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Science Journal

New York Science Journal

(N Y Sci J)

ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online), doi prifix: 10.7537

Volume 7 - Number 12 (Cumulated No. 70); December 25, 2014, Monthly

Cover Page, Introduction, Contents, Call for Papers, ny0712

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CONTENTS

014_25611ny0712_111_116.pdf

No.	Titles / Authors /Abstracts	Full Text	No.
1	Bacterial Pathogens Associated with wild-caught houseflies in Awka metropololis of Anambra State, Southeastern Nigeria ¹Onyido, AE, ¹Nwangwu, UC, ¹Aribodor DN, ¹Umeanaeto, PU, ¹Ugha, CN and ²Ugwu FM, ³Onwude CO ¹Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Biosciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. ²Iyienu Mission Hospital, Ogidi, Anambra State, Nigeria. ³National Arbovirus and Vectors Research Centre, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria. nwangwuudoka@gmail.com Abstract: Bacterial pathogens associated with wild-caught houseflies in Awka metropolis, were investigated between April and August, 2012. Locally designed fly traps baited with common materials in the site of fly collection were used to collect flies from the six different ecological locations in the city. A total of 2,157 wild-caught flies were used in the study. They were identified into genera and species using standard taxonomic keys. Eight fly species (Musca domestica, Lucilia cuprina, Chrysomyia bezziana, Fannia canicularis, Wohlfartia species, Stomoxys calcitrans,Musca sorbens and Sarcophaga species) were identified. The internal and external pathogens associated with the flies were isolated and aliquots of the homogenates from both their internal and external contents were inoculated on various agar plates for pathogen isolations and identification. Bacterial pathogens isolated from the flies were Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas species, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus species, Salmonella species, Shigella species, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella species. All the eight genera of bacterial pathogens isolated are known to be pathogenic to man, indicating that wild-caught flies, especially M. domestica, are potential mechanical vectors of bacterial pathogens. This calls for improvement of sanitation/hygiene in both urban and rural areas of the country so as to improve the health of our people. [Onyido, AE, Nwangwu, UC, Aribodor DN, Umeanaeto, PU, Ugha, CN and Ugwu FM, Onwude CO. Bacterial Pathogens Associated with wild-caught houseflies in Awka metropololis of Anambra State, Southeastern Nigeria. N Y Sci J 2014;7(12):1-8]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 1. doi:10.7537/marsnys071214.01 Key words: Wild-caught flies, bacteria, pathogens, Awka metroplolis	Full Text	1
2	Assessment of Functional Characteristics of Some Metal Chelating Polymers Dessouki, H.A. ¹; M.H. Sorour²; H. Elsayed³ ¹ Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University ² Engineering Research Division, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt ³ Egyptian Environmental Affair Agency (EEAA), Sharkia Branch, Zagazig, Egypt h21679@yahoo.com Abstract: Lewatit mono plus S100H and purolite C100 are ion-exchange resins, which were selected for study. Polystyrene is the resin matrix cross linked with divinyl benzene for the studied resins. Heavy metal ions [Cd(II) and Pb(II)] and also Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Bi(II) and Cu(II) were removed with these ion-exchange resins. The metal ion uptake efficiency, reusability of the resins, thermodynamic parameters, and effects of pH. Metal ion concentration, resin weight, sodium chloride concentration, temperature and stirring time on the metal removal were also studied. The amount of metal uptake by the studied resins was determined by atomic absorption spctrophotometry and inductively coupled plasma spectrophotometry. Both resins manifested reasonable removal efficiencies for the studied elements. [Dessouki, H.A.; M.H. Sorour; H. Elsayed. Assessment of Functional Characteristics of Some Metal Chelating Polymers. N Y Sci J 2014;7(12):9-14]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 2. doi:10.7537/marsnys071214.02 Keywords: Heavy metal ions, removal, chelating polymers.	Full Text	2
