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Effect of Di Butyl Phthalate on Reproductive Functions in Pregnant Mouse

Satendra singh and Swarn lata

Department of Zoology, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India

swarnlatabhu12@gmail.com

Abstract: Di butyl phthalate (DBP) is an environmental contaminant used in the production of plastics, cosmetics and medical devices. Pregnant women may be exposed to DBP through diet and daily consumer products. In present study, the effects of DBP on reproductive function of pregnant mice were investigated. Pregnant females were given DBP through gastric intubation at 0, 250 and 1000 mg / kg body weight (BW) on days 0 to 7 and 7 to 11 of gestation in two experiments. In first experiment ovarian weight was found significantly (p< 0.001) decreased at higher dose only whereas uterine weight was measured significantly low in both treated groups: DBP 250 (p< 0.01); DBP 1000 (p< 0.001), as compared to control group. Number of implantation was found significantly low (p< 0.001) and percentage of pre-implantation loss were significantly high (p< 0.001) in both DBP treated groups as compared to control. Progesterone level was found significantly (p< 0.01) low in DBP 1000 treated group while estradiol level decreased in both treated groups: DBP 250 (p< 0.01); DBP 1000 (p< 0.001). A significant (p< 0.001) increase post implantation loss along with reduced foetal weight was: DBP 250 (p< 0.05); DBP 1000 (p< 0.001), observed in treated groups in second experiment. Progesterone level was also found significantly low in both treated groups: DBP 250 (p< 0.01); DBP 1000 (p< 0.001), as compare to control group. In conclusion, results suggest that DBP exposure during pregnancy reduces uterine receptivity and slow down embryonic growth.

[Singh S, Lata S. Effect of Di Butyl Phthalate on Reproductive Functions in Pregnant Mouse. N Y Sci J 2014;7(11):1-6]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 1. doi:

doi:10.7537/marsnys071114.01

Key words: DBP; Implantation; Embryo Spacing; Progesterone

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Effect of Benomyl and Dithane M-45 on mycoflora, mycorrhizae and growth enhancement of Helianthus annuus L.

Alpa Yadav and Ashok Aggarwal*

Department of Botany, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136119 (Haryana), India

* aggarwal_vibha@rediffmail.com

Abstract: With the ever- increasing number of different kinds of fungicides and their wide spread use in modern agriculture has aroused concern about their possible interaction with non-target organisms that are directly or indirectly involved in the maintenance of soil fertility. In the present investigation, the effect of two fungicide viz. Dithane M-45 and Benomy on arbuscular mycorrhizal relation and soil mycoflora of Helianthus annuus L. was investigated in pot experiments under polyhouse conditions. It was evident from the results that the two fungicides had different effects on soil mycoflora. The Benomyl fungicide had a marked inhibitory effect on infection and subsequent colonization of H. annuus roots by indigenous AM fungi. As the concentration of fungicides increased, the growth, nutrient uptake and yield of H. annuus decreased and minimum growth was observed at higher concentration of fungicides. Both fungicides had deleterious effect on mycorrhizal spore number and percentage root colonization also.

[Alpa Yadav and Ashok Aggarwal. Effect of Benomyl and Dithane M-45 on mycoflora, mycorrhizae and growth enhancement of Helianthus annuus L. N Y Sci J 2014;7(11):7-15]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 2.

doi:10.7537/marsnys071114.02

Key words: Fungicide, AM fungi, Helianthus annuus, Trichoderma viride, soil mycoflora

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Response of yellow yam (Dioscorea cayenensis) to shoot growth phytohormones on the tissue and organ morphogenesis.

Harriman J. C.¹, Ngwuta, A. A.², Onyishi, G. C.², Nwadinobi, C.A.¹, Orji, J. O.², Ndulue, N. K.³, Ogu, C.E.² And Njoku, G.⁴

¹Department of Agronomy, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State.

²Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri.

³Department of Agricultural Technology, Anambra State College of Agriculture, Mgbakwu, Awka.

⁴Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Nekede, Owerri, Imo State.

Corresponding Author: John C. Harriman, E-mail: harrimanchidi@gmail.com, Phone no. +2348060690357.

