No.

Titles / Authors /Abstracts

Full Text

No.

1

Production of Multinutrient Blocks for Ruminant Animals Using Different Types and Levels of Binders in the Sudan Guinea Savanna of Nigeria

¹Muhammad U. R, *²Bala A. G, ¹Bello A. D, ²Al- Habib I. K and ²Shuaibu A. S

¹Department of Animal Health and Production Technology, Federal College of Agricultural Produce Technology

Kano state, Nigeria

²Division of Agricultural Colleges, College of Agriculture and Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Mando, Kaduna State, Nigeria.

balaaminu@gmail.com; +2348068928548

Abstract: This study seeks to formulate and manufacture multinutrient blocks for ruminant animals using different types and levels of binders. The experimental design was laid out in a factorial arrangement consisting of two binders (quick lime and cement) at two levels. Treatment 1 (T1) has 8% quick lime and 4% cement while treatment 2 (T2) has 4% quick lime and 8% cement. Results revealed that the chemical composition of a multi nutrient block showed dry matter content was found to be (68.7%) and (66.3%) for T1 and T2, respectively. The contents for CP (17 - 17.6%), CF (12.8-13%) and NFE (61 %.) were obtained. Most of the blocks were of medium compactness and hardness. TI produced a higher strength than T2 combination but is not consistent. The cost of T1 for 14 blocks (50kg) was the highest (N5, 551) while T2 (N5, 539) record the lowest. The average cost of each block was estimated as (N48/ 4kg of block) which is highly affordable by the smallholder farmer in the semi-arid environment. In conclusion, the study revealed that quick lime in the first formulation (T1) combination can replace cement as most animal welfare advocates are against the usage of cement in animal feed preparation. Also, the higher strength and compactness at cost effective rate in the first formulation (T1), provides the fermentable nitrogen required by the ruminants kept by farmers in the Sudan Guinea Savanna of Nigeria.

 [Muhammed U. R, Bala A. G, Bello A. D, Al- Habib I. K and Shuaibu A. S. Production of Multinutrient Blocks for Ruminant Animals Using Different Types and Levels of Binders in the Sudan Guinea Savanna of Nigeria. N Y Sci J 2016;9(8):1-4]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 1. doi:10.7537/marsnys090816.01.

Keywords: Multinutrient; binders; chemical composition; strength

Full Text

1

2

An Evaluation Of Phytotoxic Activities Of Some Botanicals Against Xanthomonas citri (Hasse), A Canker Bacterial Pathogen Of Citrus

Ijato, J.Y

Department Of Plant Science, Faculty Of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, P.M.B 5363, Ekiti State, Nigeria

E-mail: considerureternity@gmail.com, GSM: 08067335124

Abstract: Xanthomonas citri is a gram-negative bacterium that causes citrus canker, reducing the external quality of citrus fruits. Vernonia amygdalina Del, Jatropha curcas L, Azadirachta indicia .Juss, Moringa oleifera Lam, and Bauhinia monandra Kurz were evaluated for their antibacterial effects on the growth of X. citri. Hundred grams of powdered leaves of each was mixed with 200ml of distilled cold water and left overnight. This was filtered and the filtrate served as extracts. The antibacterial activities of the test plant were determined using agar diffusion method. The effects of cold water leaf extracts of A. indica ranged from 1.27-2.60cm. It was most and least inhibitive at 5% and 20% on X. citri by 1.27cm and 2.60cm respectively, followed by J. curcas which exhibited the highest and lowest inhibition at 5% and 20% on X. citri by 0.93 and 1.39cm respectively. V. amygdalina mostly reduced the growth of X. citri at 5% and 20% by 0.82cm and 2.20cm, followed by M. oleifera which was most antimicrobial on X. citri at 5% by 0.25cm while 20% of M. oleifera reduced the growth of X. citri by 2.74cm. B. monandra was most and least inhibitive at 5% and 20% on X. citri by 0.63cm and 1.77cm respectively. The results showed that, the higher the concentration of different aqueous leaf extracts, the higher the inhibitory capacity on X. citri.

[Ijato JY. An Evaluation Of Phytotoxic Activities Of Some Botanicals Against Xanthomonas citri (Hasse), A Canker Bacterial Pathogen Of Citrus. N Y Sci J 2016;9(8):5-7]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 2. doi:10.7537/marsnys090816.02.

