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Phytochemical analysis and mineral element composition of ten medicinal plant seeds from South-west Nigeria

Ibironke A. Ajayi, Olusola O. Ojelere

Industrial Chemistry unit, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. frajayi@yahoo.com

Abstract: The phytochemical, proximate and mineral element composition of ten different medicinal plant seeds were assessed and compared. The medicinal plant seeds investigated are Canna bidentata, Ceasalpinia bunduc, Cola millenii, Hunteria umbellata, Hydrocotyle asiata, Megaphrynium macrostarchyum, Perinari excelsa, Rauwolfia vomitoria, Solanum dasyphyllum and Sphenocentrum jollyanum. The result of the phytochemical analysis showed that all the selected plant seeds contain alkaloids and saponin except Megaphrynium macrostarchyu while phenolic group is present in Perinari excelsa only. The moisture content of the samples ranged between (12.51-26.7 %), crude protein (8.65-48.09 %), crude fibre (2.69-12.66%), crude fat (2.65-18.10%), ash content (3.26-11.45 %) and carbohydrate (16.79-59.38%). Mineral element analysis showed that the selected plant seeds contained low levels of potassium (2.14-8.12 mg/L), zinc (1.38-5.53 mg/L), iron (0.22-1.90 mg/L) and manganese (0.14-1.40 mg/L) and high level of calcium (3.25-68.55mg/L). All the selected plant seeds have potential of serving as supplementary sources of antimicrobial drugs and essential nutrients to man and livestock.

[Ibironke A. Ajayi, Olusola O. Ojelere. Phytochemical analysis and mineral element composition of ten medicinal plant seeds from South-west Nigeria. N Y Sci J 2013;6(9):1-7]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 1

doi:10.7537/marsnys060913.01

Keywords: mineral elements, phytochemical, proximate composition, plant seed

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The effect of p-nitrophenylglycerol on swarming and the production of some virulence factors in Proteus vulgaris

Mohammed Ghaidaa¹*, Wang Yanchang¹, and Hindi Abdallah²

¹Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.

²Biology Department of Science College, Babylon University, Babil, Iraq

*Email: ghaidaam@ymail.com

Abstract: Proteus vulgaris is an opportunistic pathogen, commonly responsible for urinary and septic infections; often nosocomial. Proteus vulagris has a number of putative virulence factors, including the secreted hemolytic, which has been suggested to contribute to host cell invasion and cytotoxicity, an inducible urease which, by generating ammonia, causes precipitation of bladder and kidney stones, fimbriae which promote bacterial adherence to the uroepithelium, a secreted protease able to digest immunoglobulins. In this study we have verified the ability of p-nitrophenylglycerol (anti-swarming agent of Proteus mirabilis ) to inhibit Proteus vulgaris swarming and the expression of some virulence factor (haemolysin and urease).Swarming inhibition was determined on Luria Bertani agar with PNPG and then bacteria was harvested to assay cell length and the production of haemolysin and urease. P-nitrophenylglycerol significantly inhibited swarming and virulence factor expression but its effect on growth rate was not significant.

[Mohammed Ghaidaa, Wang Yanchang, and Hindi Abdallah. The effect of p-nitrophenylglycerol on swarming and the production of some virulence factors in Proteus vulgaris. N Y Sci J 2013;6(9):8-14]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 2

doi:10.7537/marsnys060913.02

Keywords: P-nitrophenylglycerol, P.vulgaris, Swarming,virulence factors

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Determinants of Rice farmers’ Technology Utilisation in Ekiti and Ogun States, Nigeria: Implication for Achieving Sustainable Increase in Rice Production as well as Food security.

 Arimi Kayode ¹, Adekoya A. E ²

^1. Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo States, Nigeria. ^2. Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo States, Nigeria. arimi2009@yahoo.com

Abstract: This paper identifies determinants of rice farmers’ technology adoption and utilization in Ekiti and Ogun states, Nigeria. This is predicated on the fact that farmers’ decision on technology adoption and utilisation is slow, and sometimes technology which could have improved rice production in Nigeria was not fully adopted. This realization has caused increased attention to be directed at the technology adoption process. If certain groups are not using new technologies, or adopting them at a lower rate, then we need to determine why, because only by understanding the reasons we will be able to develop improved technologies that are appropriate and acceptable for all. Primary data were used for this study. A survey was carried out to obtain data from the farmers. The data collected were analysed by using frequency count, mean, percentage and regression. A multiple regression model was estimated on data collected in order to identify variables that determine farmers’ technology adoption and utilisation. From the estimation, the significant variables which determine farmers’ technology utilisation were households size (β=-0.19), access to functional market (β=0.27), income (β=0.17), farm size (β=0.17), extension services (β=0.13) and environmental factors (β=0.15). For improving farmers’ technology utilisation and the enhancement of sustainable rice production in Nigeria, determinants of improved technology utilization amongst poor resource farmers should be considered. Successful agricultural development depends on effective extension services. Government should employed more village extension workers and provide efficient means of transportation to be able to reach out to the farmers in their villages.