Abstract: A study was conducted to establish a reliable protocol for plant morphogenesis and regeneration from nodal stem segments obtained from 5-months-field-grown Dioscorea cayenensis (Un 680) in plant grown regulators which included a Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with a constant auxin concentration (indole-3-acetic acid (IAA0.75mg/L)) in combination with different concentrations of cytokinin (0.0, 0.40, 0.80 and 1.20mg/L of kinetin and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) each). The number of days to emergence and number of regenerated shoot per callus, number of micro shoot length, number of roots and number of leaves at 9 and 12 weeks after culturing (WAC) were examined. At 5% level of significance, results obtained showed auxin and cytokinin had significant effects on morphogenesis of D. cayenensis. Micro shoot length was highest on media MS + IAA0.75Mg/L + BAP 0.80Mg/L(T₇), and MS + IAA0.75Mg/L + BAP 0.40Mg/L(T₆), with average values of 2.72 and 2.54 respectively at 12WAC, intermediate on medium MS + IAA 0.75Mg/L + Kinetin0.40Mg/L(T₂) (2.16) and MS + IAA0.75Mg/L + Kinetin0.80Mg/L(T₃) (2.42) and lowest in medium MS + IAA 0.75Mg/L + Kinetin0.0Mg/L(T_I) (1.92), MS + IAA0.75Mg/L + Kinetin1.20Mg/L(T₄) (1.86) and MS + IAA0.75Mg/L + BAP 0.0Mg/L(T₅) (1.92).  The medium T₃ and T₇ produced plantlets with highest number of leaves (4.00 and 3.68 respectively) at 12WAC. However, shoots were less developed on medium T₅ and T_1, with an average of 1.44 leaves and 1.92cm shoot length on medium T₅ and 1.68 leaves and 1.92cm shoot length on medium T₁ at 12WAC. Highest numbers of roots were obtained in media free from BAP and kinetin (T₁ and T₅) that had 3.98 and 4.22 roots respectively at 12 WAC. The results observed from coefficient of variation (CV) indicated that the smallest CV estimates (1.20%) was recorded in number of days to shoot emergence, compared to the highest (8.30%) in number of regenerated shoots per callus. The correlation studies of Pearson correlation coefficient (r) revealed that significant and positive relationship were found between micro shoot length at 12 WAC and leaf number at 9 and 12 WAC (r = 0.80** and r = 0.87** respectively). Conversely, it recorded negative correlation with root number at 9 and 12 WAC (r = -0.18 and r = -0.06 respectively). Rank summation index (RSI) analysis identified two best media (MS + IAA0.75Mg/L + BAP 0.80Mg/L(T₇) and MS + IAA0.75Mg/L + Kinetin0.80Mg/L(T₃) ) with RSI values of 20 and 22 respectively, representing 25% of the total tolerance.

[Harriman J. C., Ngwuta, A. A., Onyishi, G. C., Nwadinobi, C.A., Orji, J. O., Ndulue, N. K., Ogu, C.E.  And Njoku, G. Response of yellow yam (Dioscorea cayenensis) to shoot growth phytohormones on the tissue and organ morphogenesis. N Y Sci J 2014;7(11):16-24]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 3.

doi:10.7537/marsnys071114.03

Key words: Dioscorea cayenensis, Rank Summation Index, correlation, phytohormones and morphogenesis.

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Investigation the impact of earnings forecast features on cost of common stock of companies

Naghi Bahramfar¹, Samad Moradi²

^1.  Faculty member and Assistant Professor of Islamic Azad University of Qazvin

^2.  Master of Accounting, Islamic Azad University of Qazvin

Abstract: One of the main factors in variables affect the cost of capital is disclosure which in recent years has received more attention. Economic theory predicts that, in general, inversely related to the disclosure of the cost of equity for greater disclosure reduces information asymmetry. The most recent theory predicts that the negative relationship between disclosure quality and cost of equity exist. Because management forecasts aspect of the disclosure, and companies that provide a clear picture of future activities; Market shares are more popular, and one of the ways that the image draws to shareholders, profit forecast is provided by the management, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of such disclosure and predict the properties and characteristics of earnings forecasts on the cost of equity companies. In the present study, considering the variables predicting bad news releases, anticipated losses, deviation of forecasts, forecast error, volatility in earnings as anticipated features information under the terms of the independent variables and the cost of equity as the dependent variable, information from the financial statements of 90 companies in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2007 to 2011 were studied. The results showed that the bad news and low stability at a significance level of 5%, as one of the strengths of the profit forecast by management, with the cost significant relationship equity.

