Researcher Volume 2 - Issue 11 (Cumulated No. 17), November 1, 2010, ISSN 1553-9865 Cover Page, Introduction, Contents, Call for Papers, Research 0210 Welcome to send your manuscript(s) to: researcher@sciencepub.net
CONTENTS
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Diversity And Abundance Of Spider
Fauna Of Narmada
River At
Rajghat (Barwani) (Madhya Pradesh) India
*Shailendra
Sharma, **Amrita Vyas,
**Rekha Sharma
*Department
of Zoology, Shri Umiya Girls
College, Mandleshwar -451221
(M.P.) INDIA.
**Department
of Zoology, Holkar Science College,
Indore-452003 (M.P.) INDIA.
shailendra.b.sharma@gmail.com;
amritavyas2008@gmail.com
ABSTRACT: The Biodiversity of Narmada valley
having rich biodiversity of spiders. The spiders of Narmada valley were collected from
Barwani from last week of August to Jan. 2010, using insect
nets, tapping sticks, umbrella. Pit fall trap etc. During this study
117 specimens were collected from the Rajghat (Barwani). 44
species were identify belonging to 12 Families. Among the
specimens most of the individuals were adult and few females
were observed the Family Araneidae represented 13 species,
Salticidae represented 9 species, Oxyopidae 3,and Eracidae 4
species, Theriddidae 3, and Thomosidae represented 2 species ,
Lycosidae 3 and Pholcidae represented 2 species. Families
Clubionidae 1, Philodromide 1, Tetragnathidae 2, Uloboridae,
represent 1 species. The population of Spiders was abundant
species richness and diversity was high during the month of
October to December.
[Shailendra Sharma, Amrita Vyas, Rekha Sharma.
Diversity And Abundance Of Spider Fauna Of Narmada River
At Rajghat (Barwani) (Madhya Pradesh) India.
Researcher. 2010;2(11):1-5]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net
Keywords: Spiders,
Biodiversity, Insect, Raighat, Narmada Valley
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Free Radical
Scavenging activity of Multi-vitamin Plant
(Sauropus
androgynus L. Merr)
1Gayatri
Nahak and 1Rajani Kanta Sahu
1Department
of Botany, B.J.B. Autonomous College, Bhubaneswar751014, Orissa, India
gayatri_bioteq@yahoo.co.in, sahurajani@yahoo.co.in
Abstracts:
Sauropus androgynus L. Merr., also known as
katuk, star gooseberry, or sweet leaf, is a shrub grown in some
tropical regions as a leaf
vegetable which contains
about 6-10% protein content. It is one of the most popular leaf
vegetables in South Asia and Southeast
Asia and is notable for high yields and palatability.
In India it also known as Multivitamin Plant as it contains an excellent sources of provitamin A,
Carotinoid, Vitamin B and C, protein and mineral. It has highly nutritive value and
contains phytochemicals which can act as antioxidant. The
antioxidant activity of Multi-solvent extracts of Sauropus
androgynus obtained from ethanol, methanol and water
were tested by measuring their ability to scavenge
reactive hydroxyl radical through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl
hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and Hydoxyl radical scavenging
assay. In general, the ethanolic extracts were better
free radical scavengers than the Mathanolic and aqueous
extracts. Similar results were seen in the Hydroxyl assay. Our
findings also showed a strong correlation of antioxidant
activity with the total phenolic content. The findings
indicated promising antioxidant activity of crude extracts of
the above plant and needs further exploration for their
effective use in both modern and traditional system of
medicines.
[Gayatri Nahak and Rajani Kanta Sahu.
Free Radical Scavenging activity of Multi-vitamin Plant (Sauropus androgynus L.
Merr.). Researcher. 2010;2(11):6-14]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net
Key words: Sauropus
androgynus L. Merr., Antioxidant activity, DPPH,
Hydroxyl radical
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The
Effects Of Management Practices On The Physical And Chemical
Water Qualities And Its Possible Implications On Fish Health In
Maiduguri
Metropolis
Thilza I.B.1,
And Muhammad T.2
1.
DEPARTMENT
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY
OF MAIDUGURI, P.M.B 1069,
BORNO STATE,
NIGERIA.
2.
WHO NATIONAL POLIO LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI
TEACHING HOSPITAL, BORNO
STATE, NIGERIA.
