 Software

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Investigation Aspects of Accounting in Organizations and its Problems

Mohammad Parsamehr¹, Seyed Mohammad Mir Nateghi Langroudi²

^1.BS of Accounting, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Guilan, Iran

^2. MSc of Public administration, Human resources management, Payame Noor University, Rasht, Guilan, Iran

Behnamgholami79@yahoo.com

Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is investigation aspects of accounting in organizations and its problem by considering theoretical and practical aspects of accounting. Accounting is an information system and managers should obtain high-quality and suitable information from formal and informal channels for decision-making. Accounting information system (AIS) is a part of this system that registers and summarized financial events. Then it reports information as accounting information to support managers in decision-making the question is that whether AIS affects relevance of accounting information in financial statements. It was found that accounting information systems and software’s highly effect on relevance of financial statement, but they lowly effect on reliability.

[Mohammad Parsamehr, Seyed Mohammad Mir Nateghi Langroudi. Investigation Aspects of Accounting in Organizations and its Problems. Researcher 2017;9(10):12-15]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 3. doi:10.7537/marsrsj091017.03.

Keywords: Accounting, Organization, Decision-making, Financial statements

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Evaluation of deficit irrigation methods on root components of tomato in hydroponic culture

Mohammad Hooshmand¹, Saeed Boroomand nasab², Mohammad Albaji³, Naser Alam zadeh Ansari⁴

^1. M. Sc student of Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Water Sciences Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. moham.m72@gmail.com

^2. Professor of Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Water Sciences Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

^3. Asistant professor of Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Water Sciences Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

^4. Associate Professor of horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

Abstract: This research was carried out in the greenhouse complex of agriculture in shahid chamran university of ahvaz in 2016. This study has investigated the effects of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) and partial root zone drying (PRD) on tomato under hydroponic culture conditions. The treatments of experiment consisted of five treatments: RDI irrigation at 85 and 70% of plant water requirement and PRD irrigation at 85 and 70% of the plant water requirement, and control treatment was carried out in a completely randomized design with four replications. The results showed that different methods and levels of deficit irrigation have a significant effect on fresh and dry weight of root, root water content, root volume, root length and width. The highest rates of the mentioned indices were observed in the control treatment and the lowest were observed in RDI85. According to the results, it seems that the control treatment is the best treatment for the formation of root components of tomato plants in greenhouse conditions.

[M. Hooshmand, S. Boroomand nasab, M. Albaji and N. Almzadeh Ansari. Evaluation of deficit irrigation methods on root components of tomato in hydroponic culture. Researcher 2017;9(10):16-20]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 4. doi:10.7537/marsrsj091017.04.

Keywords: Deficit irrigation, Hydroponics, Partial root zone drying, Tomato, Root

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The effect of magnetic water on some of the components of sunflower plant

M. Dastourani¹, M. Albaji², S. Boroomand Nasab³

¹M. Sc. Student of Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Water Sciences Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. mohsendastourani@gmail.com

²Assistant professor of Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Water Sciences Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. m.albaji@scu.ac.ir

³Professor of Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Water Engineering, Shahid Chamran University Ahvaz, Ahwaz, Iran. Boroomandsaeed@yahoo.com

Abstract: In order to investigate the effect of magnetic water on some of the components of sunflower plant under salt stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with two water type factors (W) and salinity (S) in three replications at the Research Faculty of the Faculty of Engineering Sciences Shahid Chamran School of Ahvaz was launched. The water type factor was investigated as the main factor including two levels, magnetic water (W1) and normal (W2) and salinity factor as a sub-factor including three levels, salinity of Karun River (S1), water salinity of 4 dS/m (S2) and 6 dS/m (S3). The results showed that the magnetic water increased 7.8 and 6.6 plant height and stem diameter compared to the control. Treatment S1 (salinity of Karun River water) and S3 treatment (salinity 6 dS/m) had the most negative effects on sunflower plant yield components.

