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1

The effect of seed size on the germination of Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii (Stapf)

Tolulope O. Bamigboye¹, Joshua Kayode^{2, 3} and Modupe J. Ayeni²

¹ Department of Crop Production Technology, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

² Department of Plant Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

³Author to whom correspondence should addressed: joshua.kayode@eksu.edu.ng

Abstract: The effect of seed size on the germination of Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii, a neglected indigenous fruit species in Nigeria was examined in this study. 120 seeds selected from seeds collected from 10 mother plants and were divided equally into three size classes namely: large, medium and small. The morphological parameters of the seeds were examined. The results obtained revealed that morphological variations abound in the seeds of this species and germination varied among the sizes of the seeds sown in the germination trays. Germination was observed to be directly proportional to the size of the seeds thus suggesting that the use of large seeds might be beneficial in the efforts to propagate the seeds of this species.

[Tolulope O. Bamigboye, Joshua Kayode and Modupe J. Ayeni. The effect of seed size on the germination of Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii (Stapf). N Y Sci J 2016;9(5):1-3]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 1.

doi:10.7537/marsnys090516.01

Key words: Seed size, germination, indigenous fruit species, Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii

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Sero-prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection among HIV Co-infected Patients in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Frank-Peterside Nnenna², Ayodele, Martins Bamidele Oluseun¹

¹Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

E-mail: ufuomartins@yahoo.com: Tel: +2348037055953

²Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

E-mail: nnenna.frank-peterside@uniport.edu.ng: Tel: +2348033106272

Abstract: Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is one of the major health concerns which accounts approximately for 350 million chronic cases out of 2 billion people infected worldwide. Co-infection with HBV in HIV infected person as been identified as one of the burdens of HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa owing to common route of transmission and the similar risk factors. HBV is more destructive in HIV-positive than in mono-infected individuals, with associated HBV carrier rates, increased concentrations of HBV viraemia, more frequent occurrences of activation, and faster progression to liver cirrhosis. Blood samples from 535 HIV I/II sero-positive patients were re- screened to confirm their HIV sero-positivity and also screened for HBsAg, Sero-prevalence of HBsAg was 25(4.67%). Among the 535 HIV sero-positive patients studied, 360(67.3%) were females and 175(32.7%) were males; the mean age in years was 33.5±11.7 Age groups 31-40 had the highest frequency of 224(41.8%) while age group above 60 had the lowest frequency of 4(0.7%). Out of the 25(4.67%) HBsAg sero-positive patients, 13(2.43%) were females while 12(2.24%) were males. Age group 31-40 had the highest frequency of 12(2.24%) while age groups 51-60 and above 60 had lowest frequencies of 0(0.0%) each. There was no significant differences between sex and HBsAg infections and also between age and HBsAg infections among HIV infected subjects (p>0.05). Transmission routes of HBV and HIV are similar, regular screening, awareness and knowledge of HBV sero status, vaccination and understanding of other risk factors will reduce the spread of HBV/HIV co-infection and progression. Hence, appropriate information, advocacy and awareness campaign strategies are advocated.

[Frank-Peterside Nnenna, Ayodele, Martins Bamidele Oluseun. Sero-prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection among HIV Co-infected Patients in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. N Y Sci J 2016;9(5):4-8]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 2.

doi:10.7537/marsnys090516.02

Keywords: Sero-prevalence; HBV; HIV; Co-infection; Port Harcourt

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Effect Of Compost And NPK Fertilizer On The Nutrient Uptake And Yield Of Millet

Waizah Y., J. Tanimu and C. A. Onwu

Department of Soil Science and Land Resources Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Federal University Wukari, Taraba State.