E-MAIL: thilzathilzathilza@yahoo.com;
TEL: +234 8032164709 AND +234 8051420343
ABSTRACT:
Fish performs all their body functions in water. The
quality of the water in which fish are contained is therefore
very important to their livelihood. In the present study, some
physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, alkalinity,
PH, turbidity, suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, dissolved
carbondioxide, nitrites, ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen sulphide,
chromium, iron, copper, zinc and total water hardness content
of five farms aquaculture ponds each for plastic, concrete and
earthen ponds types on the first days of water change/just
after toping of pond with water for earthen pond types and on
the last days of water change /just before toping of pond with
water for earthen pond types was analysed for assessment. The
studies were undertaken from the month of January to March,
2009 during which the physico-chemical parameters were analysed
and compared with the aquaculture water quality standard of
Kumar (2004). The temperature values remained within the
standard values in the all the aquaculture pond types. PH
values of the aquaculture ponds ranges from 4.7-6.8 as against
the standard water quality i.e 6.5-8.0. Turbidity, suspended
solids, dissolved carbondioxide, nitrites, ammonia, hydrogen
sulphide, alkalinity contents increased on the last days of
water change/just before toping with water for earthen pond
types in the aquaculture ponds while dissolved oxygen, heavy
metals and total water hardness contents shows a decreased in
their values for all the aquaculture pond types on the last
days of water change/just before toping pond with water for
earthen pond types. The stocking density, rate of feeding,
frequency of water changes had effect on the water quality
parameter and consequently growth rate of the fishes. The
variation in the physic-chemical parameters of the aquaculture
ponds above or below standard values has potential effects on
the health and productivity of aquaculture. The study indicates
that the pond water quality of the plastic and to a lesser
extent concrete pond pose lesser threat to the livelihood of
the fish as compared to the earthen pond types due to the
management practices on the farms although the constant change
of water in the plastic and concrete pond types increases the
chances of heavy metals being absorbed in the tissues of fishes
causing health threat to both the fish and consumers of fish.
[Thilza I.B., And Muhammad T. The Effects Of
Management Practices On The Physical And Chemical Water
Qualities And Its Possible Implications On Fish Health In Maiduguri
Metropolis. Researcher. 2010;2(11):15-23]. (ISSN:
1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net
KEY WORDS: management
practices, physico-chemical water qualities,fish, health
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The replacement value of unripe plantain peels on the
growth performance, carcass characteristics and cost
implications of rabbit production in the tropical region
1Ogunsipe M.H., 2Agbede J.O.
1Animal Production Unit, Department of Agricultural
Science
Adeyemi College
of Education, Ondo, Ondo
State, Nigeria.
2Division of Nutritional Biochemistry,Department of
Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology,
Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.
Abstract: A
total of thirty two weaned rabbits of 5 to 6 weeks of age were
randomly assigned to four dietary treatments at 0, 25, 50 or
75% in a completely randomized design experiment to evaluate
the effect of unripe plantain peels on the growth performance,
carcass characteristics, muscle development and cost benefit of
weaned rabbits. A feeding trial lasting for 63 days was carried
out, at the end of which twenty rabbits were slaughtered to
determine the carcass characteristics, muscle development and
organ weights. Results on performance showed that the dietary
treatments influenced (P<0.05) the average feed consumed,
average body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of the
rabbits with the highest average body weight gain (12.8±0.15)
recorded for rabbits placed on 50%-based unripe plantain peel
diet. On the carcass traits, the limbs and the tail weights
were significantly lower (29.88±0.47) and 3.94±0.03,
respectively) at 75%-based unripe plantain peel diet. Other
parameters showed no significant difference (P>0.05) with
the reference diet. Dietary treatments had no positive
influence on the lung, kidney and heart weights at 75%-based
plantain peel inclusion level as the lowest values were
recorded at this level. Replacing maize at 50% with unripe
plantain peel resulted in reduced cost of feed as well as
cost/kg weight gain of rabbit production. Consequently, net
return was raised by 26.99%, 43.77% and 51.68% at 25, 50, and
75%, respectively with unripe plantain peel substitution. The
increase in net return was most encouraging at 50%-based plantain
peel substitution, being the diet with the least cost per
kilogram weight gain that did not compromise the performance of
the rabbits.
[Ogunsipe M.H., Agbede J.O. The replacement value of
unripe plantain peels on the growth performance, carcass characteristics
and cost implications of rabbit production in the tropical
region. Researcher. 2010;2(11):24-29]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net.
