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Petrography, Geochemistry and Tectonic Setting of Mafic Rocks of Southern Bela Ophiolite, Balochistan

Shahid Naseem¹, Salma Hamza², Erum Bashir¹, Syed Nayyer Ahsan³, Shamim Ahmed Sheikh¹

¹ Department of Geology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan

² Department of Geology, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan

³ Zaver Mining Company (Pvt.) Ltd,Bath Island, Muhammad Ali Bogra Road, Karachi 75530, Pakistan

sngeo@yahoo.com

Abstract: Petrogpaphical and geochemical studies of the mafic rocks of southern part of Bela Ophiolite (BO) is made to infer tectonic setting of the area. The BO is the largest (~450km) and most complete ophiolite in Pakistan, linked with Neotethyan ophiolitic belt which extend from European Alps to Asia. Petrographically, the majority of mafic rocks appeared as amygdaloidal and vesicular porphyritic basalt. Large phenocryst of feldspar, olivine, ortho- and clinopyroxene are present with in fine-grained groundmass of nearly similar composition. Numerous small needles of black opaque minerals are dispersed in the fine groundmass. The petrographic study revealed two stages of crystallization. In the first step, phenocrysts are formed while in the second step, pillow basalt at MORB setting were fractionate during the rapid cooling in cold seawater. Based on TAS diagram, the rocks of the study area appear as basalts. These rocks displayed tholeiitic characteristics and showed relevancy with metaluminous type of rocks. Trace element assemblage of the studied rocks plots on various discrimination diagrams as ocean floor tholeiite, initially formed at Mid-ocean Ridge setting. The subsequent subduction phase generates SSZ ophiolite, forming Island-Arc Tholeiite (IAT) and Back-Arc Basin Basalts (BAB).

[Shahid Naseem, Salma Hamza, Erum Bashir, Syed Nayyer Ahsan, Shamim Ahmed Sheikh. Petrography, Geochemistry and Tectonic Setting of Mafic Rocks of Southern Bela Ophiolite, Balochistan. N Y Sci J 2012;5(7):1-8]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 1

doi:10.7537/marsnys050712.01

Key words: mafic rocks, petrography, geochemistry, tectonic setting, Bela Ophiolite

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Genetic Diversity of Cultivated and wild-Type potatoes under Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid Infection

Sherin Amin Mahfouze^*1, Khalid Abdel Fatah El-Dougdoug², Osama Ezzat El-Sayed¹, Mostafa Ahmed Gomaa¹ and

Esmat Khaled Allam²

¹Genetics and Cytology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Center, Dokki, 12622, Egypt.

²Department of Microbiology (Virology Laboratory), Faculty of Agricultue, University of Ain Shams, Cairo, Egypt.

^*Corresponding author: Email address: Sherinmahfouze@yahoo.com

Abstract: Potato cultivars and wild species are varying diversity in their response to PSTVd infection. It was found that, all the cultivated potatoes were susceptible to PSTVd infection except (Draga and Spunta), (Hermes) and (Nicola) were tolerant, hypersensitive and low resistant, respectively. On the other hand, all wild species were tolerant except S. etuberosum was immune and S. chacoense was rather moderate resistant. Five of the RAPD and four ISSR primers were used to detect DNA markers for PSTVd-resistant among cultivated and wild potato species. These primers revealed polymorphism depending on bands number and level of detectable polymorphism of primers. Thus, the hypersensitive plants of Hermes appeared (10), the tolerant plants of Draga showed (8) markers with both of RAPD and ISSR, and the resistant plants of Nicola revealed (3) one marker by RAPD and two markers by ISSR. Also, the immune plants of S. etuberosum scored the highest markers for resistant plants to PSTVd (11) markers (one in RAPD and 10 with ISSR), then the resistant plants S. chacoense displayed (1) with RAPD.

[Sherin Amin Mahfouze, Khalid Abdel Fatah El-Dougdoug, Osama Ezzat El-Sayed, Mostafa Ahmed Gomaa and Esmat Khaled Allam. Genetic Diversity of Cultivated and wild-Type potatoes under Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid Infection. N Y Sci J 2012;5(7):9-18]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 2

doi:10.7537/marsnys050712.02

Key words: Potato, Wild-Type, PSTVd-_EG, NASH, RAPD-PCR, ISSR-PCR

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Impact of Type of Greenhouse Cover Sheets on Certain Major Cucumber Pests under Protected Cultivation

Amna M. H. Maklad ¹, S.M. Abolmaaty², M.K. Hassanein² and N. Y. Abd El-Ghafar³

¹ Plant Protection Research Institute, ARC. Dokki, Giza, Egypt

²The Central Laboratory for Agriculture Climate, ARC, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