[Naghi Bahramfar, Samad Moradi. Investigation the impact of earnings forecast features on cost of common stock of companies. N Y Sci J 2014;7(11):25-35]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 4.

doi:10.7537/marsnys071114.04

Keywords: disclosure, projected profits, predictability, cost of common stock, expected features and benefits

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Domestic marketing on satisfaction of domestic customers (employees of the Ministry of Health)

Zahra Niki

MSc of Business Administration, Marketing trends, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran

zahraniki87@yahoo.com

Abstract: Evaluate and measure the satisfaction of employees as internal customers, strategic analysis and fundamental domains in decisions and policies related to human resources and organization is run. Due to constant dissatisfaction with the way government agencies operate, we decided to step into a job satisfaction as measured and sensible correlation between employee satisfaction and employee satisfaction to find the factors affecting prioritization with the hope that we can change the face of government employees in the system and determine priorities according to Maslow's hierarchy of four variables were selected to measure employee satisfaction and loyalty. This study was an attempt to gain knowledge and understanding of the problem and its theoretical bases, data collection and to suggest appropriate solution to problem. In this study we tried to evaluate the role of various factors on the satisfaction of employees engaged in government offices devoted. Assumptions such as salary, job security, benefits, and mutual understanding and their influence on the importance of customer satisfaction and ranked variables were examined. The data were collected by questionnaire in three parts, with the help of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education adopted. Then all the data were analyzed by LISREL statistical software. Results showed that salary/ benefits/ job security and a sense of importance and impact on employee satisfaction. The second law of effective component in the formation of satisfaction among the four variables studied. Job Security is the top priority. The third priority is the sense of the importance and benefits, employee satisfaction is the fourth influence. Ministry of Health and Medical Education to assess employee satisfaction was above average and average values were reported. Satisfaction of the teaching staff of the Department of Health was lower than average. Satisfaction with the work environment was lower than average and satisfaction evaluation method was lower than average conditions were not favorable evaluation managers.

[Zahra Niki. Domestic marketing on satisfaction of domestic customers (employees of the Ministry of Health). N Y Sci J 2014;7(11):36-42]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 5.

doi:10.7537/marsnys071114.05

Keywords: Domestic customers (employees), domestic marketing, job satisfaction, job security, salary, mutual benefits

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Investigation of the Effect of Motivation and Job Satisfaction on the Effectiveness of In-Service Training: A Case Study in the Iranian Oil Ministry

Mahmoud Abolghasemi¹, Koroush Fathi², Mohammad Ghahramani³, Hamid Rezaee^4*

^1.  Associate Professor, Educational Management, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

^2.  Full Professor, Curriculum Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

^3.  Associate Professor, Educational Management, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

^4.  PhD student, Educational Management, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

mput.rezaee@yahoo.com

Abstract: In today’s changing world, human resources and their capabilities are what lead to the competitiveness and superiority of the organizations. So, it should be focused more than other parameters. Many factors play a role in enhancing and creating capability in this organizational asset, among which the most important one is the training. The objective of this paper is to examine the organizational and behavioral factors of the motivation and job satisfaction of manpower on the effectiveness of training courses in the Iranian Oil Ministry according to Kirkpatrick's training effectiveness evaluation model. Eight hypotheses were introduced and all of them were proved to be true. Questionnaires were developed for data collection and the data were analyzed by linear regression test. Significant and effective relationship was found between job satisfaction, staff motivation with skills, knowledge and attitude training courses. More detailed results indicate stronger dependency of motivations variables and job satisfaction to attitude courses effectiveness than to other training courses.

[Mahmoud Abolghasemi, Koroush Fathi, Mohammad Ghahramani, Hamid Rezaei. Investigation of the Effect of Motivation and Job Satisfaction on the Effectiveness of In-Service Training: A Case Study in the Iranian Oil Ministry. N Y Sci J 2014;7(11):43-51]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 6.

doi:10.7537/marsnys071114.06

Keywords: Motivation, Job satisfaction, In-Service Training, Attitude, Knowledge and Skill Courses

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Effect of Ionized Plasma Medium on Radiation Properties of Rectangular Microstrip Antenna Printed on Ferrite Substrate

Ayman Al sawalha

Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Jerash University, P.O. Box 311, Jerash, JORDAN

ABSTRACT: This paper presents theoretical investigations on the radiation of rectangular microstrip antenna printed on a magnetized ferrite substrate in the presence of ionized plasma medium. The theoretical study on rectangular microstrip antenna in free space is carried out by applying the transmission line model combining with potential function techniques while hydrodynamic theory is used for it is analysis in plasma medium. By taking the biased and unbiased ferrite cases , far field radiation patterns in free space and plasma medium are obtained which in turn are applied in computing radiated power ,directivity, quality factor and bandwidth of antenna .It is found that the presence of plasma medium affects the performance of rectangular microstrip antenna structure significantly.