Key words: unripe plantain peels, growth
performance, carcass characteristics, cost benefit, rabbit
production.
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A Mathematical
Model for Operating Cost of an Industrial Air
Conditioning Plant
Sangotayo,
Emmanuel Olayimika, Ajayeoba, Abiola Olufemi and Awofolajin, Adewale
Oluseyi
Mechanical Engineering Department,
Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P. M. B. 4000,
Ogbomoso, Nigeria
olemsangotayo@yahoo.com,
ajayeobabiola@gmail.com
Abstract: The
creation of cold environment has relevance in a significant
number of areas of human life, for instance the food processing
field, the air-conditioning sector, the preservation of
pharmaceutical products, the preservation of blood and storage
of vaccines and drug in hospital. This paper presents a
mathematical model for predicting the operating cost of an
industrial air conditioning plant. Mathematical equations were
developed from experimental data collected from Air Conditioning Servicing
Company in Lagos.
The empirical equation between operating cost and period was
governed by polynomial function of order 4 in nature.
The coefficient of determination, R2 for operating
cost empirical equation is 0.9552. The empirical equation was
used to predict operating cost and the graphical comparison of
experimental and predicted cost showed negligible difference
with average percentage error of 2%. The predicted costs were
subjected to further investigation by performing t-test
analysis at 5% and 1% significant level. The t-test analysis
obtained from the different models and experimental results
revealed that there is no significant difference experimental
and simulated result at 95% and 99% confidence limit; hence the
models are reliable. The result from this paper is expected to
assist in developing models that can be used in adequate
preparation for an operating cost for industrial air
conditioning plant for a period of time. The mathematical
models for predicting cost at any time save time, money and
reliable, for easy maintenance, reliability and accuracy.
[Sangotayo,
Emmanuel Olayimika, Ajayeoba, Abiola Olufemi and Awofolajin, Adewale
Oluseyi. A
Mathematical Model for Operating Cost of an Industrial Air Conditioning
Plant.
Researcher. 2010;2(11):30-37]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net.
Keywords: Operating cost,
industrial air conditioning plant, empirical equation
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A Study on Inhibitory Effects of Lactobacillus bulgaricus
and Streptococcus
thermophilus as Probiotics on Some Clinical Pathogens.
Dilli,
Zainab Hassan1.; De, Nandita1.; Sudi,
Ismaila Yada2, 3, *, and Ali-Dunkrah, Umaru4.
1. Department
of Microbiology, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Federal
University of Technology,
Yola, Adamawa State,
Nigeria.
2. Dept.
of Animal Health and Production Technology, Adamawa State
College of Agriculture,
P. M. B. 1010, Mubi, Adamawa
State, Nigeria.
3. Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of science, Adamawa State
University,
ADSU,
P.M.B. 25 Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria.
4. Dept.
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.
dipak61@yahoo.com yada280@yahoo.co.uk drali13358@yahoo.com
Abstract: A
study was carried out on inhibitory effects of Lactobacillus bulgaricus
and Streptococcus
thermophilus on growth of some pathogens isolated from
clinical specimens of pathogens selected for this study were E. coli, some species of
Klebsiella, Pseudomonas,
Proteus, Salmonella and Shigella
isolated from stool and urine samples of patients attending
State Specialist hospital, Yola. Results of agar spot revealed
that Lactobacillus
bulgaricus produced highest antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella spp. (3.5 mm)
followed by E. coli (2.4
mm), Proteus spp. (1.9
mm) Pseudomonas sp.
(1.5 mm) and Shigella sp.
(1.0 mm) while Streptococcus
thermophilus produced highest antimicrobial activity
against Klebsiella
spp. (4.2 mm) followed by
E. coli (4.0 mm), Proteus
spp. (2.3 mm) Pseudomonas
sp. (1.8 mm) and Shigella
sp. (1.6 mm). Both organisms (Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) may be used as
probiotics when preceded by further studies.
[Dilli, Zainab Hassan; De, Nandita;
Sudi, Ismaila Yada and Ali-Dunkrah, Umaru. A Study on
Inhibitory Effects of Lactobacillus
bulgaricus and Streptococcus
thermophilus as Probiotics on Some Clinical Pathogens.
Researcher. 2010;2(11):38-41]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net.