Corresponding Author Email: yakub@fuwukari.edu.ng

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted to compare the effect of application of compost with or without inorganic fertilizer on nutrient uptake by millet at Department of Soil Science Teaching and Research Farm, University of Maiduguri. A randomized complete block design was adopted with five treatment replicated three times. The treatments consisted of. Control (no inorganic (fertilizer no compost), Compost alone at 7.5 tons/ha. Compost + N.P.K (30:15:15), NPK (30:15:15), and NPK (60:30:30). The combined effect of application of compost with or without inorganic fertilizer on nutrient uptake by millet as given in table 1 At the end of tillering seven weeks after planting (7WAP), the mean values of N, P and K are 3.25, 0.28 and 3.14 respectively, which are invariable higher than that at the booting stage ten weeks after planting (10WAP) with the mean values of N, P, and K obtained as 2.16, 0.23 and 2.23 respectively, this decrease may be as a result of the nutrient being used up for physiological development of the plant. The treatment compost plus N.P.K(30.15.15) gave the highest grain yield with a mean value of 1548kg/ha, followed by plot applied with full recommended dose of N.P.K(60.30.30) with a mean value of 1323kg/ha while the control plot recorded the lowest value of 790kg/ha, there was no significant difference at 5% level of significant between plots applied with compost plus N.P.K (30.15.15) and full recommended dose of N.P.K (60.30.30), and compost plus N.P.K (30.15.15) and compost alone. Therefore application of compost, plus N.P.K (30.15.15) and N.P.K (60.3030) performed significantly better than the control, which directly reflects the nutrient uptake by millet.

[Waizah Y., J. Tanimu and C. A. Onwu. Effect Of Compost And NPK Fertilizer On The Nutrient Uptake And Yield Of Millet. N Y Sci J 2016;9(5):9-11]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 3.

doi:10.7537/marsnys090516.03

Key Word: Compost, Inorganic Fertilizer, Tillering and Booting

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An Evaluation Of The Phytochemical And Antimicrobial Profiles Of Vernonia Amygdalina And Bark Of Magnifera indica

Matthew Egbobor Eja¹, Joseph Ubi Otu¹, Nsor Odo Alobi², Uno Agbo Uno², Magdalene Obi-Abang²

¹Department of Biological Sciences, Cross River University of Technology, P.M.B 1123, Calabar, Nigeria.

²Department of Chemical Sciences, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria.

Kingenyi4gold@yahoo.com

Abstract: Since the emergence of tetracycline – resistant bacterium, Shegella dysenteriae in 1953, there has been a lot of research on the production of semi-synthetic drugs against several emerging drug-resistant bacteria. In this regard, herbal scientists have contributed very little. This study investigated the phytochemical compositions and antimicrobial effects of Vernonia amygdalina (E₁) and the bark of Magnifera indica (E₂) in combination with themselves and conventional drugs, Ampicillin (AmP) and Chloramphenicol (CPC), against Salmonella species isolated from poultry farms. Broth dilution and disc diffusion methods were respectively applied to determine the sensitivity of Salmonella species and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the plants affecting Salmonella species; the phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard methods. Results revealed that E₁ possessed greater antimicrobial effect on Salmonella species (Zone of inhibition: 9.06+0.66 to 15.12+0.61mm) than E₂ (Zone of inhibition: 0.0 to 12.10+0.20mm); while Salmonella was resistant to E₂. The combination of E₁ and E₂ gave antagonistic results with E₁ antagonizing E₂. There was significant difference (p < 0.05) between E₁ and E₂, and the combination of each of the plants and antibiotics. The maximum zone of inhibition of E₁ + AMP (21.66+0.97mm) indicateing better effectivity than E₂ + AMP (13.77+0.86mm). Also, E₁ + CPC has the same advantage over E₂ + CPC. There was antagonism in 100% of the isolates when E₁ and E₂ were combined. However, E₁ + AMP and E₁ + CPC resulted in synergism in 93% and 100% of the isolates respectively, indicating a possible hope in the fight against antimicrobial resistance. Also, the MIC of E₁ (3.12mg/ml) affected 38.46% of the isolates unlike that of E₂ (6.25mg/ml) which affected 12.82% of the isolates, thus confirming E₁ as having greater effectivity than E₂. In conclusion, Vernonia amygdalina in combination with ampicillin and chloramphenicol could be drugs of choice against resistant Salmonellaspecies.

[Matthew Egbobor Eja, Joseph Ubi Otu, Nsor Odo Alobi, Uno Agbo Uno, Magdalene Obi-Abang. An Evaluation Of The Phytochemical And Antimicrobial Profiles Of Vernonia Amygdalina And Bark Of Magnifera indica. N Y Sci J 2016;9(5):12-23]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 4.

doi:10.7537/marsnys090516.04

Keywords: Phytochemical profiles, antimicrobial effects, conventionaldrugs, Vernonia amygdalina, Magnifera indica.

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Estimating Resource Productivity and Efficiency of Smallholder Broiler Production in Bida Metropolis, Niger State, Nigeria

¹Baba M. D., ²Attahiru M. and ¹Sanda A. Y.