[Arimi K. Ph.D student, Adekoya, A. E. Determinants of Rice farmers’ Technology Utilisation in Ekiti and Ogun States, Nigeria. N Y Sci J 2013;6(9):15-21]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 3

doi:10.7537/marsnys060913.03

Keywords: Determinants; technology; utilization; famers; rice.

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Phytochemical analysis and mineral element composition of ten medicinal plant seeds from South-west Nigeria

Ibironke A. Ajayi, Olusola O. Ojelere

Industrial Chemistry unit, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. frajayi@yahoo.com

Abstract: The phytochemical, proximate and mineral element composition of ten different medicinal plant seeds were assessed and compared. The medicinal plant seeds investigated are Canna bidentata, Ceasalpinia bunduc, Cola millenii, Hunteria umbellata, Hydrocotyle asiata, Megaphrynium macrostarchyum, Perinari excelsa, Rauwolfia vomitoria, Solanum dasyphyllum and Sphenocentrum jollyanum. The result of the phytochemical analysis showed that all the selected plant seeds contain alkaloids and saponin except Megaphrynium macrostarchyu while phenolic group is present in Perinari excelsa only. The moisture content of the samples ranged between (12.51-26.7 %), crude protein (8.65-48.09 %), crude fibre (2.69-12.66%), crude fat (2.65-18.10%), ash content (3.26-11.45 %) and carbohydrate (16.79-59.38%). Mineral element analysis showed that the selected plant seeds contained low levels of potassium (2.14-8.12 mg/L), zinc (1.38-5.53 mg/L), iron (0.22-1.90 mg/L) and manganese (0.14-1.40 mg/L) and high level of calcium (3.25-68.55mg/L). All the selected plant seeds have potential of serving as supplementary sources of antimicrobial drugs and essential nutrients to man and livestock.

[Ibironke A. Ajayi, Olusola O. Ojelere. Phytochemical analysis and mineral element composition of ten medicinal plant seeds from South-west Nigeria. N Y Sci J 2013;6(9):22-28]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 4

doi:10.7537/marsnys060913.04

Keywords: mineral elements, phytochemical, proximate composition, plant seed

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Application of modified glomerular filtration rate estimation equations in Chinese diabetic patients with chronic kidney diseases

Chang H¹, Zhao JJ^2*, Ye SD^1#

¹Department of Endocrinology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University.

²Department of Endocrinology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University.

Email: shandong_ye@163.com

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the applicability of modified formulas based on plasma creatinine levels in Chinese diabetic patients with chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Methods: A total of 294 diabetic patients were investigated. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated with the Ruijin equation, Cockeroft-Gauh(CG)and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula.The accuracy of estimated GFR was compared with 99mTc-DTPA-GFR(sGFR). Results: Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated that the Ruijin equation was more consistent with sGFR than the other equations. However , all the equations were not well consistent with sGFR. The analysis showed that the slope of the Ruijin equation was closer to the identical line and indicated that the bias of Ruijin equation was lowest.The 15%, 30% and 50% accuracies of the Ruijin equation was higher than those of the other equations, the 30% accuracy of Ruijin equations was more than 70%. There Was no significant difference between poorly-controlled group and well-controlled group in three equations. Conclusions: Ruijin equation is more applicable in Chinese diabetic and CKD patients.

[Chang H, Zhao JJ, Ye SD. Application of modified glomerular filtration rate estimation equations in Chinese diabetic patients with chronic kidney diseases. N Y Sci J 2013;6(9):29-31]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 5

doi:10.7537/marsnys060913.05

Keywords:Mesh diabetes;glomerular filtration rate; chronic kidney diseases

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Analysis of the Impact of Agricultural Input Subsidies Voucher Programme on the Livelihoods of Small Scale Maize Producers in Kirehe District, Eastern Rwanda.