[Dastourani M, Albaji M, Boroomand Nasab S. The effect of magnetic water on some of the components of sunflower plant. Researcher 2017;9(10):21-24]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 5. doi:10.7537/marsrsj091017.05.

Keywords: Magnetism, yield components, salinity stress

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Evaluation of Different Methods for Estimating the Parameters of the Kostiakov-Lewis Infiltration Equation with SIPAR_ID Model

Reza Mazarei^*, Abd Ali Naseri, Amir Soltani Mohammadi, Zahra Izadpanah

Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Water Sciences Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran

reza.mazarei1372@gmail.com

Abstract: Infiltration parameters are one of the most important parameters for surface irrigation. It has an important effect on design and performance while estimation of infiltration parameters is difficult in surface irrigation. SIPAR_ID model is one of the most widely used for estimating infiltration parameters due to its facility. The major problem of this model is the disability to estimate the basic infiltration rate in the soil. In this paper, to estimate the Kostiakov-Lewis parameters by SIPAR_ID model, the basic infiltration rate used in without basic infiltration rate (Z1), by applying the empirical parameter φ = 0.5 (Z2) and by inflow-outflow method (Z3). To evaluate different methods, we compared the volume of water infiltrated and simulated it by the SIPAR_ID model. To find out Kostiakov-Lewis parameters and estimate volume of water infiltrated on furrows, field experiments on sugarcane fields (with length and width of 100 and 83m and 0.04% slope) conducted during September and October 2016 at the Southwest of Iran. Advance times were find out at 10 m intervals at different times. The results showed that SIPAR_ID model accuracy in Z1, Z2 and Z3 were RE of 48.64, 24.64 and 16.63%, and R² of 31, 42 and 46%, respectively. According to the results to increase the accuracy of the model in estimating the infiltration parameters, using the basic infiltration rate with inflow-outflow method is more acceptable than the other methods.

[Reza Mazarei, Abd Ali Naseri, Amir Soltani Mohammadi, Zahra Izadpanah. Evaluation of Different Methods for Estimating the Parameters of the Kostiakov-Lewis Infiltration Equation with SIPAR_ID Model . Researcher 2017;9(10):25-30]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 6. doi:10.7537/marsrsj091017.06.

Keywords: Infiltration parameters; Kostiakov-lowies equation; SIPAR_ID model; Basic infiltration rate

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Major causes of organ condemnation and its financial loss in cattle in Gondar ELFORA abattoir, Ethiopia

Amare Alemu, Yosef Deneke and Nuraddis Ibrahim

Jimma University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Jimma, Ethiopia

Corresponding author: Nuraddis Ibrahim, Jimma University, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia, Tel. 251-0471116778, Mobile: +251917808966. Fax: +251471110934, E-mail: inuraddis@yahoo.com, nuradis.muhammed@ju.edu.et

Abstract: A cross sectional study was conducted from November, 2015 to April, 2016 at Gondar ELFORA abattoir, north western Ethiopia to identify the major causes of organ condemnation of cattle and to estimate their direct financial loss. A total of 519 cattle were examined by antemortem and postmortem inspections using standard meat inspection procedures. During antemortem inspection, the abnormalities encountered were branding 50 (9.63%), nasal discharge 36 (6.93%), lameness 10 (1.93%), lacrimation 7 (1.35%), local swelling 4(0.77%), and abdominal hernia 2(0.39%). In the postmortem inspection, 156 (30.1%) of Livers, 176 (33.9%) of Lungs, 5 (0.96%) of Hearts, 24 (4.6%) of Kidneys and 6 (1.2%) of tongues were condemned due to gross abnormalities. Out of the total 176 lungs and 156 livers condemned 22.7%, 3.46%, 3.85% lungs and 16%, 9.4%, 4.6% livers of cattle were condemned which were originated from low land, midland and highland, respectively. There was statistically significant difference (P<0.05) between the origins of the animals and lungs and livers condemnation rates. There was statistically significant difference (P<0.05) between the age categories with lungs and livers condemnation rates whereas no significant variation was shown between age groups and kidneys, hearts and tongues condemnations (P>0.05). Significant difference (P<0.05) was observed between lungs and kidneys condemnations rates with body condition categories whereas the rejection rates of livers, hearts and Tongues with different body condition categories was insignificant (P>0.05). Based on the current local price of these organs, the economic loss due to these organs condemnation was estimated at Ethiopian Birrs 123,560 (ETB) (5,688USD) per annum. Considering the percentage of condemnation of organs, the overall economic loss seems to be notable at Gondar ELFORA abattoir.