[Ayman Al sawalha. Effect of Ionized Plasma Medium on Radiation Properties of Rectangular Microstrip Antenna Printed on Ferrite Substrate. N Y Sci J 2014;7(11):52-57]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 7.

doi:10.7537/marsnys071114.07

Key words: Microstrip Antenna, Ferrite, Plasma

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Teaching English Speech Acts In Sudanese EFL Context: A Focus On Apology, Request, Refusal And Complaint Forms

Muawia Mohammad Alhasan Gaily

College Of Arts & Sciences – Taif University – Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia

Mawiahasan917@gmail.com

Abstract: EFL teachers in Sudanese context still focus on teaching linguistic competence rather than pragmatic or communicative competence, as a result a lot of Sudanese EFL learners usually encounter serious difficulties whenever engage in like –real communicative setting because of their lack of adequate pragmatic input. In this respect it has been claimed by several previous studies e.g. Baradovi-Harlig (1999) -Kasper (1997) that incorporating knowledge of the target language speech acts into EFL curricula and classrooms can be very beneficial for students to develop their pragmatic competence. Accordingly, the initial step towards promoting and cultivating a sense of pragmatic competence among Sudanese EFL learners is to offer satisfactory pragmatic input in order to help them understand socially appropriate communication and to become better communicators. Based on the above mentioned view point, the present study intends to investigate how programmed pedagogical sessions could lead to promoting the participants performance of the four target speech acts apology, request, complaint and refusal. A group of 20 male Sudanese EFL learners studying at different five Sudanese universities participated in this study. Data were collected via Two kinds of tools: Discourse Completion Test and Multiple Choice Pragmatic Comprehension Test which they were used both as a pre-test and post. The results obtained revealed noticeable development in the participants performance of the target four speech acts in the post test.

[Muawia Mohammad Alhasan Gaily. Teaching English Speech Acts In Sudanese EFL Context: A Focus On Apology, Request, Refusal And Complaint Forms. N Y Sci J 2014;7(11):58-69]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 8.

doi:10.7537/marsnys071114.08

Key Words: Pragmatics, Speech acts, Pragmatic Competence

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Streptozotocin, Atorvastatin, Renal, Diabetes and Related Factors

Ma Hongbao, Yang Yan

Brookdale University Hospital & Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11212, USA

ma8080@gmail.com

Abstract: Renal lipid metabolism may play important roles in renal inflammation, glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial injury in diabetic nephropathy. The therapeutic effect of atorvastatin in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat and its impact on renal SREBP expression were studied for a long time. Streptozotocin (Streptozocin, STZ) is a chemical that is toxic to the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas in mammals. It is used for treating certain cancers of the Islets of Langerhans and also can be used in scientific research to produce an animal model for Type 1 diabetes in large dose as well as Type 2 diabetes with multiple low doses. Since it has a risk of toxicity, its use is generally limited to patients whose cancer cannot be removed by surgery. Atorvastatin (Lipitor), produced by Pfizer company as a calcium salt, is a member of the drug of statins used primarily for lowering blood cholesterol and for prevention of events associated with cardiovascular disease. Atorvastatin works by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme in liver that plays a key role in production of cholesterol in the body. Atorvastatin causes a more dramatic reduction in LDL-C than the other statin drugs.