¹Department of Agricultural Extension and Management, Kebbi State College of Agriculture Zuru, Nigeria

²College of Agriculture, Sokoto State Polytechnic, Sokoto, Nigeria

musababas1970@yahoo.com

Abstract: The research determined resource productivity and efficiency in smallholder broiler production in Bida metropolis, Niger State, Nigeria. One hundred and one (101) smallholder broiler farmers were used for the study. Primary data were collected through interview schedule in 2015 and data analysis was carried out using production function. Semi log function was chosen as the best fit with R² value of 0.617, which implies that about 61% of the variation in the dependent variable is explained by the independent variables included in the model. Only feed was statistically significant at 1% probability level. On resource use efficiency, feeds, labour, water and medication were under-utilized, while floor space was over-utilized. It could be concluded that resources used in smallholder broiler production were inefficiently utilized. It is, therefore, recommended that smallholder broiler farmers in the study area should increase the quantities of under-utilized inputs and reduce the quantities of over-utilized inputs for optimal output. Similarly, smallholder broiler farmers in the study area should form cooperative society to enable them have easy access to credit facilities from financial institutions, acquisition of inputs at a subsidize rate and other forms of assistance from the government.

[Baba M. D., Attahiru M. and Sanda A. Y. Estimating Resource Productivity and Efficiency of Smallholder Broiler Production in Bida Metropolis, Niger State, Nigeria. N Y Sci J 2016;9(5):24-28]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 5.

doi:10.7537/marsnys090516.05

Key words: Resource, Productivity, Efficiency, Smallholder, Broiler, Production.

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Better understanding language of Nima Youshij

Hassan Rafiei

PhD student of Orientalism (Field of Iranian studies) State University of Yerevan, Armenia

Hrafiee3@gmail.com

Abstract: Nima`s poem language is novel. He made poem language as easily he could, and to bring near to prose and histrionically. Also benefit from nature and nature elements and them meanings in creation for poetical pictures, to cause sensibility his reflection and his emotion. Any things in Nima`s poem are natural and keep away from fancy and assuming. The words which Nima benefit are with his fancy, image often are to suit with his poetical ardency life language, creator.and reality of poet`s mind sent to intelligent reader`s mind. Nima looking away which stood up most heartily or willingly. He did not know poem away poet and to name that partially of living. Therefor he brings poem`s language nearest to common`s people language, also to proceed in social problems and expression of contexts and meaning of that to be effective. He with resort in parable and narrative bring nearest to common culture and language. He find language in Simplicity and he grows weary to lingual complexity, and he know that is kind of deviation. Also you can see Nima`s naivety language in his lyric poetry, even in normal speeches. Now he creation in his poem, which are full of mot, vitality and existence. Nima`s, poems are seam a tree, in language and culture of his birthplace. He is anti custom and also makes custom. In Nma`s regard all of things are mystery, symbol and parable. Nima bring perfection in poem rhythm and to refresh contents and bring social and nature in poem. He cognizant and masterly invaded to open space language grammar.

[Hassan Rafiei. Better understanding language of Nima Youshij. N Y Sci J 2016;9(5):29-34]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 6.

doi:10.7537/marsnys090516.06

Key words: Nima – poem – nature- language- symbol

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The effectiveness of customs at the conclusion of the works and Dissolution of Marriage

Masoud Kaabi

Department of Law , Persian Gulf International Branch , Islamic Azad university , khorramshahr , iran

Abstract: Discussion marriage (proposal, engagement, etc.) in different societies is a major problem and that is why our jurists and legislators in different fields of jurisprudence and laws of the problem is described. In addition, an important and influential role in how marriage is the norm. We can say that in our society customs official said the demand for marriage proposals from men, although the proposal from the woman seems to be no problem, but it is unorthodox. In our society, marriage and the practice does not occur in the same way anywhere in the proposal, during the engagement, about the relationship between candidates, dowry payments, alimony, and even the dissolution of marriage (divorce and its variants) and so different. In this thesis, we tried to approach the library, to identify sense, common sense, and the status of its application to the background, base, its credibility in society and its impact on marriage, the quality of the proposal, the nomination period, dowry payments, alimony and The role of customs in the liquidation of the institution of marriage and the sanction to be expressed. The results show that although marriage is rooted in religion and our culture is very important in terms of legislation, but of practice in how to propose marriage, betrothal, dowry payments, fees, for example, the Department of Family, and so forth, but with the passage of and in different time zones. The tradition of civil law on marriage, the importance and its role in social resolution. The common effect of court decisions, in particular, are more family court and court judgments, in cases where the law a certain way of making decisions and issuing opinions expressed do not, by tradition, in which the action and the verdict are.