³Plant Pathology Dept., Fac. Agric. Ain Shams Univ. Shoubra El-Kheima, Cairo, Egypt

dr_shakermaaty@yahoo.com

Abstract: Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is considered one of the most important vegetable crops, under greenhouse conditions in Egypt. Application of black and white nets and polyethylene sheet affect on environmental factors under greenhouse conditions where as environmental factors (temperature and relative humidity) were higher with application of polyethylene sheet comparing with application of black and white nets. There was positive relationship between environmental (temperature and relative humidity) factors and population of aphids, spider mites, thrips and whitefly by using black and white nets and polyethylene sheet. Population of different pests were increased as well as increasing temperatures and decreasing relative humidity. Maximum population of aphid and whitefly were observed during May, but maximum population of spider mites and thrips were observed during June. Population of aphid was most frequent with using different shading nets, while population of spider mites and thrips were more frequent, While whitefly pests was less frequent. Populations of insects were more high when using polyethylene sheet than black and white nets.

[Amna M. H. Maklad, S.M. Abolmaaty, M.K. Hassanein and N. Y. Abd El-Ghafar. Impact of Type of Greenhouse Cover Sheets on Certain Major Cucumber Pests under Protected Cultivation. N Y Sci J 2012;5(7):19-24]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 3

doi:10.7537/marsnys050712.03

Key Words: Cucumber, Aphids, Spider mites, Thrips, Whitefly, Shade nets, Black net, White net, Polyethylene sheet, greenhouse

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Dialectical View of Nature in Physical Time-Space — Consummating Special Relativity

Xuan Xie

Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University; address: Xiada-Xicun 11－1405, Xiamen, P.R.C;

telephone: 011+0086-05922518553; e-mail: xiexuan1999@Yahoo.com.cn

Abstract: (1) The incapability of SR to originate AY in IRPCE reveals: It must objectively exist in the universe that the Unique Absolute Reference System (ARS), of ARS the time-space is isotropic and steady-homogeneous, relative to ARS all the Lorentz effect of whole universe are IRPCE, for ARS the simultaneity is absolute unified sole of whole universe; and by which AY in IRPCE is originated. (2) Deprive entirely none of the-(1) but respectively for every motional inertial system （i.e. except alone for ARS）displace the nominal value field of initial moments only, SR would necessarily & sufficiently be mathematic-logically reached from the-(1) and the TP may essentially be solved by the-(1). （3）The coexistence of the-(1) & the-(2) shows that there is a possible physical time-space structure theory standing alone in no-paradox, of which the-(1) is the intrinsic origin & determining connotation and SR is the right description of external-form only. (4) It is impossible determined by the-(1) itself that to quantitatively find-admeasure the-(1) immediately by kinematics experiments. Which endows innately with the forced inevitability, and the feasibility is ensured congenitally by that the physical time-space metric & simultaneity is mutually independent each other, the opposite-unity of the-(1) & SR has from possibility as the-(3) became to an inborn inexorable law.

[Xuan Xie. Dialectical View of Nature in Physical Time-Space — Consummating Special Relativity. N Y Sci J 2012;5(7):25-34]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 4

doi:10.7537/marsnys050712.04

Key Words: Special Relativity, Lorentz effect, twin paradox, astronautic youthened, Intrinsic Real Physical Change Effect (IRPCE), result of exterior-only relationship of mutual observation (RERMO).

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Supply Chain Management and Internet Technologies; e-SCM for Today’s Managers

Abbas Sadeghi

Sama Technical and Vocational Training College, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch, Shiraz, Iran

Sad100eghi@gmail.com

Abstract: Now days, the expansion of internet technology has led to the expansion of e-business and e-commerce. One of the most important aspects of every e-business is supply chain and supply chain management. The new topic in the area of supply chain management is the use of Internet based technologies and so, the emergence of the term “ e-CRM” is also is tied to the novel supply chain management on the internet. This paper, reviews the notion of e-supply chain management (e-SCM), its necessities and importance, and also suggests some recommendations to the today’s managers. First section introduces the concept of Internet or Web based Supply Chain and the issues related to this concept. The second presents the necessary steps to follow for thee-SCM

[Abbas Sadeghi. Supply Chain Management and Internet Technologies; e-SCM for Today’s Managers. N Y Sci J 2012;5(7):35-37]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 5

doi:10.7537/marsnys050712.05

Keywords: e-SCM, Supply Chain Management, Internet

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Formulation Of A Generalized Field Data Based Model For The Surface Roughness Of Aluminium 6063 In Dry Turning Operation.