3	*Antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera* on Multi-drug resistant isolates from Wound infections in Abeokuta, South – West Nigeria Shobayo BI¹, Ojo DA¹, Olaboopo AO¹, Agboola DA², Omemu AM³, Akingbade OA⁴ ^1.Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria ^2.Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria ^3. Department of Food Service and Tourism, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria ^4.School of Medical Laboratory Science, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos State, Nigeria bodeshobayo@gmail.com, daojo3@yahoo.com; Tel: +2347032565917 Abstract:** Microbial resistance to antibiotics is a global problem. Hence, scientific investigation of the efficacy of medicinal plants as alternative to antibiotics in the treatment of microbial infections has become necessary. Efficacy of extracts of Moringa oleifera was investigated as antimicrobial agent against one gram positive and four gram negative bacteria isolated from wound infections. The plant leaves were extracted with methanol, ethanol and aqueous solvents and their antimicrobial susceptibility profile was determined using disc diffusion method. Prior to the determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), 20, 40, 80 and 100 mg concentrations of the leaves extracts were phytochemically screened for the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides and phenols. Inhibition by M. oleifera leaf extracts was noticed against all the tested bacteria except P. aeruginosa. Phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids and saponins in all extracts of M. oleifera. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) range of 7.34mg ml^-1 to 58.75 mg ml^-1was noticed with the minimum value observed against S. aureus. The study reveals that M. oleifera had broad spectrum of activity on all the tested bacteria except P. aeruginosa. [Shobayo BI, Ojo D, Agboola D, Akingbade O. Antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera on Multi-drug resistant isolates from Wound infections in Abeokuta, South – West Nigeria. N Y Sci J 2014;7(12):15-19]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 3. doi:10.7537/marsnys071214.03 Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Moringa oleifera, Multi-drug, Resistant, Wound	Full Text	3
4	Investigation of Saltwater Intrusion in Warri – Effurun Shallow Groundwater Aquifer from 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging and Hydraulic Gradient Data ¹Ohwoghere- Asuma, O., ¹Akpoborie, I.A., ²Akpokodje, E.G ^1. Department of Geology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria ^2. Department of Geology, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria ohwonero@yahoo.com Abstract: The perceived saltwater intrusion into the groundwater aquifer in Warri-Effurun metropolis in Delta state region of the western Niger Delta was investigated by coupled static water level data measured from hand-dug-wells and boreholes and 2D electrical resistivity Imaging (ERI). Hydraulic heads data obtained from monitoring of groundwater levels in hand-dug wells and boreholes revealed no obvious change in hydraulic gradients for three years of monitoring. Four profiles acquired across the study area, using a multielectrodes acquisition system in a Werner Schlumberger array configuration with electrode spacing of 3m and 5m were used for the profiling. The 2D electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) data obtained showed that greater proportion of data obtained from field investigation revealed high resistivity images values, which are proxy for freshwater. The low resistivity values depicted in the obtained data were higher than those often used as proxy for saline water and brackish water in coastal aquifers. The high resistivity images values were interpreted as sand, low resistivity values clays and silty sand saturated with freshwater. On the whole, the data presented in this study strongly suggests that the groundwater aquifers in the study area have not been intruded by saltwater, at least not the depth probed. The result obtained from this study shows that ERI and static water level are important techniques appropriate for planning and management of coastal aquifers needed for sustainable freshwater management. The study therefore recommends a thorough and comprehensive investigation of the perception of saltwater intrusion in Warri groundwater aquifers using other scientific approaches. [Ohwoghere- Asuma, O., Akpoborie, I.A., Akpokodje, E.G. Investigation of Saltwater Intrusion in Warri – Effurun Shallow Groundwater Aquifer from 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging and Hydraulic Gradient Data. N Y Sci J 2014;7(12):20-29]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 4. doi:10.7537/marsnys071214.04 Keywords: saltwater intrusion, hydraulic head, electrical resistivity imaging, coastal aquifers, Warri, Effurun, saline and brackish water.	Full Text	4