Key words:
Pathogens, Probiotcs, Lactobacillus
bulgaricus and Streptococcus
thermophilus
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In vitro and In vivo
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Properties of Aqueous Extract of Andrographis paniculata Leaves
Oyewo Bukoye 1, +, Akanji
Musbau 2, Onifade Adenike 1
1.
Ladoke Akintola
University of Technology, P. M. B. 4000,
Ogbomoso. Nigeria
2.
University of Ilorin,
P. M. B. 1515 Ilorin, Kwara State. Nigeria
askafterbukoye@yahoo.com,
akanjima@yahoo.com
Abstract: The
in vitro and in vivo antioxidant
property of the aqueous extract of Andrographis paniculata
leaf was investigated. The aqueous
extract was lysophilized and the phytochemicals and minerals
present were quantified. In
vitro antioxidant capabilities were estimated using
2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhdrazyl free radical scavenging activity
and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The calculated IC50
and FRAP of ascorbic acid and A. paniculata were not significantly different
(p<0.05). The ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant
capability of the extract was determined to be (112.752 +
206.737) 103mgAA/100g. Twenty eight male
albino rats were used for the in vivo antioxidant capability studies and were
randomly picked into four groups. 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and
1000mg/kg BW doses were administered daily for 56 days to three
groups, while the fourth group received distilled water. After
41 days of administration, five rats in the 1000mg/kg BW dose
group had the fur falling off, had increased thirst for water
with watery clay coloured feaces and were less active. The
effects of the aqueous extracts on the liver malonyldialdehyde
(MDA) and glutathione (GSH), serum superoxide dismutase (SOD)
and catalase (CAT) activities were estimated. Liver GSH levels
were increased significantly (p< 0.05) with the 250mg/kg and
1000mg/kg been statistically equal. The MDA concentrations were
not significantly reduced (p< 0.05) for the 1000mg/kg BW.
Serum SOD activities increased significantly (p< 0.05) dose
dependently, while the CAT activities also increased
significantly with the 250mg/kg and 1000mg/kg BW been
statistically equal. The histopathological studies of the liver
revealed that the aqueous extract of A. paniculata conferred
protection on the liver at 250mg/kg BW and 500mg/kg BW doses.
From the foregoing, it was suggested that the aqueous extract of A. paniculata leave
possessed high antioxidant property, but toxicity studies will
be necessary to determine the safety of the chronic
consumption.
[Oyewo
Bukoye, Akanji Musbau, Onifade Adenike. In vitro and In
vivo Evaluation of the Antioxidant Properties of Aqueous
Extract of Andrographis
paniculata Leaves. Researcher. 2010;2(11):42-51]. (ISSN:
1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net
Key words: Andrographis
paniculata; Antioxidant property; Chronic consumption;
Toxicity
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Solution of Volterra Integral
Equation of Second Kind
Vijendra S Rawat & Mayank Pawar
Department of Mathematics, Teerthankar Mahaveer university,
Moradabad. UP India.
E-mail: vijendraprof@gmail.com
Abstract:-In this research paper we are
examine the solution of volterra integral equation of second
kind.
[Vijendra S Rawat
& Mayank Pawar. Solution of Volterra Integral Equation of
Second Kind. Researcher. 2010;2(11):52-55]. (ISSN:
1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net.
Key Words: Numerical Integration, Gaussian
Integration, optimization theory, Non linear VIE
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Economics Of Organic Manure Use By Food Crop Farmers In
Ecologically Vulnerable Areas Of Imo State,Nigeria.
Nwaiwu I.U;
Ohajianya D.O.; Lemchi J.I.; Ibekwe U.C.; Nwosu F.O.; N.G Ben-chendo;
Henri-Ukoha A. and Kadiri F.A.
Department
of Agricultural Economics, Federal
University of
Technology Owerri,
Nigeria.
Abstract: This
paper views the cost and returns of organic manure use among
food crop farmers in ecologically vulnerable areas of Imo State, Nigeria. Empirical
results of experiments conducted to evaluate the benefits or
otherwise of organic manure use in different food crop
production were reviewed, collated and appraised. Besides,
organic manure used in combination with inorganic manure
(fertilizer varieties) were also collated and analysed. The
result showed that organic manure when used alone or in combination
with inorganic fertilizer ensures increment in growth and yield
of food crops, weed control, 50% reduction in expenditure on
fertilizer, 40% topsoil retention capacity, mitigation of crude
oil pollution on soils, control of soil erosion and salinity,
and reduction of contamination from pesticide use. Sequel to
the obvious numerous benefits of organic manure, its use should
be encouraged by government and other relevant non-
governmental organizations.