[Ma H, Yang Y. Streptozotocin, Atorvastatin, Renal, Diabetes and Related Factors. N Y Sci J 2014;7(11):70-81]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 9.

doi:10.7537/marsnys071114.09

Key words: atreptozotocin; atorvastatin (Lipitor); renal, diabetes; lipid

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Profile of RTA cases attended in tertiary care hospital District Shaheed Benazir Abad, Sindh Pakistan

Farzana Chang¹, Mir Mohammad Sahito², Muhammad Suleman Pirzado³, Saira Baloch⁴

Iqbal Mughal⁵, Riaz Sahito⁶

¹Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan

²Assistant professor, Department of Pathology, Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women, Shaheed Benazir Abad, Sindh, Pakistan

³Assistant professor, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan

⁴Assistant professor Medical Research Center, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Pakistan

⁵Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine, Lahore

⁶Postgraduate Student, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women, Shaheed Benazir Abad, Sindh, Pakistan

Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study is to intrude into the causes of RTA’s in rural Sindh Pakistan and to wake the authorities to seek the solution and plan constructive, effective and long term programs to help the poor masses & avoid future RTA’s. Study design: Descriptive. Setting: Study was performed in cases attended in tertiary care hospital, Nawabshah, District Shaheed Benazir Abad. Participants: 680 cases. Results: Among 680 cases 560 were male and 120 were female and their ages range was 10 – 70 years. The distribution of study subjects according to age revealed that age group 25 – 40 were highly affected 22.64% followed by age group 20.36% while age group 10 – 25 above 70 was least affected 10%. Conclusion: It is concluded that the great number of causalities among young adult passengers of mainly male gender and belonging to rural areas of economically poor families. These victims mostly travelled by public vans & wagons followed by motor cyclists & cars. Motorcycle is the common & economical transport medium in rural Sindh for lower, middle & poor class.

[Farzana Chang, Mir Mohammad Sahito, Muhammad Suleman Pirzado, Saira Baloch Iqbal Mughal, Riaz Sahito. Profile of RTA cases attended in tertiary care hospital District Shaheed Benazir Abad, Sindh Pakistan. N Y Sci J 2014;7(11):82-85]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 10.

doi:10.7537/marsnys071114.10

Key Words: Road traffic accidents, Tertiary Hospital, Rural Sindh.

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Prevalence of Multidrug Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Eight Tertiary Hospitals in Southwestern Nigeria

Ike WE¹, Adeniyi BA^1*, Soge OO²

¹Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

²Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.

baadeniyi@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: The genus Acinetobacter currently contains 34 species, the vast majority of which are not regularly implicated in causing infection. However, incidences of hospital acquired infection with Acinetobacter species are increasing, mainly due to the rise in the number of infections caused by the species Acinetobacter baumannii in immune-compromised patients particularly in intensive care units (ICUs). The goal of this study is to investigate prevalence and resistance patterns of multidrug resistant A. baumannii strains isolated from clinical samples from tertiary hospitals in southwest Nigeria. The descriptive-cross sectional study was conducted in 8 major tertiary hospitals distributed within southwest Nigeria. Seventy-two strains of A. baumannii were isolated from clinical sources from April 2011 through May 2013. The identities of the isolates to species level were confirmed by standard biochemical methods using Oxoid Microbact™ Gram-negative identification system. The susceptibility patterns to 34 antimicrobial agents belonging to 13 classes of antibiotics were performed by disk diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Computer -aided Microbact software identified all the isolates as A. baumannii with each isolate been resistant to ≥3 classes of antibiotics. All the isolates were resistant to ≥14 antimicrobial agents tested, with 69 (95.8%) isolates resistant to 20-34 antimicrobial agents. All the isolates were also resistant to amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, ampicillin, cefpodoxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, and cloxacillin. Significantly high rates of resistance were observed for erythromycin (98.6%); cephazolin (97.2%); aztreonam (93.1%); tetracycline (91.7%); cephalothin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (90.3%); kanamycin (88.5%); gentamicin, ticarcillin (86.1%); piperacillin, cefoxitin (87.5%), nitrofurantoin (81.9%); chloramphenicol (80.3%); ofloxacin (66.7%); and colistin (63.9%). High rates of carbapenem resistance were also recorded against meropenem (77.8%) and imipenem (56.9%). The least resistance was observed for azithromycin (37.9%); ciprofloxacin, polymyxin B (40.3%); and amikacin (43.1%). A. baumannii isolates from Southwest Nigeria showed unacceptably high rates of resistance to multiplicity of antimicrobial agents, including those not readily available in Nigeria. This study calls for a functional surveillance of A. baumannii antimicrobial resistance in Nigeria.

[Ike WE, Adeniyi BA, Soge OO. Prevalence of Multidrug Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Eight Tertiary Hospitals in Southwestern Nigeria. N Y Sci J 2014;7(11):86-93]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 11.

doi:10.7537/marsnys071114.11

Keywords: Multidrug Resistant, Acinetobacter baumannii, Southwest Nigeria.