Keywords: Evaluation; Botanical; Xanthomonas citri (Hasse); Canker Bacterial Pathogen; Citrus

Full Text

2

3

Potassium ferrate (K₂FeO₄) oxidation of Landfill Leachate and Sewage: Removal of COD and BOD

Osu, Charles I*. and Chukwu Uche J.

*Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B 5323.

charsike@yahoo.com, +2348037783246

*Corresponding author

Abstract: Oxidation of landfill leachate and sewage from different locations using potassium ferrate and percentage removal of Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) using K₂FeO₄ at 298 K for 30 minutes were investigated. Ferrate oxidized the landfill leachate and sewage and was effective within 30minutes at 298 K temperature. The percentage COD reduction after treatment ranged from 61.70 to 70.00 % and 61.00 to 68.70 % for landfill leachate and sewage respectively. The concentration of BOD reduced with the range of 42.60 to 53.56 %, and 48.30 to 60.30 % for landfill leachate and sewage respectively. The results obtained for landfill leachate ranged from 13400 ± 0.80 to 20420.13 ± 0.60 MgL^-1, BOD; 16930 ± 2.00 to 33400 ± 0.20MgL^-1 COD; 1.03 ± 0.05 to 2.50 ± 0.50 MgL^-1, DO; 6450 ± 1.30 MgL^-1, TDS; 693.40 ± 0.20, TSS; 1634.00 ± 1.10 to 3140.15 ± 3.40 µsCm^-1, EC and 6.80 to 8.60, pH  . The concentration for sewage ranged from 113.30 ± 0.30 to 310.60 MgL^-1, BOD; 840.30 ± 0.60 to 7540.70 ± 1.80 MgL^-1, COD; 0.06 ± 0.30 to 0.10 ± 0.00 MgL^-1, DO; 959.00 ± 1.40 to 1070.60 ± 1.20 MgL^-1, TDS; 14560 ± 1.60 to 21000 ± 1.80 MgL^-1, TSS; 970.60 ± 0.70 to 1600.80 ± 0.90 µsCm^-1, EC and 6.60 to 8.70, pH.

[Osu, Charles I. and Chukwu Uche J. Potassium ferrate (K₂FeO₄) oxidation of Landfill Leachate and Sewage: Removal of COD and BOD. N Y Sci J 2016;9(8):8-11]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 3. doi:10.7537/marsnys090816.03.

Keywords: Leachate, Sewage, Ferrate, Oxidation, COD, BOD

Full Text

3

4

Analysis of the effectiveness of the model training process of students of higher educational institutions in the direction of vocational training for pedagogical activity

Abdullayeva Ozoda Safibullayevna ¹, Dr. Saida Beknazarova ²

^1. Namangan Engineering Pedagogical Institute 100052, Uzbekistan

² Department of Audio visual technologies, Tashkent University of Information technologies, Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Mirzo Ulugbek region, Akkurgan st, 35/7 100052, India. Telephone: +998913549363; E-mail: saida.beknazarova@gmail.com

Abstract: This paper shows the experimental data that demonstrate the effectiveness of the theoretical model of the process of preparation of students of high school in the direction of vocational training for pedagogical activity the following indicators (indicators): the quality of results of educational activity, the quality of the results of extra-curricular activities, the quality conditions of the educational process.

[Abdullayeva Ozoda Safibullayevna, Saida Beknazarova. Analysis of the effectiveness of the model training process of students of higher educational institutions in the direction of vocational training for pedagogical activity. N Y Sci J 2016;9(8):12-15]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 4. doi:10.7537/marsnys090816.04.

Keywords: educational activities, preparation for teaching activities, extracurricular educational work, educational process