Isaac E. Ekise^1*, Alphonse Nahayo ¹ , Jean de Dieu Mirukiro ² and Bernardin Nsengiyumva²

1:  Higher Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry (ISAE), Department of Forestry and Nature Conservation, P.O. Box 210, Musanze, Rwanda

2: Higher Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry (ISAE), Department of Rural Development and Agribusiness, P.O. Box 210, Musanze, Rwanda

Email to correspondence author: iekise@yahoo.com

Abstract: The agricultural sector in Rwanda faces many challenges such as use of poor production methods, soil erosion, decrease in soil fertility, and the low level use of improved agricultural inputs among others. The government through its Crop Intensification Programme implemented in 2007 the Agricultural Input Subsidies Programme. The main goal of AISP was to increase the adoption of improved agricultural inputs among rural small-scale farmers in order to increase agricultural productivity, food security, income generation and subsequently improve the rural people’s livelihoods. This study analyzed the impact of agricultural input subsidies programme on the livelihoods of small-scale rural maize producers in Kirehe District by surveying 96 farms selected randomly from a population of 9,854 households who were involved in the implementation of the program. The research findings indicate that AISP has had great impact in the district in the sense that maize yields improved by a record 529% among households;  maize production is profitable with a gross margin ranging from 158,746 to 424,800 RWF per hectare; and households were able to meet their cash needs for consumption and investment from maize sales. It is also evident that addressing marketing constraints will boost the impact of this program further. We therefore conclude that AISP achieved most of the objectives stipulated under its mandate. If up-scaled to other districts of the country, this program is capable of bringing about a local green revolution in agriculture in the country.

[Isaac E. Ekise, Alphonse Nahayo, Jean de Dieu Mirukiro and Bernardin Nsengiyumva. Analysis of the Impact of Agricultural Input Subsidies Voucher Programme on the Livelihoods of Small Scale Maize Producers in Kirehe District, Eastern Rwanda. N Y Sci J 2013;6(9):32-44]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 6

doi:10.7537/marsnys060913.06

Keywords: Agricultural inputs subsidies program, crop intensification, yield, gross margin, food security, income, up-scaled, and green revolution

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 Supervised Learning Methods in the Mapping of Built Up Areas from Landsat-Based Satellite Imagery in Part of Uyo Metropolis

¹Christopher E. Ndehedehe, ²Segun M. Oludiji, ³Inemesit M. Asuquo

^1&3Department of Geoinformatics & Surveying, Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Uyo, Nigeria

² Federal School of Surveying Oyo, Oyo State, Nigeria. christopherndehedehe@gmail.com

Abstract: The classification of optical urban remote-sensing data has become a challenging problem due to recent advances in remote sensing technology. For the purpose of classification and mapping of urban areas over large spatial scales remotely sensed data are generally used. This acts as a substitute for traditional classification methods, which necessitates expensive and time-intensive field surveys. This paper examines some supervised learning methods in the mapping of built up Areas from Landsat-based Satellite Imagery in part of Uyo Metropolis. Here, we compare the different classification methods and their performances in the extraction of built up areas. Post-classification comparison is applied to this study to determine the total area classified as urban areas using digitsed vector derived from existing Orthophoto and the vectorised derived from classification results. Our approach identifies Impervious Surface Areas (ISA) e.g. buildings, roads, etc. and adopt that as the basis for the signature extraction from Landsat data. From the vector map previously produced, the total area of built up areas in part of Uyo metropolis is 268.57 Hectares. This area represents the building polygons only while the areas extracted by the supervised methods include building polygons and roads. The performance of six supervised methods in urban region extraction was noted. Binary Encoding Classifier proved the best classifier for urban areas in this study with a total extracted ISA of 721.6 Hectares from Landsat-based satellite imagery. This figure comparatively is very good. Support Vector Machine actually proved to be faster in classification of built up areas and it can yield very accurate solutions with few training pixels. Parallelpiped classifier demonstrated a good classification speed of built up areas from the Landsat-based satellite imagery but with poor accuracy. Binary Encoding Classifier despite its low processing speed is an excellent model for urban studies and should be investigated further.

[Christopher E. Ndehedehe, Segun M. Oludiji, Inemesit M. Asuquo. Supervised Learning Methods in the Mapping of Built Up Areas from Landsat-Based Satellite Imagery in Part of Uyo Metropolis. N Y Sci J 2013;6(9):45-52]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 7

doi:10.7537/marsnys060913.07

Key Words: supervised methods, Landsat based imagery, classification, remote sensing, Impervious Surface Areas (ISA)

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Prevalence of Candida albicans Amongst Women Attending Health Centres In Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria

^{1, 2}Akingbade OA, ³Akinjinmi AA, ⁴Awoderu OB, ⁵Okerentugba PO ⁵Okonko IO

¹Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria

²Department of Microbiology, Federal Medical Centre, Idi Aba, Abeokuta, Nigeria

E-mail: a.olusola@yahho.co.uk, olusola.akingbade@yahoo.co.uk, Tel:+2348063529234

³Department of Chemical Pathology, Federal Medical Centre, Idi Aba, Abeokuta, Nigeria