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Identification of Wetland Restoration Areas of Chalan Beel in Sirajganj District, Bangladesh using Integrated GIS and Remote Sensing

Md. Shareful Hassan*, Syed Mahmud-ul-islam**

* Centre for Environmental Change Studies and Management, Dhaka, Bangladesh

** Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 34, S-10044, Stockholm, Sweden

*shareful@gmx.com, ** smuislam@kth.se.

Abstract: Wetlands have a crucial importance on sustainable ecological system, improving habitat of different flora and fauna, enhancing surrounding livelihood options and restoring hydrological resources. In this research paper, the largest wetland in Bangladesh the Chalan beel, is being degraded due to various latent and apparent anthropogenic and development interventions. The study area was selected in order to identify future ecological restoration areas using integrated geographic information systems and remote sensing methods. To accomplish the main objective of the study, a set of geospatial data such as surface water bodies and vegetation coverage from the two multi-date Landsat imageries, a slope and drainage density from an ASTER digital elevation model, twenty-three years depletion rate of groundwater table and buffer zones of administrative headquarters, road networks, and railroad were used. The lucid results of this study revealed that about 17175 and 43552 hectare lands were found, which is 7% and 18% of the total study area, to be highly and moderately suitable areas respectively for future ecological restoration in the study area.

[Md. Shareful Hassan, Syed Mahmud-ul-islam. Identification of Wetland Restoration Areas of Chalan Beel in Sirajganj District, Bangladesh using Integrated GIS and Remote Sensing. N Y Sci J 2014;7(11):94-100]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 12.

doi:10.7537/marsnys071114.12

Keywords: GIS; remote sensing; DEM; Landsat; Chalan beel; ecological restoration; Bangladesh; overlay

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Investigation the Philosophy of Bohemian Mechanics

Seyedeh Zahra Hosseini

Master of Philosophy, Faculty of Theology and Philosophy, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran. atomsabz@gmail.com

Abstract: Although quantum mechanics, as one of the most advanced physical theory was successful in explaining many of the physical and natural phenomena and this theory has numerous achievements in diverse areas of human gifted, but parallel to this subject, much confusion has been made in understanding the philosophical principles. The most obvious approach to the challenges of understanding the nature and will cause disagreement and confusion in describing the physical world and reality. The question "how quantum mechanics describes physical reality and describe what results there?" Many researchers have attempted to address the meeting. Among the researchers, David Bohm has a special place. By providing an alternative to quantum mechanics, "Bohemian Mechanics" offers. In this brief article will attempt to introduce "quantum mechanics" and its description of physical reality, the "Bohemian Mechanics" and its own definition of physical reality too.

[Seyedeh Zahra Hosseini. Investigation the Philosophy of Bohemian Mechanics. N Y Sci J 2014;7(11):101-104]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 13.

doi:10.7537/marsnys071114.13

Keywords: Philosophy, Bohemian Mechanics, Quantum mechanics

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Design, Implementation and Evaluation of a Low Energy Consumption Method for Wireless Sensor Networks  

Khaled Jameel Sarhan¹ Sibel Tariyan Özyer²

¹Department of Applied Science Computer Engineering Çankaya University Ankara, Turkey

althebk@yahoo.com

²Department of Applied Science Computer Engineering Çankaya University Ankara, Turkey

tariyan@cankaya.edu.tr 

Abstract: The aim of this thesis is to save the energy of the nodes. The first goal of this thesis is to reduce the total energy consumption of the wireless sensor network. The second goal is to increase the reliability of the protocol along with improving the network latency as compared with previous cluster-based protocols. We divide the network area to four region. First region send information directly to base station. Two other region has cluster heads and this cluster heads send information to rechargeable sensor and then this sensor send to base station. These cluster heads are selected on the basis of a probability. The last region has rechargeable node and this sensor collect information and then send to base station. Then we are going to compare our protocol performance with LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy). We expect the performance of our proposal system will overcome the previous works.

[Khaled Jameel Sarhan  Sibel Tariyan Özyer. Design, Implementation and Evaluation of a Low Energy Consumption Method for Wireless Sensor Networks. N Y Sci J 2014;7(11):105-109]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 14.

doi:10.7537/marsnys071114.14

Keywords: Wireless sensor network, Consumption energy, Clustering LEACH.