Full Text

4

5

The Role of the External Auditor in the Narrow of the Expectations Gap

Fatima E. Mohamed and Enas S. Mahgoub

Department of Accounting, College of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Al-Imam Muhammed Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudia Arabia. Email: mhfatima@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study designed to identify the role of the external auditor in the narrow of the expectations Gap. In order to achieve this objective, fifty questionnaires were distributed as a random sampling to collect the required data. Data were analysed using SPSS and conclusions were reported. There is a role for the independence and impartiality of the external auditor in the narrow expectations thought the following: a. requiring external auditor with justice to all parties that benefit from financial statements; b. Shorten the link between the external auditor and the client because it will likely cause a strong relationship between them and that increases the expectations gap. Moreover, there is a role for studying and meeting the expectations of the financial community in the narrow the expectations gaps through the right of beneficiary of the community financial services. Audit claims references to ensure audit efficiency, honesty and objectivity that would narrow the gap of expectations. Requiring references to take responsibility for the error and fraud and illegal acts that may be present in the financial statements. The researcher has provided a set of recommendations and proposals that may contribute to narrow down the gap, such as to ensure that the auditor for the financial community in audit efficiency, honesty and objectivity that would narrow the gap of expectations. External auditor require impartiality, objectivity and not to distort facts intentionally when practicing revision.

[Fatima E. Mohamed and Enas S. Mahgoub. The Role of the External Auditor in the Narrow of the Expectations Gap. N Y Sci J 2016;9(8):16-22]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 5. doi:10.7537/marsnys090816.05.

Key words: Auditor, Expectation gaps, community, financial services and revision

Full Text

5

6

The Ideological Impact of Postmodern Media in the Process of Structuring Hyperreality in the Consciousness of Rural Masses (A Case Study in Sri Lanka).

Dr. Dharma Keerthi Sri Ranjan, G. D.

Head, Department of Computer Studies / Center for Media Research, Senior Lecturer, Department of Mass Media, Sri Palee campus, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka.

ranjan2007@gmail.com / ranjan@spc.cmb.ac.lk

Abstract: The main aim of this paper is to discuss the social changes and challenges that the rural masses face, brought by the postmodern aspect of the global media. The macro and micro level perspective of this research shows the evidence of cultural dominance of the postmodern features of the media and the media imperialism. According to the evidence of this research, the postmodern aspect of media has been influencing the perception, all the behavioral patterns of the masses and the social structure of Sri Lanka at micro and macro level. Accordingly, this result shows that this influence has not been confined to the customs, traditions, languages, material artifacts, and the entire body of the myths, legends, beliefs and all the other behavioral patterns of the rural masses. But this postmodern aspect of mass media has already led the masses into a hybrid formation. This mediatization and postmodern aspect of the programs compel them to form a semblance and simulacra through the semiotics. Media semiotics in the post modern thoughts of the media is very powerful to create a secondary reality which is more real than the social and physical reality that exists in the current society. In the other way, it means that the media constitute a ‘hyperreality’ in the human consciousness of Sri Lanka. Symbolic world of the media has always been dominating the existing world and attempts enormously to replace them with the virtual world. Contemporary post modern sense of media has encouraged the masses into the social disintegration from the consciousness of the social integration of the rural masses. Masses are able to expose their contacts, events and phenomena to the faraway places in the world and are able to expand their opportunities into the new virtual sphere of the world.

[Dharma Keerthi Sri Ranjan, G. D., The Ideological Impact of Postmodern Media in the Process of Structure of Hyperreality in the Mass Consciousness of Rural Masses (A Case Study in Sri Lanka). N Y Sci J 2016;9(8):23-29]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 6. doi:10.7537/marsnys090816.06.

Keywords: Postmodern Media, Media Influence, Cultural Change, Social De-integration, Virtual Sphere, Hybridizations of the Masses

Full Text

6

7

The toxic effect of aluminum on cell division and chromosome morphology of black seeds plant (Nigella sativa L.) in relation to seed germination and radicle growth