5	2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging of Unsaturated and Saturated Zones for crude oil spillage at Agbarha in Ughelli area of Delta State, Nigeria Ohwoghere-Asuma, O¹., Chiyem, F.I¹., Nwankwoala, H.O² ^1. Department of Geology, Delta state university, Abraka Nigeria ²Department of Geology, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria ohwonero@yahoo.com Abstract: Of the oil and gas provinces in the world, the Niger Delta region has experienced worst environmental degradation as a result of oil and gas exploration and exploitation activates in the past five decades. The study is aimed at using 2D electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) to investigate the extent, spilled crude oil has affected both the unsaturated and saturated zones of the subsurface both vertically and laterally at two communities situated in Agbarha, Ughelli, delta state, Nigeria. At Awirhe, the inverted images of the acquired 2D ERI data revealed hydrocarbon plumes in the subsurface at depth of 2.2m deep and the extent of horizontal spread was 28.5m, while at Omovovwe, it was detected at depth of 2.64m deep and 38m laterally in the areas mapped. On the profile perpendicular to the Omovovwe profile, the width of contamination was 18m and that for Awirhe could not be determined due to accessibility. The total area of the unsaturated zones affected by the spill at Omovovwe was 684m².The anomalous low resistivity imaging values utilized in constraining hydrocarbon contaminant plumes were adduced to biodegradation and intense leaching of hydrocarbon components. In addition, moderate and high resistivity imaging structures were interpreted as silty/clay and sands respectively. The unsaturated zones were contaminated when compared with water level measured from a hand-dug well. The silty clay /clay layer beneath the plumes may have acted in slowing down the movement of hydrocarbon contaminants into the saturated zones. In spite of the natural attenuation that characterizes most hydrocarbon spill sites, the paper suggests that, all crude oil spilled sites should be remediated in the shortest possible time in spite of the causes; whether sabotage or equipment/operational failures by the operators of oil and gas industry in the Niger delta region. [Ohwoghere-Asuma, O., Chiyem, F.I., Nwankwoala, H.O. 2D Resistivity Electrical Imaging of Unsaturated and Saturated Zones for crude oil spillage at Agbarha in Ughelli area of Delta State, Nigeria. N Y Sci J 2014;7(12):30-35]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 5. doi:10.7537/marsnys071214.05 Keywords: 2D ERI, Niger Delta, Unsaturated and saturated zones, Agbarha, Ughelli, oil spillage	Full Text	5
6	Employees’ perception about quality of work life: insight of handicraft sector Prof Ajay K Garg¹, Vaishali Dhingra² ¹Fairleigh Dickinson University Vancouver, Canada ²Research Scholar Teerthanker Mahaveer University professorkapoor@gmail.com Abstract: “Whenever failure comes, if we analyse it critically, in 99% of cases, we shall find that it was because we did not pay attention to the means. Proper attention to the finishing, strengthening of means is what we need. With the means alright, the end must come” (Swami Vivekananda). According to Export Promotion Council of Handicrafts (EPCH) “handicraft may be defined as “items or products produced through skills that are manual, with or without mechanical or electrical or other processes, which appeals to the eye, due to characteristics of being artistic or aesthetic or creative or ethnic or being representative of cultural or religious or social symbols or practices, whether traditional or contemporary. These items or products may or may not have a functional utility or can be used as a decorative item or gift (EPCH Circular). The handicraft sector provides livelihood to over 130 lakh weavers and artisans, a large percentage coming from the marginalized sections of the society. The industry is largely environment friendly and low on energy consumption, and consciousness on these issues, as also on fair trade practices is growing fast. All this makes the sector a potentially powerful player in the country’s economy and an important tool for the empowerment of crafts persons. There are several issues that need attention both, in form of policy intervention and ground level implementation (George 2011). The present article is an exploratory study on the issues which affect the performance of employees working in this highly prospective sector of the economy. Data was collected using questionnaire from 361 respondents working in handicraft sector as managers, supervisors and workers. [Prof Ajay K Garg, Vaishali Dhingra. Employees’ perception about quality of work life: insight of handicraft sector. N Y Sci J 2014;7(12):36-52]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 6. doi:10.7537/marsnys071214.06 Key Words: Quality of work life, perception, handicraft sector	Full Text	6