⁴Immunology unit, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba Lagos. E-mail: bamiyin@yahoo.com

⁵Medical Microbiology Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, East-West Road, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria; mac2finney@yahoo.com, iheanyi.okonko@uniport.edu.ng; Tel.: +234 803 538 0891

ABSTRACT: In this study, the prevalence of Candida albicans amongst women attending antenatal and gynecology health centres in Abeokuta, Nigeria was investigated. Two hundred and fifty high vaginal swab (HVS) specimens were collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic pregnant and non-pregnant women ages 16-50 years attending antenatal and gynecology health centres in Abeokuta. These specimens were analyzed using standard microbiological methods. Wet preparations were examined microscopically for presence of yeast cells. The swabs were inoculated on Sabouraud Dextrose agar and incubated at room temperature and at 37°C for a few days. Of the two hundred and fifty specimens analyzed, 135(54.0%) were symptomatic patients while 115(46.0%) were asymptomatic patients. The overall prevalence of Candida albicans was 24.4% (n= 61). Of the 135 symptomatic women 36(26.7%) had Candida albicans while 25(21.7%) of the 115 asymptomatic women also had Candida albicans. This study revealed that candidiasis caused by C. albicans is still the major health problems among females in this locality. The need for regular check-up at the clinics as well as personal hygiene is highly recommended in order to forestall avoidable complications.

[Akingbade OA, Akinjinmi AA, Awoderu OB, Okerentugba PO Okonko IO. Prevalence of Candida albicans Amongst Women Attending Health Centres In Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. N Y Sci J 2013;6(9):53-59]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 8

doi:10.7537/marsnys060913.08

Key words:  Candida albicans, antenatal, gynecology

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Applications of studying Electrophoretic pattern of Haemonchus contortus as tool for vaccine designing - A Review

Irfan-ur-Rauf Tak¹, M. Z. Chishti¹ and Fayaz Ahmad²

¹ Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar – 190 006

² Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190 006, Kashmir

irfanrauftak@yahoo.in

Abstract: The study of electrophoretic pattern of Haemonchus contortus has proved to be an important tool for vaccine designing. The aim behind the review is to encourage young researchers to initiate work on this aspect. Disease biomarker discovery is generally carried out using two dimensional polyacrylamide gel Electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) to identify differences in the protein expression patterns. After 2D-PAGE fractionation and staining, the protein(s) of interest are removed, proteolytically or chemically digested and identified by mass spectrometry (MS). Although 2DPAGE separation provides excellent resolution, the need for protein staining and the subsequent sample handling limits the sensitivity of the overall approach. Protein profiling is expected to discover unexpected targets for drug design by determining the function of thousands of unidentified proteins still likely to be found in the genome of Haemonchus contortus. Protein profiling is expected to multiply the number of known drug targets 100-fold. This will encourage the pharmaceutical industry to develop new drugs against this economically important parasite. This review will focus on research carried out globally by the applications of electrophoresis and so far various proteins have been identified as targets for vaccine designing.

[Irfan-ur-Rauf Tak, M. Z. Chishti and Fayaz Ahmad. Applications of studying Electrophoretic pattern of Haemonchus contortus as tool for vaccine designing - A Review. N Y Sci J 2013;6(9):60-65]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 9

doi:10.7537/marsnys060913.09

Keywords: Haemonchus contortus; SDS-PAGE; Antigens; Vaccine.

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Plant biodiversity distribution pattern under pure and mixed chir-pine (Pinus roxburghii Sarg.) forests of central Himalaya, India

Singh, Pushker and Yadava, AK

Department of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Kumaun University, Soban Singh Jeena campus, Almora, Uttarakhand (India). akyadava09@gmail.com