[Masoud Kaabi. The effectiveness of customs at the conclusion of the works and Dissolution of Marriage. N Y Sci J 2016;9(5):35-44]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 7.

doi:10.7537/marsnys090516.07

Key words: tradition, matchmaking, betrothal, dowry, marriage, divorce, and nulment of marriage

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The Effect of Marketing Mix On Customer Satisfaction An Empirical Study at Saudi Telecom Company (S.T.C)

Dr. Amir AbouElnaga1and Mr. Zyad Omar AL-Nasser2

¹Assistant Professor -Director of Postgraduate studies, College of Business Administration, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

²MBA, General Manager, MASAR TECH.& Brand Manager ELM, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

amirzaki78@hotmail.com

Abstract: This study aims to investigate the impact of marketing mix elements on customer satisfaction at Study Saudi Telecom Company (S.T.C). This study is analytical study using simple questionnaire to find out the relationships between marketing mix and its effect on customer satisfaction at Saudi Telecom Company (STC) also deceptive study has been used based on the collection and analysis of results of studies, reports, periodicals and books related to the topic of study. Researcher has distributed simple questionnaire on (103 STC customers) while the response were (73 customers) during 12 and 13 March 2016.Based on statistical analysis the 56 % from samples reply between strongly agree and agree about STC marketing mix which reflect that STC really looking for satisfy its customers and 22% between strongly disagree and disagree about STC services, however the main factor which increase this percentage to be 22% was service providers because some of STC customers not satisfy form service providers which require from STC company to allocate enough budget for training and development to its employees in order to enhance their competencies for dealing with customers properly also continuous improvement in services quality is considered an important factors in STC performance. Based on result H1 hypothesisis accepted which mean there is a relationships between marketing mix and customer satisfaction at Saudi Telecom Company (STC).

[Amir Abou Elnaga and Zyad Omar AL-Nasser. The Effect of Marketing Mix On Customer Satisfaction An Empirical Study at Saudi Telecom Company (S.T.C). N Y Sci J 2016;9(5):45-54]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 8.

doi:10.7537/marsnys090516.08

Keywords: Marketing mix(7ps), customer satisfaction, Saudi Telecom Company (STC)

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Upgrading of the Nile Delta Accellrograph Network Using the USGS Earthworm System

Awad I. Hassoup¹, Mohamed Sh. Moustafa², Amr M.T. Ali-Eldin², Ramadan M. Ali¹

¹ Seismology dept., National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics

²Computer Engineering and Control Systems. Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University

ahr_bakir@yahoo.com

Abstract: Since 2008, the earthquake acceleration at the Nile Delta region observed by the Egyptian Strong-motion Network (ESN), it consist of12 acceleration stations; five stations involve 130-SMA Accellrograph, while seven stations involves Titan-SMA Accellrograph. Each type operated by an Earthquake Monitoring System EMS for real time data transmitting, acquisition, and archiving, each system use different protocols for data transmitting and archiving, consequently it's difficult to combine between the two systems for real time data analysis. in order to make operating ESN much simpler and flexible this study use the United States Geological Survey USGS, Earthworm (EW) system to build a customized real time data acquisition and archiving combine between the two EMS systems operating the two types of accelerometers and archive data for both systems in Mini seed format and receive data from the Egyptian National Seismic Network (ENSN) velocity stations and use this data with acceleration data to get more accurate event location around the Nile Delta specially regional earthquakes from the Mediterranean Sea and local earthquakes inside Egypt.