7	The effect of pressure on the electrical properties of Nano structure carbon black filled SBR and IIR at percolation A. Samir, G. Ramzy, M.H. Osman, H. H. Hassan Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt asmaphysics@ahoo.com Abstract: The effect of pressure on the electrical properties of SBR and IIR filled with different types of carbon blacks at percolation was studied. The experimental results included the DC measurements for all samples. The conduction mechanisms was calculated and it was found to be Poole-Frenkel conduction mechanism for all samples except three of them and it was found that there is no effect to the pressure on the conduction mechanism. The interspacing distance for carbon black was calculated and it was found that there is no effect to the pressure on the interspacing distance. The pressure co efficient of conductivity was investigated and the sample ISAF/SBR was the best pressure sensor. [H.H. Hassan, G. Ramzy, M.H. Osman, A. Samir. The effect of pressure on the electrical properties of Nano structure carbon black filled SBR and IIR at percolation. N Y Sci J 2014;7(12):53-59]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 7. doi:10.7537/marsnys071214.07 Keywords: Nano structure, percolation, electrical properties, conduction mechanisms	Full Text	7
8	Comparison of Sunshine Based Models for Estimating Global Solar Radiation in Uyo, Nigeria John F. Wansah¹, Alice E. Udounwa¹, Aondoever U. Mee² and Joseph B. Emah³ ^1.Department of Physics, University of Uyo, Uyo ^2. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka ^3. Department of Physics, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden fomunyuydzesinyuy@gmail.com Abstract: A comparison has been made using sunshine hours of the monthly average daily global solar radiation in Uyo (Longitude 05.02^oN, Latitude 7.55^oE) using six different sunshine-based models. The values of the measured and the estimated global solar radiation models were tested using the root mean square error (RMSE), the mean bias error (MBE) and the mean percentage error (MPE); coefficient of determination, R² and correlation coefficient, r were also calculated. From the results obtained, Fagbenle’s Model is most suitable for estimating monthly average daily global solar radiation for Uyo and other locations with similar geographic and climatic conditions. The maximum and minimum values of the monthly average daily global solar radiation on a horizontal surface in Uyo are 16.25MJm^-2day^-1 and 10.36MJm^-2day^-1 respectively, while the total global solar radiation is 169.75MJm^-2day^-1. The study, design and utilization of solar energy conversion devices depend to a greater extend on the monthly average daily global solar radiation data so determined. [John F. Wansah, Alice E. Udounwa, Aondoever U. Mee and Joseph B. Emah. Comparison of Sunshine Based Models for Estimating Global Solar Radiation in Uyo, Nigeria. N Y Sci J 2014;7(12):60-65]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 8. doi:10.7537/marsnys071214.08 Key words: Global solar radiation, sunshine-based models, energy conversion, climatic conditions	Full Text	8
9	In Vitro: Evaluation of Inhibitory Activity of Some Plant Extracts Against Oral Candidiasis Mohamed A. Fareid Botany and Microbiology Dept., Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University Present address: Medical Microbiology Dept., Faculty of Medicine, H’ail University, SA. mohamedfareid73@yahoo.com Abstract: Six ethanolic extracts from plants of Ginger (Zingiber officinale), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), Black Cumin (Nigella sativa), Clove (Syzygium aromaticum), Black Pepper (Piper nigrum), and Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis) were purchased from local market in H’ail province, Saudi Arabia were assayed for the in vitro inhibitory activity against some oral Candidal isolates. The prevalence of oral candidal infections among poor control diabetes patients was higher (56%) than fair control (30%) and good control (7%) diabetes patients. Statistically, our data indicated that a higher significant difference between the prevalence of oral candidiasis and diabetic control (p-value = 0.001). Cinnamon and Clove plant extracts were the most effective of all pathogenic yeasts studied. Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis and C tropicalis showed greatest degree of sensitivity to Cinnamon and Clove plant extracts. The inhibition zone diameter recorded 34.6, 31.5; 45, 31; 45.5, 29.5 mm, respectively at 100 µg/ml concentration. Based on paired t-test, there is no significant difference between the mean values of the inhibition zone size of Amphotericin B, Black cumin, Chamomile and plant extracts were reported (P-value ˂ 0.05). Both Cinnamon and Clove extracts showed remarkable effect on C. albicans and C. tropicalis at very low concentration MIC, 15, 18 and 15, 19 μl/ml, respectively. [Mohamed A. Fareid. In Vitro: Evaluation of Inhibitory Activity of Some Plant Extracts Against Oral Candidiasis. N Y Sci J 2014;7(12):66-76]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 9. doi:10.7537/marsnys071214.09 Keywords: Inhibitory activity, Plant extracts, Oral, Candidiasis.	Full Text	9