A. A. El-Ghamery*, E. A. Abdel-Azeem, M. M. Mansour and E. S. Abd Al-Mouty

Botany & Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt

*ma_mousa.@azhar.edu.eg

Abstract: The effect of aluminum (Al³⁺) was evaluated in black seeds plant (Nigella sativa L.). Different aluminum concentrations as well as different exposure times were applied to investigate cytogenetical alterations in black seeds plant (Nigella sativa L.) meristem cells. Different concentrations of Al³⁺ (Al_.Cl₃.6H₂O) ranging from 200 to 5000 ppm were tested for different durations of 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36h. In this plant, following the treatments, germination percentage, radicle growth and mitotic index were declined by increasing the concentration and treatment duration. Radicle length was depressed but not blocked by the applied concentration. The treatments with the concentrations more than 3000 ppm for 36h were toxic and nearly inhibited cell division. The inhibition of mitotic activity induced by Al³⁺ is paralleled with a reduction in germination percentage and root growth. There was a gradual increase in metaphase frequency in all treatments with increasing concentration and treatment time. Increase metaphase frequency was accompanied by deceased frequency of the other mitotic division stages. The mitotic investigation of dividing cells in root tip cells of the studied plant revealed an abundance of dose-dependent of abnormalities for each treatment. Al³⁺ induced a number of abnormalities as dominant types. These types include irregular prophase, vacuolated nucleus, stickiness, disturbed meta- and anaphase, C-meta- and C-anaphases, laggards, chromosomal bridges. In addition, less frequent types were also recorded such as diagonal, fragment, unequal distribution and micronuclei. In conclusion, aluminum is significantly stressful in Nigella sativa L. culminating in morphological and cytological alterations.

[El-Ghamery AA, Abdel-Azeem EA, Mansour MM and Abd Al-Mouty ES. The toxic effect of aluminum on cell division and chromosome morphology of black seeds plant (Nigella sativa L.) in relation to seed germination and radicle growth. N Y Sci J 2016;9(8):30-43]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 7. doi:10.7537/marsnys090816.07.

Keywords: Aluminum toxicity, AlCl₃, Nigella sativa, seed germination, root growth, mitotic activity, chromosomal aberrations

Full Text

7

8

Application of Biosurfactant Producing PGPR in Agriculture: A Mini Review

Sumit Kumar¹* and R.C. Dubey²

Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri University, Haridwar -249404, India^1，2

^*Email: sumitarya360@gmail.com; Contact phone: +918439725901

Abstract: This paper reviews the immeasurable use of biosurfactants in agricultural soil and agrochemical industries. Biosurfactants produced by bacteria, yeasts, and fungi, generally called as green surfactants. Biosurfactants are considered as eco-friendly and less toxic as compared to synthetic surfactant because they are biodegradable in soil and not persist for long duration in soil. Biosurfactants play a key role in motility, signaling, and biofilm formation governing plant–microbe interaction. In agriculture, biosurfactants can be used for biocontrol of phytopathogens as well as for increasing the bioavailability of nutrient for beneficial plant associated microbes. Besides, biosurfactants are the alternatives for enhanced biodegradation of hydrocarbon, heavy metals, and organic compounds. The use of green surfactant in agriculture field can replace the drastic effect of synthetic surfactant in soil. Thus there is a great require for disquisition of biosurfactants producing PGPR and their potential role in agronomy. Biosurfactant can be produced traditionally by exploiting potential microorganisms. On the other hand, metagenomics approaches can be made for unculturable microorganisms. Modern novel techniques, such as Gas chromatography mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOP mass spectrometry, etc. are being used for purification and identification of biosurfactants.

[Sumit Kumar and R.C. Dubey. Application of Biosurfactant Producing PGPR in Agriculture: A Mini Review. N Y Sci J 2016;9(8):44-55]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 8. doi:10.7537/marsnys090816.08.

Keywords: Biosurfactants, Phytopathogens, Agronomy, Biocontrol, Biodegradation Metagenomics

Full Text

8

9

Influence of Edapho-Physico-Chemical Properties along altitude and aspects on the density of Medicinal Orchids Habenaria intermedia D. Don. and Microstylis wallichii Lindl in India

Manmohan J.R. Dobriyal¹, Arvind Bijalwan^*2, Ranjana Dobriyal³

¹Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India

^2*Indian Institute of Forest Management, Nehru Nagar, Bhopal, M.P., India, E. mail: arvindbijalwan276@gmail.com