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An Energy-Efficient clustering based communication protocol with dividing the overall network area for Wireless Sensor Networks 

Abdulrahman Zaidan Khalaf¹, Sibel Tariyan Özyer² 

¹Department of Applied Science Computer Engineering Çankaya University Ankara, Turkey

 abdzaidan89@yahoo.com

²Department of Applied Science Computer Engineering Çankaya University Ankara, Turkey

tariyan@cankaya.edu.tr 

Abstract: In this thesis, we study the energy efficient and connectivity problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). There are more difference between energy levels of near nodes and far nodes of cluster heads. We will compensate this problem by dividing the entire network (sensor field) into equal area and applies different clustering policies to each section. Then we are going to compare our results with results of LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy). We expect the performance of our proposal system will overcome the previous works. Where this protocol guarantees transmitting data and transmission in high traffic networks to reduce energy consumption and packet failure.

[Abdulrahman Zaidan Khalaf, Sibel Tariyan Özyer. An Energy-Efficient clustering based communication protocol with dividing the overall network area for Wireless Sensor Networks. N Y Sci J 2014;7(11):110-114]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 15.

doi:10.7537/marsnys071114.15

Keywords: Wireless sensor network, efficient energy, clustering protocol, dividing area.

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Treculia africana seed oil-compounded feed in male rats: nutritonal and toxicological evaluation.

Sarah Onyenibe Nwozo ^1*, Oluwafemi James Talabi¹, Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye²

¹ Nutritional and Industrial Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200002, Nigeria; ² Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, Afe Babalola University, PMB 5454, Ado-Ekiti 360001, Nigeria Ado Ekiti, Nigeria.

Email: sonwozo@yahoo.com; onyenibe.nwozo@mail.ui.edu.ng

Abstract: Treculia africana seed oil was evaluated for physicochemical properties. Saponification, iodine, peroxide and acid values obtained were (212.9±4.50 mgKOH/100g; 27.5±2.32 mgI₂/100g; 1.75±0.07 mEq/kg oil and 8.41±1.25 mgKOH/100g) respectively. Varying percentages (3, 5 and 10) of seed oil-based feed was formulated and the effect on male rats fed for eight weeks was investigated. Effect of seed oil feed on growth, on brain and liver tissue antioxidant status, lipid peroxidation, artherogenic index and markers of tissue toxicity and tissue histological changes were examined. For body weight, test animals fed with with 10 % TA had the least percentage increase of 32 %. Treculia africana seed oil-based diet decreased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities compared to control but increased serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density and high density lipoprotein cholesterol but decreased the artherogenic index significantly compared to control. The MDA was not statistical significant (p<0.05) in the groups fed with TA compared with control and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in TA and VO were comparable.

[Nwozo SO, Talabi JO, Oyinloye BE. Treculia africana seed oil nutritonal and toxicological evaluation of oil-compounded in male rats. N Y Sci J 2014;7(11):115-121]. (ISSN: 1554-0200).  http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 16.

doi:10.7537/marsnys071114.16

Keywords: albino rats; antioxidants; lipid profile; Treculia Africana; toxicity

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Dynamic Assessment And Oral Narrative Performance: A Voice From Iran

Shahabaddin Behtary¹ (Corresponding Author) & Mehdi Adli²

¹Department of English, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran

²MA in ELT, English Teacher, Germi, Iran

Abstract: Dynamic assessment as an assessment method integrates instruction with assessment. Its theoretical framework is based on Vygotsky’s notion of Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), which is the distance between the actual developmental level and the level of potential development, and Feuerstein’s concept of Mediated Learning Experience (MLE), a form of learning that occurs when a mediator intercedes between the learner and environmental factors. The present study investigates the effectiveness of using Dynamic Assessment (DA) on Iranian EFL learners’ oral narrative performance. In this study the researchers investigated the amount of participants’ development after a dynamic assessment procedure known as test-teach-retest method. To fulfill the purpose of the study two classes comprising thirty EFL learners were selected. In the first class (experimental group) dynamic assessment was used and in the second class (control group) static assessment was applied. In pretesting phase a wordless picture sequence was presented to the participants in order to develop a story related to the pictures. After the participants’ first narration the teaching phase took place which lasted seven sessions. In the final stage by using the same wordless picture sequences all participants told the narrative again. In order to analyze the data from oral narratives, descriptive statistics of the tests were calculated to arrive at the means and standard deviation of pretest and posttest scores. T-test was used to measure the significance of the difference in the means of two groups on posttest. The findings revealed that participants in the dynamic assessment group produced higher narrative scores compared to the scores of participants in the static assessment group.