10	Criminalization of Aircraft Hijacking: Analyzing Elements of the Crime and practices Governing Its Punishment in Iran and International Instruments Yousef Farhani¹, Dr. Mansour Atasheneh ^1.Department Of Law., Persian Gulf International Branch, Islamic Azad Univercity, Khorramshahr, Iran ^2. Assistant Professor, Department Of Law, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran Abstract:Because of its economic, political as well as other benefits, the issue of flight has always been of special interest to governments as a major means for travel. thus. due to the special attention paid by governments to this quality. it has always been a good excuse for political protests or terrorist groups attacks, following the damages incurred by such factors on various issues related to governments, they attempted to ratify same international instruments so as to launch an all- out campaign against the phenomenon of air craft hijacking and measures against flights, which was increasingly expanding. Therefore, they signed Tokyo convention on offences and certain other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft, an International Convention on for the suppression of unlawfully Seized of Aircraft (signed at the Hague ), and a conversion on Aircraft Hijacking and Acts Against flight safety. Then, they signed a Convention for the suppression of unlawfully Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation (signed at Montréal on 23 September 1971). The above three conventions only cover civil aviation in flight and do not include these acts committed against state planes, namely, aircrafts used for military, customs, and police purposes. In addition to criminalization of aircrafts hijacking and acts against flight safety, these conventions established some regulations on the procedure of prosecution and extradiccation and duties of states and aircrafts captain. The Iranian legislator has also approved all three above conventions and dealt with criminalization of aircraft Hijacking and acts against flight safety in statues. Accordingly. the identification of aircraft Hijacking crime and its elements on one hand. and the punishment governing it on the other hand seek to primarily provide useful tips on legal issues associated with the identification of aircraft hijacking crime. [Yousef Farhani, Dr. Mansour Atasheneh. Criminalization of Aircraft Hijacking: Analyzing Elements of the Crime and practices Governing Its Punishment in Iran and International Instruments. N Y Sci J 2014;7(12):77-84]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 10. doi:10.7537/marsnys071214.10 Keywords: aircraft hijacking Crime, Elements of the crime, Acts Against flight safety, International conventions, aircraft hijacking punishment.	Full Text	10
11	The Investigation on steel bar Corrosion within self compacting concrete including Flyash and Metakaolin Majid Ghazvini pourakbari¹, Dr. Reza Rahgozar², Dr. Ali Ghods³ ^1.Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University of Zahedan, Zahedan, Iran ^2.Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, Shahid Bahonar Kerman University, Kerman, Iran ^3.Assistant Professor of Department of civil Engineering, Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran mgh_p26@yahoo.com Abstract: Due to weakness of concrete in tensile strength, using the steel bars in concrete is inevitable. However, the most important problem of usage of steel bars is corrosion. Therefore, researchers have been permanently following the methods that prevent or decrease the corrosion of steel in concrete. Moreover, these methods fail to be including the negative effects on the other features. One of the proposed solutions is using the self compacting concrete with high slump and performance and without vibration. This type of concrete easily fills the structural members as well as the concreting will be facilitated in the cases in which the vibration is difficult because of high steel bars numbers. In this study the reinforced self compacting concrete beam samples with dimension of 75 1010 cm and 2.5 cm cover including 10% of met kaolin and 10,15,20,25 % of flay ash altered cement, in the standard conditions and Zahedan climate are simulated. Overall, five self compacting concrete mixture with met kaolin and fly ash are designed. The fresh concrete experiments consist of slump, T50, J ring, L box and V ...., are performed. To evaluate the concrete mechanical properties, the pressure strength experiment is carried out based on BS 1881 Part 116 Standard within 7, 28, 90 ages. Furthermore, The Cabera Electric strength is performed within 7, 14, 28 ages. In the end the corrosion potential ASTM G876, weight reduction of bars and pictures of existed cracks are presented. In conclusion, the simultaneous usage of met kaolin and fly ash plays an effective role in decline of corrosion content. [Majid Ghazvini pourakbari, Dr. Reza Rahgozar, Dr. Ali Ghods. The Investigation on steel bar Corrosion within self compacting concrete including Flyash and Metakaolin. N Y Sci J 2014;7(12):85-93 ]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 11. doi:10.7537/marsnys071214.11 Keywords: Corrosion, self compacting concrete, Flyash and Metakaolin	Full Text	11