³H.N. 595, Anand Vihar, Dharampur, Hardwar Road, Dehradun, Uttrakhand, India

Abstract: Orchids are jewels of plant kingdom depicting aesthetic and usufructs value for noble purpose. These are also used globally for medicinal purpose specially in Chinese, Tibetan, European and Indian system of medicine besides their bioactive compounds used in modern system of medicine. In Ayurvedic system orchids like Habenaria intermedia and Microstylis wallichii are placed in Asthavarga, Madhuraverga, Jeevaniyaverga and Kakoli group. The pysico-chmeical edaphic attributes associated with these orchids along different altitude and aspect provide information for in situ and ex situ conservation of orchid species. H. intermedia require proper aeration and less moisture around their roots while M. wallichii prefer damp cool habitat with high moisture content but require good aeration as the species has superficial root system spread on litter layer in Himalayan region. Increase in nitrogen, potassium and organic carbon content with decrease in altitude also limits the density of H. intermedia while phosphorus with increase in altitude increases its density. Nitrogen and organic carbon was low in southwest aspect compared to other aspect and also support the relatively high density of H. intermedia showing preference for low nitrogen, potassium and organic carbon and high phosphorus. In case of M. wallichii the high density of species was observed with respect to high nitrogen and organic carbon. The density of H. intermedia was recorded (6.4 plants/ m²) at NW at 2400 m altitude, 7.3 plants/ m² in SW at 2200 m altitude and 4.9 plants/ m² in SW aspect at 2000 m altitude. Similarly in M. wallichii at 1800 m altitude recorded density of 33.50 plants/ m² in NW aspect with IVI 94.34 while density 16.30 plants/ m² was found in NW aspect at 2000 m altitude and 40.19 plants/ m² at 2200 m altitude in SW aspect. The present paper discusses the interrelationship of these orchids with soil attributes along altitude and aspect in Himalayan region.

[Manmohan J.R. Dobriyal, Arvind Bijalwan, Ranjana Dobriyal. Influence of Edapho-Physico-Chemical Properties along altitude and aspects on the density of Medicinal Orchids Habenaria intermedia D. Don. and Microstylis wallichii Lindl. in India. N Y Sci J 2016;9(8):56-66]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 9. doi:10.7537/marsnys090816.09.

Keywords: Himalayan, Orchids, Habenaria intermedia, Microstylis wallichii, Soil, Aspect, Altitude

Full Text

9

10

Investigation of Radioactivity Level in Vegetable Crops along Benue River Basin at Yola, Nigeria

John F. Wansah ¹, Sulaiman A. Abdurrahman ¹, Jacob B. Akeredolu ², Actor J. Ocheje ², Amaitem J. Iseh ², and Cookey Iyen ²

¹ Department of Physics, Modibbo Adama University of Technology Yola, Yola

² Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Federal University Wukari, Wukari

fomunyuydzesinyuy@gmail.com

Abstract: The presence and level of Natural Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in some commonly cultivated vegetable crops along the Benue River Basin, Yola were investigated. The area is situated approximately between latitude 9^° 12^' N and longitude 12^° 29^' E Jimeta (Yola North), Adamawa State, Nigeria. The crops samples were harvested and dried at room temperature to a constant weight, powdered and sieved to pass through 2mm mesh and ground further to grain size of about 125μm. The Camberra passive gamma spectrometer with well calibrated high purity germanium detector at Centre of Energy Research and Training, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria was used to detect Alpha and Beta activities. The mean values of Alpha and Beta activities obtained in African Spinach were 8.64×10^-5 ± 3.60×10^-5 Bq/g and 39.37×10^-3 ± 2.853×10^-3 Bq/g, respectively; while the mean values of Alpha and Beta activities obtained in Rosella were 10.15×10^-5 ± 3.335×10^-5 Bq/g and 99.56×10^-3 ± 2.811×10^-3 Bq/g, respectively; and the mean values of Alpha and Beta activities obtained in Lettuce were 1.218×10^-4 ± 4.945×10^-5 Bq/g and 373.6×10^-3 ± 3.967×10^-3 Bq/g respectively. The Beta activity on each sample was higher than the Alpha activity but both values were lower than the recommended permissible activity concentrations limits in vegetables and therefore do not pose an immediate health risks to vegetable consumers in Jimeta, Yola.

[John F. Wansah, Sulaiman A. Abdurrahman, Jacob B. Akeredolu, Actor J. Ocheje, Amaitem J. Iseh and Cookey Iyen. Investigation of Radioactivity Level in Vegetable Crops along Benue River Basin at Yola, Nigeria. N Y Sci J 2016;9(8):67-71]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 10. doi:10.7537/marsnys090816.10.

Keywords: Radioactive; vegetable crops; gamma spectrometer; alpha activity; beta activity

Full Text

10

11

Assessment of Microbial Quality of Cow Milk Products (Kindirimo, Nono and Wara) Sold in Bida Metropolis, Niger State, Nigeria.