Abstract: Pure chir pine and mixed chir pine-deodar are the primary forests distributed in the central Himalayan of India. The significance of this zone may be drawn considering the fact that major population and developmental pressures on this zone have increased manifold over the decayed. The present study was undertaken to assess the present status of species diversity and distribution trend in these two types of forests. Trees, shrubs and herbs species were collected and described on the basis of taxonomy, distribution, habitat and economic importance. Apart from chir pine and deodar trees, Myrica nagi, Rhododendron arboreum and Quercus leucotricophora have been observed in these forests. However, dominant tree species are Pinus roxburghii in pure chir pine forests, and Cedrus deodara and Pinus roxburghii in mixed forests. Quercus leucotricophora as a broad leaved tree species also showed satisfactory dominance in the mixed forests. Shrubs viz., Eupatirium canabinum and Asparagus racemosus in pure forests and Berberis asiatica and Utrica dioica in mixed forests are the dominant species. Geranium nepalensis is the most dominant herb species in pure forests, whereas, Justica simplex and Heteropogon contortus are dominant in mixed forests. Mixed forests have higher diversity index for all the categories viz., tree, shrubs and herbs. Tree density was higher in mixed forests, whereas, shrub and herb density were higher in pure chir pine forests. These observations reflected the plant biodiversity spectrum in the mid hills of central Himalayan chir pine and mixed forests. Considering the significance of these forests, conservation and regeneration (naturally as well as artificially) processes of all types of species present in these forests have to be taken care for a balanced carbon reserve.

[Singh, Pushker and Yadava, AK. Plant biodiversity distribution pattern under pure and mixed chir-pine (Pinus roxburghii Sarg.) forests of central Himalaya, India. N Y Sci J 2013;6(9):66-73]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 10

doi:10.7537/marsnys060913.10

Keywords Himalayan biodiversity, Pinus roxburghii, Cedrus deodara, Myrica nagi , Berberis asiatica

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Biochemical and Microbiological Evaluation of Fermented Camel Milk

Abeer A. Khayal ¹ and Ragia O.M. ²

^1. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Arts, Al Jouf University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

^2. Food Technol. Res. Inst. Agriculture Research Centre, Egypt

E-mail:  abeerkhaial@yahoo.com

Abstract: Camel milk has an important role in human nutrition in the hot regions and arid countries. The general composition of camel milk varies in various part of the world with range of 3.07-5.50% fat, 3.5-4.5% protein, 0.7-0.95% ash and 3.4-5.6 % lactose, 12.1-15% total solid. Camel milk is different from other ruminant milk, having low cholesterol, low sugar, high minerals (sodium, potassium, iron, copper, zinc and magnesium), high vitamin C. Camel milk contains more proteins and whey protein than cow milk. Camel milk is remedy for viruses causing diarrhea as Rota Virus considering it could be important from public health point of view to anticipate the vital hazard in camel raw milk and its produces. In this study, we used rat model of rotavirus infection which causing diarrhea. This investigation was designed to prepare fermented Camel milk with low fat (1.5%) and using it in formulas for feeding diarrhea rats (25%, 50% and 75%) to perform the role of the macro elements (sodium, potassium, phosphorous and calcium) as well as detection of Staphylococcus aureus of the three prepared formulas for diarrhea rats. Results indicated that the fermented camel milk had higher content in sodium and potassium than the row camel milk and there was stopping diarrhea on formula  (3), this is due to the formula  (3) can be considered antimicrobial and  a strong vital inhibitor to human Rota Virus which represents the main diarrhea-causing agent in infants. It can be concluded that fermented camel milk can be considered as a good food of high nutritive and therapeutic applications. Meanwhile, the high content of antimicrobial agents in camel milk may explain its potential as an activity especially against diarrhea.

[Abeer A. Khayal and Ragia O.M. Biochemical and Microbiological Evaluation of Fermented Camel Milk. N Y Sci J 2013;6(9):74-79]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 11

doi:10.7537/marsnys060913.11

Key words: Camel milk- diarrhea-antimicrobial- minerals

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Incidence and Resistant Pattern of Bacteria Associated with Street Foods in Ogun state, Nigeria.

B. T. Thomas¹, W. R. Shoyemi², R. M. Kolawole¹, K. P. Gbadamosi²

1.                                Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria.

2.                                Department of Microbiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria.

benthoa2013@gmail.com

Abstract: A laboratory based cross sectional study, was carried out, on 120 samples of street foods circulating in Ogun State, Nigeria, using standard microbiological method while the antibiotics profiling of the isolated organisms were determined using agar disc diffusion method. This study, indicated Bacillus species 37 (33.3%) as the most predominant followed by Staphylococcus aureus 33(30.3%) and then Escherichia coli 16 (14.7%). With reference to sensitivity/resistance pattern, it was concluded, that the front line antibiotics, that should be considered for treating street foods associated food poisioning include Aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones.

[B. T. Thomas, W.R. Shoyemi, R. M. Kolawole, K. P. Gbadamosi. Incidence and Resistant Pattern of Bacteria Associated with Street Foods in Ogun state, Nigeria. N Y Sci J 2013;6(9):80-83]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 12

doi:10.7537/marsnys060913.12

Keywords: Incidence, Resistant pattern, Street foods.