12	Applying ANFIS neural network in predictive maintenance of thermal power plant industry Mehdi Nakhzari Moqaddam¹, Dr. Alireza Shahraki² ^1.MSc of Industrial Engineering, Islamic Aazad University, Zahedan branch, Zahedan, Iran ^2.Industrial Engineering, Faculty member of Sistan and Baluchestan University hushbartar@gmail.com Abstract: With the advent of predictive maintenance (maintenance) in 1980, dramatic changes were happened in maintenance planning of equipment, as predictive maintenance is depended on failure prediction of equipment in use, if we provide proper prediction of future failures, we can reduce maintenance costs. This approach requires using many tools and equipment, including Artificial Intelligence techniques such as neural networks and fuzzy set theories. Thermal power plant function is so that any failure in each subsystem will suspend power generation and will cause more costs. In this study, predicting failure in thermal power plant equipment is based on ANFIS neural network. For this purpose, thermal power plant 500 MW manufactured by Siemens Co, in East Iran has been considered as case study. Study results show that method has relatively acceptable prediction ability in predicting failure time of equipment according to environment conditions that makes easy the predictive maintenance planning. [Mehdi Nakhzari Moqaddam, Dr. Alireza Shahraki. Applying ANFIS neural network in predictive maintenance of thermal power plant industry. N Y Sci J 2014;7(12):94-101 ]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 12. doi:10.7537/marsnys071214.12 Keywords: ANFIS neural network; predictive maintenance; thermal power plant.	Full Text	12
13	Investigation the Flow in RFCC Riser Reactor of Shazand Arak Refinery: Effect of Mesh Type Hamed Cheghayi¹, Seyed Taghi Miri², Abolfazl Barati³ ^1. MSc of chemical engineering, Process engineering trend, department of chemical college of science, Shahrood Branch Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran ^2. Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering, department of chemical college of science, Arak University, Arak, Iran ^3. Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering, department of chemical college of science, Arak University, Arak, Iran Abstract: The main objective of the work was to simulate a two – dimensional, transient and isothermal gas – solid flow in riser section of circulating fluidized bed in comsol (4.3.b), CFD package. the gas – solid flow patterns for velocity, volume fraction and density for solids and mixture phase in axial and radial direction were studied using different mesh type involve regular and irregular mesh to access their effect on the calculated results. A Gidaspow drag model used in comsol (4.3.b) cod with Euler – Euler laminar model with step (0, 0.001, 10) is capable of predicting the gas – solid flow behavior in axial and radial direction in riser section of the CFB. Details of core –annular flow were properly predicted by both models at regular and irregular mesh. The result compares comsol (4.3.b) models and experimental data and fluent model. As a result models with regular mesh predicts more accurate compared to irregular mesh. [Hamed Cheghayi, Seyed Taghi Miri, Abolfazl Barati. Taxonomic Diversity of Understorey Vegetation in Kumaun Himalayan Forests. N Y Sci J 2014;7(12):102-110]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 13. doi:10.7537/marsnys071214.13 Keywords: isothermal gas- solid flow , CFD, regular and irregular mesh , Euler – Euler laminar model , Gidaspow drag model, CFB , riser	Full Text	13