[Amare Alemu, Yosef Deneke and Nuraddis Ibrahim . Major causes of organ condemnation and its financial loss in cattle in Gondar ELFORA abattoir, Ethiopia. Researcher 2017;9(10):31-38]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 7. doi:10.7537/marsrsj091017.07.

Key words: Antemortem, Branding, Cross sectional, Fasciolosis, Livers, Hydatidosis, Postmortem

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[Researcher 2017;9(10):39-45]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 8.

Withdrawn

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Investigation Of The Socio-Economic Conditions And Entrepreneurial Index Of Fisher-Folks In Atlantic Coast Of Eastern Obolo Local Government Area, Nigeria

¹Edet, Imo, ²Clement, Uwem and ¹Ambrose, Eyo

¹Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Environmental Management

²Department of Agricultural Economic and Extension. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Uyo, Uyo.

Correspondence: eyoambrose@yahoo.com

Abstract: Beach-seines have been used in small scale fisheries in many parts of the developing world for a very long time in recent years; the use of beach-seines has been banned in some countries because of perceived negative impacts on the environment and resources. The effects of the gears on the marine ecosystem as identified in the study were not limited to mortality of juveniles (environmental), trophic level destruction (biological) and fisher-folks food security (socio-economic) parameters. But also include reduction in urbanization and industrialization activities, destruction in downstream fishery and beaches/shores strewn with discards. Therefore, the aim of this research was to study the socio-economic conditions of the fisher-folks, examine the entrepreneurial Index and investigate the environmental impact of beach-seines operation in the coastline. The beach seine net deployed in the area were examine and measure using the design outline documented in the FAO catalogue of small scale fisher in Nigeria. Fish species caught near the coastline were compared. A relative paired T-test were used to test the hypothesis that there was no significant different between the total number of mature target and juvenile by catch species. These were because they both sizes occurred together and for every mature sorted were juveniles. The analysis showed an extremely significant results (P < 0.05, n = 20, df = 19), which leads to rejecting the H₀ and accepting H₁ meaning the hypothesis were statistically significant. The result of the socioeconomic research showed that 50% of the respondents were sampled from the main fishing settlement “Akasa”. Also revealed were 23% respondents from Emeroke and Iko community. The age of the fisher-folks (26-36+28.73) being 60%, while the marital status and religion respondent were (married = 73.3%) and (Christian = 93.3%) respectively. In terms of family size (Nuclear = 80%) with the best fishing season being dry (100%). Monthly income classes were (N26,000N31,000) and (N32,000 – N37,000) with 33.3% each. Fishing experience (x=7.33 +3.72) and fishing operation per day (27+1.96) showed 46.67% and 90.0% respectively. While members of corporative 36.7% each, occupational diversity to trading and farming reveals 33.3% and 23.3% respectively. Notably women between 20-30 years also go to fishing, but also reveal were active male than female in the beach –seining with 73.3% and 26.7% respectively. The assessment of impact of gear suggested that discards is not the major environmental problem, but rather changes and depletion in fish population, out migration and reduction in other developmental activities. The entrepreneurial index calculated were capital expenses (N318,960.00+ 64082.86) and recurrent expenditure (N1, 325.93+483.2).