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The Influence of Shahnameh Ferdowsi on the Hafez’s Sonnets

Ebrahim estaji *, Ahmad khajehim *, Gholam reza rahimi *, Moslem Rajabi **

* Faculty member of Persian language and literature of Hakim Sabzevari University

** Phd student of Persian literature (Hakim sabzevari university-faculty of foreign language and literature- Persian literature group)

Address: Korasan Razavi – Torbat Heydarieh – saadi st. No. 1.

Email: moslem.rajabi@yahoo.com; Tel: 05312317071 - 09158300672

Abstract: ShahnamehFerdowsi by the sophisticated Hakim of Tooshas such grandeur of expression and thought that many poets are engrossed in him. One of these poets is Hafizthe sweet- language and the memorizer of Shiraz. Among the poets, he composed poems subtly and skillfully in light of suitable using and benefiting from others’ language and also of making use of themes and compounds which shows his mastery over the existing books in his own time and his supremacy over poets’ divans to whom he paid tribute or he confessed to the magnificence of the former poets by quoting from their utterances. The existence of mythical and epical characters in the novel and beautiful poems and appealing expression of Hafez theShirazi shows that he was aware of Ferdowsi’s firm language and he also was abreast of the themes and concepts of the Epics of Kings.

[Ebrahim estaji, Ahmad khajehim, Gholam reza rahimi, Moslem Rajabi. The Influence of Shahnameh Ferdowsi on the Hafez’s Sonnets. N Y Sci J 2013;6(9):84-87]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 13

doi:10.7537/marsnys060913.13

Key Words: Shahnameh( the Epic of Kings), Hafez, Poem, Epic, Myth

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Saadi’s outlook toward envy as the ethical vice in light of Alfred Adler’s theories

Akbar shaabani

Faculty member of Persian language and literature of neishboor  University

Mahdi setoodian

Faculty member of Persian language and literature of mashad University

Ahmad mohseni

Faculty member of Persian language and literature of mashad University

Moslem Rajabi

Phd student of Persian literature

(Hakim sabzevari university-faculty of foreign language and literature- Persian literature group)

Email: moslem.rajabi@yahoo.com

Address: Korasan Razavi – Torbat Heydarieh – saadi st. No. 1 –

Tel: 05312317071 - 09158300672

Abstract: Envy is one of the ethical vices which in the enlightening religion, Islam, is introduced as one ofunpleasant and blatant characteristics of a human being; even to this degree that lack of faith is  attributed to someone, with the feature of  envy. The envious human being due to lack of attention to God, to minding himself and dearth of worthy feature,  contentment, falls in this deadly abyss ; and he is so preoccupied with envy that he will destroy those  of whom he is envious. In the Persian etiquette, envy is the foulest feature and the envious person is introduced as the basest one. Saadi the sweet- language also considers envy very vile and unpleasant and perceives that someone with this feature is always at pain and agony; which there is no remedy for this suffering save death. Saadi assumes that the opposite of envy is kindness and benevolence. These statements by Saadi can be criticized and critiqued based on the new psychological theories; I am going to analyses these statements by Saadiin light of the powerful theories expounded by Alfred Adler in this research so that it will be made clear that Saadi’s statements have commonalities with the pedagogical and psychological points at the end.

[Akbar shaabani,. Mahdi setoodian, Ahmad mohseni, Moslem Rajabi. In the name of God Saadi’s outlook toward envy as the ethical vice in light of Alfred Adler’s theories. N Y Sci J 2013;6(9):88-91]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 14

doi:10.7537/marsnys060913.14

Key Words: Envy, Saadi, the Features of Envy and the Envious, the outcomes of the envy

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Ghalandar in Attar’s poem

Abbas mohammadian

Faculty member of Persian language and literature of Hakim Sabzevari University

Ali tasnimi

Faculty member of Persian language and literature of Hakim Sabzevari University

Ahmad fotoohi nasab

Faculty member of Persian language and literature of Hakim Sabzevari University

Moslem Rajabi

Phd student of Persian literature

(Hakim sabzevari university-faculty of foreign language and literature- Persian literature group)

Email: moslem.rajabi@yahoo.com

Address: Korasan Razavi – Torbat Heydarieh – saadi st. No. 1 –

Tel: 05312317071 - 09158300672

Abstract: The word Ghalanderhas the historical and literary precedence in Persian literature. This word appears in Sanae’s works and then in Attar the Neyshbouri’s works. This meaning of the wordhas changed many times due to its significance and function; and it has taken the meaning of an individual from its spatial meaning and also has got a separated meaning. While it has two dimension of meaning, one is the positive, namely, the unworldly person and free from any dependence and the other is the negative, namely, the dervish person. Some of the researchers and lexicographers like Anenderaj dictionary based on some poetical evidences has defined Ghalandar as free dervish in regard to repast, clothes, obedience to God( in negative dimension) or the unworldly person free from any belongings (in positive dimension). While the truth is something else and many of the old scholars considers the meaning of Ghalandar to be the place, that is to say, “ the place of Ghalandariyan” not in the meaning of dervish person or in the meaning of being far from the worldly belongings. Attar is one of the poets that used Ghalandar in both meanings.