14	Most popular methods for minimizing in-situ concrete waste in the UK Amir B. Meibodi, ^* Dr. H. Kew, Dr. H. Haroglu School of Civil Engineering and Construction, Kingston University London, KT1 2EE, UK amir.meibodi@kingston.ac.uk Abstract: In recent decades, construction waste has become a significant environmental problem in many large cities around the globe. It has been revealed that the material waste in a great number of construction sites is over the acceptable limits. Concrete has been proven to be a leading construction material for more than a century and hence concrete waste has been recognized as a major problem in the construction industry, particularly in-situ concrete waste. This paper aims to explore the common methods of on-site concrete waste minimization in the UK, and to identify the most preferred practices, and to rank all of the current methods used by construction companies in the UK, in terms of their benefits for eliminating or minimizing concrete waste on-site. In order to obtain the required data, a questionnaire survey was conducted. The participants were selected from different professional roles including, consultants, general contractors, project managers and site superintendents. The results have illustrated that “Use of pre-fabricated building components”, “Education and training” and “Purchase management” as the most recommended methods in the UK for minimizing on-site concrete waste among the current practices. [Amir B. Meibodi, Dr. H. Kew, and Dr. H. Haroglu. Most popular methods for minimizing in-situ concrete waste in the UK. N Y Sci J 2014;7(12):111-116]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 14. doi:10.7537/marsnys071214.14 Key words: In-Situ (On-Site) Concrete, Pre-fabricated concrete, concrete waste minimization, Construction and demolition waste	Full Text	14
15	Critical study of art styles used in children's picture books Elahe Sadat Mirbabaeiyan Lecturer in the School of Art in Iran (MA in Illustration) e.mirbabaeiyan@yahoo.com Abstract: Children live in an entirely visual world, and most of the time, they are unable to visualize the shape of something they are hearing about in their minds. Therefore, even the simple words seem strange in their point of view. To probe into the environment and perception of the world, they make use of the apparent shape of things or their representation. In this regard, the selection of an appropriate style in illustrating children’s books has a crucial role in better transferring the conceptions and messages of an illustrator to a child, and is affected by the factors such as the subject and mood of a story, age of the reader, understanding of an illustrator about their hypothetical addressees, primary personality of an illustrator, their talent and creativity, tools used by an illustrator, and their skill in utilizing tools and techniques. In this paper carried out using descriptive analysis methodology, different types of art styles including Realism, childish Realism, Impressionism, Surrealism, Expressionism, Cartoon art, and various types of Abstract art styles were analyzed, and in addition, the works of some children’s book illustrators who chose either an appropriate or inappropriate style to narrate an illustrated book are also investigated here. Since the goal of illustration is to make its context or message tangible for a reader, illustrators are required to draw their view near to the child’s view and visual world, thus the current paper is provided in order to accomplish this goal. [Kharkwal G, Mehrotra P, Rawat YS. Taxonomic Diversity of Understorey Vegetation in Kumaun Himalayan Forests. N Y Sci J 2014;7(12):117-123]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 15. doi:10.7537/marsnys071214.15 Keywords: illustration, illustrator, style, children’s picture books.	Full Text	15
16	Investigation of Hystertic Behavior of Ductile ring used LYP Matrial on CBF Behavior Marzieh Ziaee¹, Mojtaba Hosseini² ^1. The Msc student, Malayer Branch, Islamic Azad University, Malayer, Iran, Marziehz113@gmail.com ^2. LorestanUniversity, Khoramabad, Iran, Postal Code: 68137-17133, P.O. Box: 465 Abstract: The Concentrically Braced Frame is a resistant system against lateral loads which possesses significant lateral stiffness. The system’s most important problem is the pressure component buckling and its low ductility under lateral loads. In the present article, a ring with ST37 and low yield point material have used for investing the CBF system. which yielded before the pressure component buckling and depreciates the energy exerted on the structure. Therefore, seven steel models of ST37 and LYP with different geometry were used under cyclic loading. By making use of ANSYS software, the models were subjected to nonlinear geometric and materials analysis. By making use of pushover analysis, from the models analytical results it is concluded that the use of LYP steel rings with high thickness own better ductility relative to ST37 steel. Also, the use of the ring with LYP steel causes a lower decrease in stiffness and strength depreciation than the ST37 steel. [Marzieh Ziaee, Mojtaba Hosseini. Investigation of Hysteretic Behavior of Ductile ring used LYP Matrial on CBF Behavior. N Y Sci J 2014;7(12):124-130]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 16. doi:10.7537/marsnys071214.16 Keywords: LYP steel, Concentric bracing, ductility, pressure component buckling, ST37 steel	Full Text	16