[Nwaiwu I.U; Ohajianya D.O.; Lemchi
J.I.; Ibekwe U.C.; Nwosu
F.O.; N.G Ben-chendo; Henri-Ukoha A. and Kadiri F.A. Economics Of Organic Manure
Use By Food Crop Farmers In Ecologically Vulnerable Areas Of
Imo State,Nigeria. Researcher. 2010;2(11):56-61]. (ISSN:
1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net
KEY
WORDS: Organic manure, Ecological,
Vulnerable, Economics, Mitigation
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Design And Analysis Of Heavy Load Pavement For Cost Effective Port
Operation Of The Nigerian West-East Coastal Shelf
Ibrahim Tunde Yusuf
Department of Civil Engineering, University
of Ilorin,
P.M.B. 1515,
Ilorin, Kwara
State of Nigeria
(zip code: 234).
Email: ityusuf@yahoo.com; tunde_aroes@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT: The
intensity of traffic and container loads in operation of ports
necessitates the provision of zero or low maintenance heavy
load pavements which can be in any of four main forms of
pavement construction:- asphalt, concrete block, rigid concrete
and reinforced concrete pavements. This paper, therefore,
presents a construction/maintenance life cycle cost based
pavement structure that reflects on construction materials,
methods, port operational techniques and environment for the
selection of the most appropriate for Nigerian coastal shelf.
Primary data on cargo handling and container traffic statistics
(for both export and import) were deduced from the operational
and data sourced from the management of Nigerian Ports
Authority and the Federal Office of Statistics in Lagos.
Further, the length of the Nigerian west-east territorial
costal shelf (between Lagos and Calabar), types of handling equipment
available at the ports, available materials and construction
technology prevailing at the ports environment were also
extracted from other relevant sources. The British Ports
Federation (BPF) Manual (1989) and the Nigeria Highway Design
Manual (1972) were used for the design purposes. Design by
Charts were employed with the aid of a Microsoft Excel software
while the construction cost analysis was carried out for each
pavement type at varying California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values
of 1%, 3%, 5%, 10% and 30% for the possible native (subgrade)
soils or as modified in bounded forms. The results of the
design indicated that the rigid concrete and reinforced
concrete pavements are better in technical terms since they can
both be placed on soils with very low CBR values. However, the
reinforced concrete pavement stands as the best choice
economically with reasonably satisfactory technical capability
because for all the subgrade CBR values and subbase thicknesses
its construction cost is least. The cost of constructing the
base course of reinforced concrete pavement on a soil of 10%
CBR and 300mm thick subbase, for instance, is N5,950.00/m2 of
pavement as compared to costs of asphalt, and rigid concrete
pavements which are N6,800.00/m2
and N7,761.25/m2 respectively.
[Ibrahim Tunde Yusuf. Design And
Analysis Of Heavy Load Pavement For Cost Effective
Port Operation
Of The Nigerian West-East Coastal Shelf. Researcher.
2010;2(11):62-81]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net.
Key words: Ports, Container terminal, Heavy load
pavement, Cargo handling operation, California Bearing Ratio,
Design charts
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Numerical Analysis of Magnetic Field with the
Hemodynamics Of Large Blood Vessel
Babadipe, E.S
Department of Mathematical Sciences,
Redeemer’s University, Mowe Ogun state. Nigeria.
babadipe@yahoo.com
Abstract: The function of blood is to deliver
necessary substances to the body cells such as nutrients and
oxygen through the blood vessels. In earlier works on
hemodynamics of blood, the effect of the uniform magnetic field
applied to the flow channel was investigated. In this current
work, the problem was modelled and the non-dimensionalised
equation is then solved numerically involving asymptotic expansion
for fixed injection Reynolds Number and Maxwell Visco-elastic
analysis. The effect of visco-elastic K and the viscosity
variation parameters on the velocity field are advanced.
[Babadipe, E.S. Numerical Analysis of
Magnetic Field with the Hemodynamics Of Large Blood Vessel.
Researcher. 2010;2(11):82-94]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net.
Keywords: Hemodynamics, Flow Channel, Visco
Elastic, Asymptotic Expansion, Reynolds Number
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The manuscripts in this
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All comments are
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