[Abbas mohammadian, Ali tasnimi, Ahmad fotoohi nasab, Moslem Rajabi. Ghalandar in Attar’s poem. N Y Sci J 2013;6(9):92-96]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 15

doi:10.7537/marsnys060913.15

Key Words: Ghalandar, the Persian literature, Attar, Poem

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The Manifestation of AhleBeyt’s Hadiths in Hafez the Shirazi’ssonnets

Seyed Mehyar Alavi Moghadam

Faculty member of Persian language and literature of Hakim Sabzevari University

Ahmad Khajeim

Faculty member of Persian language and literature of Hakim Sabzevari University

Zahra Ekhteyari

Faculty member of Persian language and literature of ferdosi University

Ahmad fotoohi nasab

Faculty member of Persian language and literature of Hakim Sabzevari University

Moslem Rajabi

Phd student of Persian literature

(Hakim sabzevari university-faculty of foreign language and literature- Persian literature group)

Email: moslem.rajabi@yahoo.com

Address: Korasan Razavi – Torbat Heydarieh – saadi st. No. 1 –

Tel: 05312317071 – 09158300672

Abstract: Hafez the Shirazi is one of the trailblazers and the culmination of the Persian poetry and literature that everybody is confessant to his high position and to the magnificence in mysticism and poetry. In the sky of Persian literature, Hafez has the dazzling presence. His poetry is the language of a human heart and sedated the thought of those who love and search in literature. While those, who are familiar with his poetry and are aware of his beliefs and views, sometimes they come across some words in his poetry and see the lines which sends up the aroma of Hadiths ( peace be upon them) to their soul in regard with motif and thought, and give them rapture and zeal. The stirring sonnets the Khawaje, are laden with such didactic and mandatory issues that can be used as the edifying ethical charter in the cultural programs; because Hafez the Shirazi’s statements are derived from the didactic narratives and shinning Hadith of AhleBeyt.( Peace be upon them)

[Seyed Mehyar Alavi Moghadam, Ahmad Khajeim, Zahra Ekhteyari, Ahmad fotoohi nasab, Moslem Rajabi. The Manifestation of AhleBeyt’s Hadiths in Hafez the Shirazi’ssonnets. N Y Sci J 2013;6(9):97-100]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 16

doi:10.7537/marsnys060913.16

Key words: Hafez the Shirazi, Sonnets (Ghazals), AhleBeyt, Hadiths, Didactic literature

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Synthesis and Characterization of LaMnO₃ Nanofibers by Electrospinning Techique

¹Zin Min Myat, ²Than Than Win, ³Yin Maung Maung and ⁴Ko Ko Kyaw Soe

¹Department of Physics, Dagon University, Myanmar,²Department of Physics, University of Yangon, Myanmar, ³Department of Physics, Kyaingtong University, Myanmar, ⁴Pro-Rector, Yangon Institute of Education, Myanmar

^{1archewtt@gmail.com}, ^{2thannthannwinn@gmail.com,3dryinmgmg@gmail.com}, ^{4dr.kokokyawsoe@gmail.com}

Abstract: This paper aimed to prepare the synthesis of LaMnO₃ nanofibers by electrospinning technique using a solution that contained polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and a sol-gel solution of LaMnO₃. LaMnO₃/PVA perovskite-type nanofibers were obtained after annealed at 500°C, 600°C, 700°C and 800°C for 2h respectively. Thermal properties of LaMnO₃ samples were examined by TG-DTA. Phase formation and crystal structure of LaMnO₃ nanopowders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). FESEM images revealed that LaMnO₃ as-spun nanofibers on Al foils were attracted to be between 60-120 nm in diameters with electrospinning set-up for 15 min. The crystal structure, fiber diameters and morphology of LaMnO₃ nanofibers were influenced by the calcination temperatures. The qualifications of LaMnO₃ nanofibers were successfully yielded by the electronspinning technique as final products.