[Edet, Imo,  Clement, Uwem. and  Ambrose, Eyo. Investigation Of The Socio-Economic Conditions And Entrepreneurial Index Of Fisher-Folks In Atlantic Coast Of Eastern Obolo Local Government Area, Nigeria. Researcher 2017;9(10):46-56]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 9. doi:10.7537/marsrsj091017.09.

Keywords: Socio-economic conditions, Entrepreneurial Index, Fisher-folks, Beach-Seine operations and Environmental impact.

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Study On The Prevalence Of Git Nemathodes On Small Ruminants In And Around Kombolcha Town, North Eastern, Ethiopia

¹Desalegn Sisay, ²Hailehizeb Cheru, and ³Belsity Shumet, and ⁴Bewuketu Anteneh

¹Sinor clinical expert at Lumame Veterinary clinic, Lumame, Ethiopia. ²Lecturer at burie poly technic college department of animal health P.o.box. 75, Burie, Ethiopia, ³ Sinor clinical expert at Kuy Veterinary clinic, Kuy, Ethiopia. ⁴Sinor clinical expert at Lumame Veterinary clinic, Lumame, Ethiopia

haile12cheru12@gmail.com; Telephone: +251921165854

Abstract:-A cross sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with small ruminant gastrointestinal nematode infestation by fecal examination and fecal culture of 384 small ruminants in and around kombolcha. Out of the total sampled, 162 (42.2%) small ruminants which were 111 (47.2%) sheep and 51 (34.2%) goats were positive for 5 genuses of nematodes. The most prevalent were Haemonchus, which known to be the most pathogenic among small ruminant nematodes and occurred in 15.9% (OR=3.57, CI=2.46-5.16) and 17.2% (OR=2.14, CI=1.38-3.32) with mixed infections with Trichostrongylus followed by Trichuris (19.7%) with OR=1.92, CI=1.20-3.07, Trichostrongylus (12.9%) with OR=1.93, CI=1.31-2.86 and Oesophagostomum (13.5%) with OR=4.04, CI=2.89-5.55. The prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode infection showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between young and adult age groups, poor, medium and good body conditions, male and female sexes, ovine and Caprine species, and history of treatment. There was significant association between the gastrointestinal nematode infection and animals with different age group, and body condition. Due to its important health problem and impact on production in the study area, emphasis should be given for the control and prevention of gastrointestinal nematode infection with further studies on species identification.

[Desalegn S, Hailehizeb C, Belisty S. Study On The Prevalence Of Git Nemathodes On Small Ruminants In And Around Kombolcha Town, North Eastern, Ethiopia. Researcher 2017;9(10):57-64]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 10. doi:10.7537/marsrsj091017.10.

Key words: Gastrointestinal nematode, goat, kombolcha, prevalence, sheep, small rumina

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Study On Rumen And Reticulum Foreign Bodies In Slaughtered Cattle At Gondar Elfora Abattoir

¹Bewuketu Anteneh, ²Hailehizeb Cheru, and ³Belsity Shumet, and ⁴Ayehualem Tadesse

¹Sinor clinical expert at Lumame Veterinary clinic, Lumame, Ethiopia. ²Lecturer at burie poly technic college department of animal health P.o.box. 75, Burie, Ethiopia, ³ Sinor clinical expert at Kuy Veterinary clinic, Kuy, Ethiopia. ⁴Department of livestock and its by product second level marketing center extension expert, Bichena, Gojjam, Ethiopia