[Shahabaddin Behtary, Mehdi Adli. Dynamic Assessment And Oral Narrative Performance: A Voice From Iran. N Y Sci J 2014;7(11):122-125]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 17.

doi:10.7537/marsnys071114.17

Keywords: dynamic assessment, static assessment, oral narrative performance

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Seasonal Destribution Of Indoor And Outdoor Fungi In The Air Of El-Beida City, Libya.

El-Gali Z. Ibrahim¹, Abdullrahman E. Mohamed ²

¹ Department of plant pathology, Faculty of Agriculture

² Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Omer Almukhtar, El-Beida, Libya.

Email: Zelgali@yahoo.com

Abstract: The main objective of the present study was to assess culturable airborne fungal colony, and types in different seasons. Open Petri Dish with two media PDA and MEA were used. Culturable airborne fungal concentrations were collected indoors and outdoors of 15 homes in different localities from April 2013 to March 2014 in Libya. The greatest colony were found in the Autumn and Summer seasons, while the lowest was recorded in Winter. Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Penicillium spp were the predominant genera indoors and outdoors, and the abundance of genera varied by season.

[El-Gali Z. Ibrahim, Abdullrahman E. Mohamed. Seasonal Destribution Of Indoor And Outdoor Fungi In The Air Of El-Beida City, Libya. N Y Sci J 2014;7(11):126-131]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 18.

doi:10.7537/marsnys071114.18

 Key words: Fungi, Indoor, Outdoor, seasonal distribution, Environment, Libya.

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Evaluation effect of local Cefazolin on postoperative infection in herniorrhaphy with Mesh

Seyed Vahid Seyed Hosseini

General Surgeon, Surgery ward of Shahid Mahallati Hospital, Tabriz, Iran.

sv.hosseini58@gmail.com

Abstract: Introduction: The efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of surgical-site infection (SSI) after open tension-free inguinal hernia repair remains controversial. The aim of this study was evaluation the effects of local Cefazolin on postoperative infection in patients underwent inguinal herniorrhaphy with Mesh. Materials and Methods: A descriptive-analytical study was performed in the surgery ward of Shahid Mahallati Hospital of Tabriz on 117 patients who had undergone herniorrhaphy of inguinal hernia at 2012-2014. The aim of this study was evaluation and compares the results of local Cefazolin on postoperative infection in herniorrhaphy with Mesh. Results: Mean age of patients in case and control groups was 39.66 ± 17.13 and 37.60 ± 14.95, respectively (P=0.491). 85 patients (42 patients of Case-group and 43 patients of Control-group) were male and 32 patients (16 patients of Case-group and 16 patients of Control-group) were female (P=0.955). Mean weight of patients in case group was 59.11 ± 12.94 kg and in control group was 55.60 ± 10.63 kg (P=0.112). Mean body mass index (BMI) of patients in case group was 22.04 ± 3.25 and in control group was 21.07 ± 3.03 (P=0.095). Surgery wound infection was found in 4(6.78%) patients of case group and 13(22.41%) patients of control group. Fever was found in 3(5.08%) patients of case group and 13(10.34%) patients of control group. Mean WBC count in patients with surgery wound infection was 16407.65 ± 4351.50 and in patients without surgery wound infection was 10346.95 ± 1460.62. Conclusion: Frequency of surgery wound infection was significantly lower in patients that use Cefazolin powder on Mesh after hernia repair (Case group) than control group (P=0.016). Significantly difference was not found between frequency of fever between two groups of patients underwent inguinal herniorrhaphy with Mesh (P=0.322). Mean of white Blood Cell (WBC) in case group patients was significantly lower than control group (P=0.004). Mean WBC count in patients with surgery wound infection was significantly higher than patients without surgery wound infection (P<0.001). Usage of Cefazolin powder on Mesh after hernia repair was effective in prevention of post operative wound infection in patients underwent inguinal herniorrhaphy.

[Seyed Hosseini SV. Evaluation effect of local Cefazolin on postoperative infection in herniorrhaphy with Mesh. N Y Sci J 2014;7(11):132-137]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 19.

doi:10.7537/marsnys071114.19

Keywords: Inguinal Herniorrhaphy, Cefazolin, Surgery Wound Infection

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