[Awad I. Hassoup, Mohamed Sh. Moustafa, Amr M.T. Ali-Eldin and Ramadan M. Ali. Upgrading of the Nile Delta Accellrograph Network Using theUSGS Earthworm System. N Y Sci J 2016;9(5):55-60]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 9.

doi:10.7537/marsnys090516.09

Key words:Nile Delta, Refraction Technology, NanoMetrics, Miniseed

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2D Resistivity Imaging And Hydrochemical Analysis of Groundwater Contamination Induced By Abattoir Wastes at Atenda, Southwestern Nigeria

Onoja, S.O¹, Akinola, M.A²

¹Department of Physics, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria;

²Department of Applied Geophysics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

Telephone: +234(0)8033718006; E-mail: onoja.os@ksu.edu.ng

Abstract: The extent of groundwater contamination induced by abattoir wastes and effluent at Atenda in Ogbomosho Nigeria was mapped using 2D electrical resistivity imaging and hydrochemical analysis. The area was mapped along four N - S traverses established around the abattoir wastes dump site using dipole-dipole array with the aid of Campus ohmega (W) Terrameter. Water samples were also collected from eight hand-dug wells in the vicinity of the abattoir and analyzed for temperature, pH, conductivity, color, Cl^-, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Fe³⁺, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, calcium hardness, total hardness, total alkalinity, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen (DO). The resistivity survey results yielded low resistivity values below the waste dump site along traverse 2 and along traverses 3 and 4 which were established outside the waste dump site. Similarly, low resistivity values were observed along traverse 1 toward the abattoir waste dump site. Resistivity values increase with distance away from the abattoir waste dump site indicating reduction in amount of leachates away from the dump site. The results of the hydrochemical analysis also indicated the presence of contamination as established by the geophysical survey.

[Onoja, S.O, Akinola, M.A. 2D Resistivity Imaging And Hydrochemical Analysis of Groundwater Contamination Induced By Abattoir Wastes at Atenda, Southwestern Nigeria. N Y Sci J 2016;9(5):61-67]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 10.

doi:10.7537/marsnys090516.10

Keywords: - Abattoir, Atenda, Contamination, Groundwater, Hydrochemical, Imaging

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Validation of modified HPLC method for determination of oxytetracycline, tetracycline and doxycycline in chicken meat and liver

S.A. Shama¹, Abd el azim S. El Sharkawy¹, A.H. Mahmoud², Heba M. Hassan ³, Shaimaa H. Nassar ³.

¹Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Banha University

²Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Egypt

³National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Dokki, P.O. Box 246, Giza 12618, Egypt

shimaa.nassar.chemist@gmail.com

Abstract: A high performance liquid chromatography method utilizing ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) was developed and validated to determine tetracyclines residues in chicken meat and liver samples. The separation of three tetracyclines residues; oxytetracycline, tetracycline and doxycycline was carried out on a reverse–phase C8 column with a gradient elution. A mobile phase system consisted of a mixture of methanol, acetonitrile and 0.03M oxalic acid. UV detector set 351nm with 25 minute analysis time. The extraction with citrate buffer pH 4 was performed and followed by SPE cartridge clean up step. Calibration curves for oxytetracycline, tetracycline and doxycycline showed good linear ties (r2 > 0.990) at concentrations ranged from 50 to 1000 ng/mL. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantifications (LOQs) for oxytetracycline, tetracycline and doxycycline were found to be 16.66, 8.33, 16.66 μg/kg and 50, 25, 50 μg/kg respectively. The recoveries of oxytetracycline, tetracycline and doxycycline, at 100 and 200 μg/kg spiked samples were higher than 80% for all compounds. The analytical method was successfully applied to chicken meat and liver samples.

[S. A. Shama, Abd el azim S. El Sharkawy, A.H. Mahmoud,HebaM. Hassan, Shaimaa H. Nassar. Validation of modified HPLC method for determination of oxytetracycline, tetracycline and doxycycline in chicken meat and liver. N Y Sci J 2016;9(5):68-74]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 11.

doi:10.7537/marsnys090516.11

Keywords: Residues, tetracyclines, chicken, HPLC, UV

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Three Dimensional Space-Time

Lu Shan

No.1144, East of Jiuzhou Avenue, Zhuhai 509015, Guangdong Province P. R. China

E-mail: zhuhailushan@outlook.com; Tel: 0756-3219063; Fax: 0756-3219538

Abstract: The space-time description in Physics was composed of 3D space and the 1D time which was independent of 3D space before the proposal of the 3D space-time. Therefore, space-time was regarded as 4-dimensional. With the metrical method, the author finds out that time and space can be quantified by the same quantity value which can be described by three numbers (coordinate values) if the metric for the space distance is selected as the time wave length. Hence, space-time can be regarded as not only the observable quantity but also 3 dimensional.