haile12cheru12@gmail.com; Telephone: +251921165854

Abstract:-A cross-sectional study was conducted from October, 2014 to April, 2015 at Gondar Elfora Abattoir, North Gondar zone, Amhara National Regional State, with the objectives of assessing the prevalence of rumen and reticulum foreign bodies, identify types of foreign bodies and associated risk factors for the occurrencesof foreign bodies. Both ante mortem and postmortem examinations were employed to examine the live animal and for the recovery of foreign body from rumen and reticulum after slaughter, respectively. The study animals were selected by using simple random sampling method from the total slaughtered animals. From the total of 500 male animals examined, 74 (14.8%) were found positive for the occurrence of indigestible foreign bodies in rumen and reticulum. From 446local breed examined 55 (12.33%) and 54 cross breed examined 19 (35.18%) were found Positive respectively. The types of foreign bodies detected were nails, wires, plastics, leathers, clothes and ropes. From these plastics 35 (42.3%), rope 21 (28.4%), cloth 18 (24.3%), nail 16 (21.6%), wire5 (6.7%) and leather 2 (2.7%) were more frequently encountered of the positive cases, respectively. Prevalence of foreign body occurrence recorded comparing with in age young 5 (4.95%), adult 37 (13.5%) and old 32 (25.6%) from the total examined animals 101, 274and 125 respectively. While the prevalence rate recorded within association of body condition were poor 29 (39.72%), medium 32 (11.47%) and good 13 (8.7%) from total examined animals 73, 279 and 148 respectively, Poor body condition and old animals were more affected. From the total prevalence74 (14.8%), 51 (68.9%), 14 (18.9%) and 9 (12.2%) were observed fromrumen, reticulum and rumen and reticulum respectively and rumen harbored mostly plasticmaterials while reticulum was the major site for the retention of metallic objects. These aforementioned factors are considered as potential risk factors and found highly significantly associated (p < 0.05) with the occurrence of foreign bodies. In conclusion, detection of the foreign bodies in fore stomach suggested as health risk to ruminants and contributes a lot for reduced production. Therefore, appropriate solid waste disposal system need to be implemented in the study area to prevent health risk of ruminants and also to protect the environment.

[Bewuket A, Hailehizeb C, Belisty S, Ayehualem T. Study On Rumen And Reticulum Foreign Bodies In Slaughtered Cattle At Gondar Elfora Abattoir. Researcher 2017;9(10):65-74]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 11. doi:10.7537/marsrsj091017.11.

Key words: Abattoir, Cattle, Foreign body, Gondar, Reticulum, Rumen

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Wall Effects: A Case Study on Terminal Falling Velocity of Spherical Particles Moving in a Carreau Model Fluid

Ali Amiri

Mechanical Engineering Department, Heat and Fluid, Isfahan, Iran

Amiriali144@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this work we presented an experimental verification of a numerical simulation of wall effects on the terminal falling velocity of spherical particles moving along the axis of a cylindrical vessel filled with a Carreau model fluid. Using a finite element method, we obtained dependences of the wall correction factor FW on the sphere to tube ratio d/D and on the dimensionless Carreau model parameters m, Λ, and ηr and then we compared calculated data of the wall correction factor with the results of our falling sphere experiments. The experiments were carried out in six types of cylindrical Perspex columns (16 mm, 21 mm, 26 mm, 34 mm, 40 mm, and 90 mm in diameter) filled with aqueous solutions of polymers showing different degrees of shear thinning and elasticity. Seventeen types of spherical particles (1 to 8 mm in diameter) made of following materials: glass, ceramics, steel, lead, and tungsten carbide, were used for drop test. Measurements of the liquid flow curves, primary normal stress differences, oscillatory, creep and recovery, stress relaxation, and stress growth tests were carried out on the rheometer Haake MARS (Thermo Scientific). A good agreement between numerically and experimental FW data was observed.

[Ali Amiri. Wall Effects: A Case Study on Terminal Falling Velocity of Spherical Particles Moving in a Carreau Model Fluid . Researcher 2017;9(10):75-80]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 12. doi:10.7537/marsrsj091017.12.