[Zin Min Myat, Than Than Win, Yin Maung Maung and Ko Ko Kyaw Soe. Synthesis and Characterization of LaMnO₃Nanofibers by Electrospinning Techique. N Y Sci J 2013;6(9):101-106]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 17

doi:10.7537/marsnys060913.17

Keywords: Electrospinning set-up, LaMnO₃ Nanofibers, TG-DTA, XRD and FESEM

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Assessment of Spectral Angle Mapper and Binary Encoding in the Quantification of the Built Environment from Multi-Spectral Landsat Imagery

¹Christopher E. Ndehedehe & ²Eno E. James

¹Department of Geoinformatics & Surveying, Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Uyo, Nigeria

²Department of Urban & Regional Planning, Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Uyo, Nigeria

christopherndehedehe@gmail.com

Abstract: Classifying urban areas in remotely sensed imageries is challenging because of the heterogeneous nature of the urban landscape resulting in mixed pixels and classes with highly variable spectral ranges. This study is an assessment of Spectral Angle Mapper and Binary Encoding techniques in the classification and quantification of the built environment from multi-spectral Landsat Imagery. Here, we examine their performances in the extraction of built environment. Post-classification comparison is applied to this study to determine the total area classified as urban areas using digitsed vector derived from existing Orthophoto and the vectorised derived from classification results. The previously produced vector map sampled from a section of Uyo metropolis showed that, the total area of built up environment is 158.62 Hectares i.e. the building polygons only. The results in this study showed that Binary Encoding performed better than Spectral Angle Mapper in the quantification of built environment from multi spectral Landsat imagery using post classification approach. Quantified built up environment with Binary Encoding is 772.86 hectares while SAM is 950.66 hectares. The built environments extracted by the two proposed methods are the impervious surface which includes building polygons and roads. Both results are very good and reliable. The two algorithms are very efficient in the mapping of built environment but poor in vegetation mapping. The two models implemented in this study though unpopular in urban studies are very good classifiers.

[Christopher E. Ndehedehe & Eno E. James. Assessment of Spectral Angle Mapper and Binary Encoding in the Quantification of the Built Environment from Multi-Spectral Landsat Imagery. N Y Sci J 2013;6(9):107-111]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 18

doi:10.7537/marsnys060913.18

Key words: Spectral Angle Mapper, Binary Encoding, Remote Sensing, Built-up, Classification, Landsat imagery

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Investigating the effective indexes on investment and stocks abnormal return increasing of accepted firms in Tehran Stock Exchange

Alireza Zamanpour

Department of Accounting, Masjed Soleyman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Masjed Soleyman, Iran

Fazel Tamoradi

Department of Accounting, Ramhormoz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ramhormoz, Iran

Zahra rahmati

Department of Accounting, Dehloran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dehloran, Iran

Abstract: This study is an attempt to investigate the abnormal return and effective indexes on capital increasing in Tehran Stock Exchange. The sample size of the present study includes 296 firms in the period of 1998to 2008. The findings of this study show that abnormal return is affected by effective factors on capital increasing in accepted firms in Tehran Stock Exchange and basically affected by variables like capital increasing resulted from stock liquidity, cash and claims, rate of ownership centralization, firm size, debt ratio and firm size. Also, announcement of capital increasing from cash and claims at the end of announcement week had positive cumulative return for stockholders which was 2.72. The results of this study revealed that in Iran market the stockholders in reaction to this announcement pay more attention to capital increasing than other mentioned factors.

[Alireza Zamanpour, Fazel Tamoradi, Zahra rahmati. Investigating the effective indexes on investment and stocks abnormal return increasing of accepted firms in Tehran Stock Exchange. N Y Sci J 2013;6(9):112-117]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 19

doi:10.7537/marsnys060913.19

Key Words: abnormal return, percentage of equity financing, the firm’s stock liquidity, rate of ownership centralization, size of firm, firm debt ratio, kind of industry

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On Soft Multi Matrix Theory

Onyeozili, I. A, (Corresponding author) ¹, Alhaji Alkali ²

^1.Department of Mathematics, University of Abuja – Nigeria

^2.Department of Mathematics, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria – Nigeria

¹ ijeozili@gmail.com

Abstract: In this paper, we define soft multi matrices as matrix representations of soft multi sets. We also define soft multi matrices operations, discuss their basic properties and show that these soft multi matrices operations are equivalent to their corresponding soft multi sets operations.

[Onyeozili, I.A. Alhaji Alkali. On Soft Multi Matrix Theory. N Y Sci J 2013;6(9):118-126]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 20

doi:10.7537/marsnys060913.20

Keywords: Soft sets, multiset, soft matrix, soft multiset, soft multi matrix, soft multi matrix operations.

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