[Lu Shan. Three Dimensional Space-Time. N Y Sci J 2016;9(5):75-78]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 12.

doi:10.7537/marsnys090516.12

Key words: space-time; metric; space; distance; time

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Assessment of the Antioxidants Profile of Newly Diagnosed Diabetic Patients using RP-HPLC Coupled with UV-Visible and Electrochemical Detector

Abad Khan^a, Zafar Iqbal^b, Muhammad Imran Khan^c, Lateef Ahmad^a, Ismail khan^b, Amjad khan^d

^aDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Peshawar-25120, Pakistan

^bDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar-25120, Pakistan

^c Department of Pharmacy, Women Institute of Learning, Abbotabad, Pakistan

^dDepartment of Pharmacy, Abasyn University of Peshawar, Pakistan

Email: drabadkhan@uoswabi.edu.pk

Abstract: The plasma and red blood cells antioxidants profile of newly diagnosed diabetic patients [(n=30), (age 55.65 ± 4.62 years), (blood sugar 288.54 ± 103.78 mg/dl)] were compared to those of the control subjects [(n=30), (age 50.0 ± 5.5 years), (blood sugar 124.3 ± 16.08mg/dl)] using liquid-chromatography linked with UV-visible (HPLC-UV) and electrochemical detector (HPLC-ECD) in order to assess their antioxidants profile. The data was analyzed by Minitab software at a 95% confidence interval (p˂ 0.05) as significant. The comparison between the two groups was made applying 2-sample and paired t-test. The antioxidants profile of diabetic patients was lower than that of control group while the oxidized/ reduced ratios of these antioxidants were higher in diabetic patients than that of control group. It is concluded that antioxidants profile is diminished in diabetic patients and might be used as biomarkers of diabetes. This study might be correlated with oxidative stress induced alterations in the antioxidants profile of diabetic patients and the antioxidants intervention may be recommended in diabetes.

[Abad Khan, Zafar Iqbal, Muhammad Imran Khan, Lateef Ahmad, Ismail khan, Amjad khan. Assessment of the Antioxidants Profile of Newly Diagnosed Diabetic Patients using RP-HPLC Coupled with UV-Visible and Electrochemical Detector. N Y Sci J 2016;9(5):79-95]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 13.

doi:10.7537/marsnys090516.13

Key Words: antioxidants; diabetic patients; oxidative stress; plasma;control; HPLC-ECD

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Physiochemical And Microbial Qualities Of Petroleum Sludge

Wokem, Vincent, C. And Odokuma, Lucky, O.

Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Tel: +2348130306131, E-mail: chineduvin@yahoo.com

Abstract: The physiochemical and microbial qualities of petroleum sludge freshly collected from the facilities of petroleum exploration and Production Company of Nigeria, in Rivers State, Niger Delta was investigated. Analysis of the petroleum sludge indicated that the petroleum sludge was acidic with pH value of 5.82, a high total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) content of 38,993.2mg/l made up of mainly between 10-40 carbon unit compounds. It also recorded high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen (COD) of 448.0 and 1,900 mg/l respectively. The mean values of salinity, nitrate, phosphate and sulphate were 3,249.0, 10.59, 0.98 and 18.58mg/l respectively. Conductivity had a high value of 5, 230.0 and salinity was 3,249.0mg/l. From the analysis of heavy metal of the sludge, iron (Fe) recorded a high concentration of 494.22mg/l in relation to zinc, copper, vanadium, nickel and lead that were 3.791, 3.329, 0.910, 4.537 and 2.590mg/l respectively. The total heterotrophic bacterial (THB) and total fungal (TF) counts were 2.5x10⁶ cfu/ml and 2.0x10³sfu/ml respectively while the hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial (HUB) and hydrocarbon utilizing fungal (HUF) counts were 2.0x10³ cfu/ml and 2.0x10³sfu/ml respectively. These values exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) standard for potable water. This shows that the petroleum sludge has high pollution potential and therefore must of necessity be treated before disposal into the recipient environment. The COD; BOD ratio was 3.60 which indicate that the sludge can undergo biodegradation and further suggests that biological method (bioremediation ) could be used in treatment of the sludge.

[Wokem, Vincent, C. And Odokuma, Lucky, O. Physiochemical And Microbial Qualities Of Petroleum Sludge. N Y Sci J 2016;9(5):96-100]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 14.

doi:10.7537/marsnys090516.14

Key words: Petroleum Sludge, Physiochemical Parameters, Pollution Potentials, Environment.

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