Keywords: wall effect, sphere free fall, Carreau viscosity model, drag coefficient

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Simulation Study of Tertiary Gas Injection in Water-wet Naturally Fractured Reservoir with Slab Type Matrix Blocks

Muhammad Khurram Zahoor^1,*, Muhammad Haris^1,2

¹Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan

²Geological Engineering Department, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan

*Corresponding author: mkzahoor@yahoo.com

Abstract: Simulation study has been conducted by developing a dynamic model of water-wet naturally fractured reservoir (NFR) having slab type matrix blocks, as a worst case for tertiary gas injection (TGI) in a watered-out reservoir. The comparative study has been conducted by neglecting and then taking into consideration the effect of diffusion on oil production and recovery. Further the study is extended to investigate the effect of capillary pressure existence in fracture network on recovery. The obtained results show the promising results to opt for gas injection as a tertiary recovery method in case of watered-out, slab type matrix block system existing in water-wet naturally fractured reservoir.

[Zahoor M. K., Haris M. Simulation Study of Tertiary Gas Injection in Water-wet Naturally Fractured Reservoir with Slab Type Matrix Blocks. Researcher 2017;9(10):81-88]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 13. doi:10.7537/marsrsj091017.13.

Keywords: naturally fractured reservoirs, tertiary gas injection, slab type matrix blocks

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GUIDE INTO THE FEASIBILITY OF VERTICAL INTEGRATION OF SAWMILLS IN NIGERIAN

LARINDE, Solomon Lagbenga

Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria

 Email: solomon.larinde@uniport.edu.ng

Abstract: Lack of data on economies of scale in conversion is a hindrance to degree of integration of sawn wood production into furniture parts and components in Nigerian sawmill industry. Opportunities for development value-added wood products in Nigerian sawmill industry which is the only thriving wood based enterprise apart from furniture industry as at today were examined. The study analyse the operating requirements of the business, investment and financial requirement, prepared a detailed financial analysis using financial forecast of operations with some baseline information and assumptions in production plan to prepare a guide for expanded business operation and new investment in the sawmill industry. The result from the study showed that the opportunity of vertical integration is very attractive with pleasing return and not much risk. The Rate of Return on investment (RORI) of the integration project is 29.62%, over a 5 years pay back periods. Net Present Value (NPV) is N 32,533,400.60 with 26% interest rate and Benefit-Cost Ratio of 1.25. It is also capable of providing low-income workers with 26 additional jobs in the mill. The study make an attempt to allay the fears of industrialist willing to expand their sawmill business operations and new entrants. The economic feasibility of integration in the general growth factor and government policies should also be considered since possible gains from integration are influenced by external factors due to the dynamic nature of the price and cost structure as well as forces of demand and supply.

[Larinde, S. L. Guide Into The Feasibility Of Vertical Integration Of Sawmill . Researcher 2017;9(10):89-94]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 14. doi:10.7537/marsrsj091017.14.

Keywords: sawmill, feasibility, vertical integration

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Functions in Private extension

Saadat Sobhanian and Abbas Emami

Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran

E-mail: saadatsobhanian@yahoo.com

Abstract: Diverse agricultural extension funding and delivery arrangements have been undertaken since the mid-1980s by governments worldwide in the name of "privatization." When agricultural extension is discussed, privatization is used in the broadest sense – of introducing or increasing private sector participation, which does not necessarily imply a transfer of designated state-owned assets to the private sector. In fact, various cost-recovery, commercialization, and other so-called privatization alternatives have been adopted to improve agricultural extension. The form and content of decentralization has dominated development discourse and public sector reform agenda in Kenya in the last two decades. The evolution of public agricultural extension arrived at a worldwide turning point in the 1980s, one that represented the end of a major phase in the growth of publicly funded extension in both the developed and developing world. Agricultural extension increasingly has become defined as one or other of (apparently) differentiated activities of technology transfer or rural development. In many situations, the transfer of technology, heretofore considered the purview of public sector systems, has been reconceived. Such changes suggest a refocussing of paradigms for the delivery of public sector extension.

[Saadat Sobhanian and Abbas Emami. Functions in Private extension. Researcher 2017;9(10):95-99]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 15. doi:10.7537/marsrsj091017.15.

Keywords: private extension; Function; Iran

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