Yahaya Abdulwahid Abaukaka¹, Emumwen Evbaziegbere Gideon², Semeeu Oladimeji Olaniyi³, Abdullahi Muhammed³

^1.Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal Medical Centre, Bida, Nigeria

aabaukaka@gmail.com

Abstract: The microbial assessment of three cow milk products sold in Bida metropolis, Niger State where analyzed. A total of 150 samples were collected from different individual (the Milkers) from Angwa-Fulani market and other part of Bida metropolis where other milk-products are sold. 50 samples were collected each for, Kindirimo, Nono and wara. Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus was the most predominant bacterial isolated with the percentage frequency of 22.0%, 10.0% and 6.0% for Wara, Nono and Kindirimo respectively, follow by Escherichia coli which had percentage frequeny of 14.0% for Wara only. Streptococcus species had percentage frequency of 12.0% for Wara only, then Staphylococcus aureus and Lactobacillus species had 10.0% and 2.0% for Wara and Nono respectively. Other bacteria isolated include Proteus species 10.0%, Listeria species 6.0%, Pseudomona species 2.0%, Klebsiella species 8.0%, Enterobacter species 4.0%, from Wara, Alkaligens Species 2.0%, from both Wara and Nono. From the findings of this study its concluded that cow milk product such as Wara are of poor microbial quality and hazardous for human consumption. This is supported by evidence of pathogenic bacteria isolated in this study which may be due to poor or unhygienic practices and surrounding environment during the processing of the product (wara). Also Nono and Kindirimo showed some level of poor microbial quality which may pose pathogenic zoonosis.

[Abaukaka YA, Emumwen EG, Oladimeji SO, Abdullahi M. Assessment of Microbial Quality of Cow Milk Products (Kindirimo, Nono and Wara) Sold in Bida Metropolis, Niger State, Nigeria. N Y Sci J 2016;9(8):72-76]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 11. doi:10.7537/marsnys090816.11.

Keywords: Kindirimo, Nono, wara, microbial quality and zoonosis

Full Text

11

12

Socioeconomic Study for Camel Farming System in Egypt

Sherine F. Mansour¹ and Bernard Faye²

¹Socio-Economic Division, Desert Research Center, 1 Matahaf El Mataria St. P.O. Box 11753, Mataria, Cairo, Egypt

²FAO/CIRAD-ES, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA C/dir B 34398 Montpellier, France

Corresponding author: Sherine.2050@hotmail.com, Tel: +201002265391

Abstract: The current study was conducted in matrouh, during 2014.The main objectives were to determine the socio-economic situation of camel’s herders in the region, to know the other economic activities of the camel’s herders and to investigate the constraints and problems facing camel’s herders and their solutions. Multistage, purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used to select 200 respondents for the study. Well-structured questionnaires were administered to the respondents to obtain data. Tabular analyses as well as descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that the age of more than half of camel’s herders were between 27 - 50 years old, and most of the respondents (33%) were illiterate, 57.5% of them were only camel reared and 85.24% of them possessed their camel stock through inheritance. The results showed that, 88.6% of the respondents depend mainly on buying camels as source of income, and 39.05% pay 4000 LE yearly for zakaat or Islamic tax. The results also revealed that more than half of them depend only on family labor for herd management. The main constraints facing camel’s herders in the study area were lack of labors, expansion of agriculture at the expense of the range lands, lack of general services for human and livestock.

[Sherine F. Mansour and Bernard Faye. Socioeconomic Study for Camel Farming System in Egypt. N Y Sci J 2016;9(8):77-83]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 12. doi:10.7537/marsnys090816.12.

Key words: Camel herders, household, Matrouh, Socio-economics

Full Text

12

13

Evaluation Of The Effect Of Ramadan Fasting On Fat-Soluble Antioxidants And Markers Of Oxidative Stress In Healthy Pakistani Subjects

Abad Khan^{a, *}, Zafar Iqbal^b, Lateef Ahmad^a, Waqar Ahmad^a, Naveed Ullah^a, Ismail khan^b, Amjad khan^b

^aDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Peshawar-25120,Pakistan.

^bDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar-25120, Pakistan;

     * Dr. Abad Khan

E-mail address: drabadkhan@uoswabi.edu.pk; Cell #: +923339356448, Fax No.0938-490238

Abstract: Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of Ramadan fasting on the fat-soluble antioxidants [all-trans-Retinol (Vitamin A) and α-tocopherol (Vitamin E)] in healthy Pakistani subjects. Methods: Thirty (30) healthy male volunteers (aged 30-50 years) with Ramadan fasting have participated in the study. Blood sampling from these subjects was conducted 1 day before and on 15^th and 28^th days of Ramadan. The serum levels of all-trans-Retinol and α-tocopherol of the collected samples on respective days were measured using liquid-chromatography linked with UV-visible (HPLC-UV). Results: In order to assess the profile of these antioxidants we analyzed data by Minitab software at a 95% confidence interval (p˂0.05) as significant. The comparison between the samples taken at different time was made applying 2-sample and paired t-test. Although slight changes in the levels of all-trans-Retinol on15^th and 28^th days of Ramadan were found when compared with its levels on 1 day before Ramadan however no significant changes have been found in its values before and Ramadan values. The levels of α-tocopherol on 28^th Ramadan have been decreased significantly when compared with its values before Ramadan (p<0.0001) while the changes in its values between before Ramadan and on 15^th Ramadan were non-significant (p=0.0936). Conclusion: From our study it is concluded that that there is no significant change in the levels of all-trans-Retinol during the month of Ramadan while the levels of α-tocopherol have been decreased significantly on 28^th day of Ramadan however no change has been observed on 15^th day of Ramadan when compared with their values before Ramadan. It is therefore suggested that the fasting of Ramadan have effect on the levels of α-tocopherol and food-based interventions might be necessary to modify the diet during Ramadan.

[Abad Khan, Zafar Iqbal, Lateef Ahmad, Waqar Ahmad, Naveed Ullah, Ismail khan, Amjad khan. Evaluation Of The Effect Of Ramadan Fasting On Fat-Soluble Antioxidants And Markers Of Oxidative Stress In Healthy Pakistani Subjects. N Y Sci J 2016;9(8):84-90]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 13. doi:10.7537/marsnys090816.13.

Key Words: Fasting; antioxidants; samples; healthy; HPLC-UV

Full Text

13

14

Olive cake as low cost adsorbent for sequestration of Fe(II) and Mn(II) from aqueous solutions

Moataz M. Abdel Hameed¹, Ahmed A. El-kady²,Hany H. Abdel Ghafar^3,4,Gehad G. Mohamed⁵ and Mahmoud S. Rizk⁵

¹Giza Company for Drinking Water and Waste Water, Egypt.

²Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

³Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Arts- Khulais, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

⁴Water pollution Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

⁵Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.

dr_mezovic@yahoo.com

Abstract: Activated carbon derived from olive cake waste produced by chemical activation using phosphoric acid (AC1) as well as Organosorb 10-CO as a reference carbon (AC2) were used to study their adsorption capacities toward Fe(II) and Mn(II) in a single ion batch experimental mode under different conditions. Initial concentration levels of 50 mg/L for Fe(II) and Mn(II) were incubated with different dose of AC1 and AC2 (0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 g/L) at different contact times (5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 90 min) to determine the optimum condition of adsorption. These experiments were conducted at ambient temperature (25 ± 1.0^oC) and two different pH values (3 and 7).  The equilibrium time for Fe(II) was 30 min and the optimum dose was 1 g/L for both ACs since 91.6 and 85.6 % of Fe(II) were removed with AC1 and AC2, respectively. However, 60 min was needed to remove 85.5 and 70.5 % for Mn(II) with AC1 and AC2, respectively. The batch experiments for Fe(II) and Mn(II) were performed on solutions with concentrations ranged from 20 to 120 ppm. Removal percentage was determined as a function of sorbate concentration for this adsorption system. The isothermal models applied on this study to show how the adsorption ratios of Fe(II)and Mn(II) on activated carbon match to Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Kaganer–Radushkevich (DKR) equations adding to that every equation constant has been calculated.     The results showed that AC1 hold great capacity to remove Fe(II) and Mn(II) from aqueous media.

[Moataz M. Abdel Hameed, Ahmed A. El-kady, Hany H. Abdel Ghafar, Gehad G. Mohamed, Mahmoud S. Rizk. Olive cake as low cost adsorbent for sequestration of Fe(II) and Mn(II) from aqueous solutions. N Y Sci J 2016;9(8):91-102]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 14. doi:10.7537/marsnys090816.14.

Keywords: Olive Cake, Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Trace Metals

Full Text

14