Mr. Mangesh R. Phate^1, *, Dr. V. H. Tatwawadi², Dr. J. P. Modak³

1. Research Scholar &Assistant Prof, Dept. of Mechanical Engg, PVPIT, Pune University (M.S), India 411041

2. Principal, DMIETR, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, (M. S, India. 442001

3. Dean (R&D), PCOE, Nagpur (M.S), India, 440019

mangesh_phate@rediffmail.com, tatwawadi@yahoo.com, jpmodak@gmail.com

Abstract: This paper highlights the detailed methodology of mathematical model formulation for the surface roughness during the dry turning process. This paper also represents the detailed about the formulation of field data based model to analyze the impact of various machining field parameters on the surface roughness of aluminum 6063 during the dry sturning operation. In Indian scenario where majority of total machining operation are still executed manually which needs to be focused and develop a mathematical relation which simulate the real input and output data directly from the machining field where the work is actually being executed. The advantages and limitations of the developed mathematical models are identified and the models are classified in terms of application range and goals. The findings indicate that the topic understudy is of great importance as no such approach of field data based mathematical simulation is adopted for the formulation of mathematical model.

[Mangesh R. Phate, V. H. Tatwawadi, J. P. Modak. Formulation of A Generalized Field Data Based Model for the Surface Roughness of Aluminum 6063 in Dry Turning Operation. N Y Sci J 2012;5(7):38-46]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 6

doi:10.7537/marsnys050712.06

Key words: Dry turning; Field data based model; Sensitivity; Optimization; Buckingham’s Pi therom

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Evaluation of Antimicrobial Properties of Cymbopogon citratus and Momordical charantia

Akingbade OA¹, Olusola T², Ogiogwa IJ¹, Okerentugba PO³, Innocent-Adiele HC³, Nwanze JC⁴, Onoh CC⁴, Okonko IO³

¹Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria

Laboratory Department, General Hospital, Epe, Lagos State, Nigeria

³Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria;

⁴Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo State, Nigeria

mac2finney@yahoo.com; iheanyi.okonko@uniport.edu.ng; Tel: +234-80-3538-0891

ABSTRACT: Cymbopogon citratus (Lemon grass) and Momordical charantia (Bitter melon) has been in use over time for medical purposes. In this study, aqueous and methanol extracts of both plants were tested for antibacterial activity against control strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis using broth dilution technique. Cymbopogon citratus was found to be inhibitory to Proteus mirabilis at 79mg/ml and 39.5mg/ml for others (aqueous extract); 19.75mg/ml for Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 39.5mg for others (methanol extract) and bactericidal at 79.0mg/ml for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 158mg/ml for others (aqueous extract); 79.0mg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 158mg/ml for others (methanol extract). Momordical charantia was inhibitory at 20mg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus and 40mg/ml for others (both aqueous and methanol extract) while it was not bactericidal except at 80mg/ml to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (both extract) and to Proteus mirabilis (methanol extract only) It is recommended therefore that various plants alike) should be explored for their antibacterial activities as this could open ways for combating fast appearing resistant strains of pathogenic organisms.

[Akingbade OA, Olusola T, Ogiogwa IJ, Okerentugba PO, Innocent-Adiele HC, Nwanze JC, Onoh CC, Okonko IO. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Properties of Cymbopogon citratus and Momordical charantia. N Y Sci J 2012;5(7):47-50]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 7

doi:10.7537/marsnys050712.07

Keywords: Antimicrobial Properties, Cymbopogon citratus, Momordical charantia, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis

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Observation on feed conversion efficiency and growth of Schizothorax niger at Beerwa Spring Kashmir

Ulfat Jan¹, G. Mustafa Shah², Aijaz Ahmad Bhat³

1. Associate Professor, Post Graduate Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, India.

2. Dean and Head, Post Graduate Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, India.

3. Research Scholar, Post Graduate Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, India.

Correspondence Author: Aijaz Ahmad Bhat, Email: aijazafzal@gmail.com

Abstract: Schizothorax niger was reared under artificial conditions at Beerwa spring Budgam. Around sixty specimens were taken for current research programme. The fishes were reared for a period of twelve months on artificial diet. The results observed indicated that the standard deviation of growth observed under control, feed first, feed second and at feed third is 9.567, 13.00, 1.45 and 14.06 respectively. Whereas the P- value observed is 0.0015 considered very significant. The standard deviation for feed conversion efficiency observed at control, feed first, feed second and at feed third is 48.36,63.66,61.58 and 63.98. The P- value is <0.0001, considered extremely significant.

[Ulfat Jan, G. Mustafa Shah, Aijaz Ahmad Bhat. Observation on feed conversion efficiency and growth of Schizothorax niger at Beerwa Spring Kashmir. N Y Sci J 2012;5(7):51-55]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 8

doi:10.7537/marsnys050712.08

Keywords: Schizothorax niger, Feed, Feed conversion efficiency, Growth.

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Nasal carriage and antibiotics susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in healthy students of University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

Odu NN, Okonko IO

Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria;

mac2finney@yahoo.com; iheanyi.okonko@uniport.edu.ng; Tel: +234-80-3538-0891

ABSTRACT: One hundred nasal swabs were collected from 50 males and 50 females students of University of Port Harcourt were examined for Staphylococcus aureus using standard bacteriological methods. Thirty- two percent of the 100 samples were found to be carrying Staphylococcus aureus in their nasal cavity. This study showed that there was a significant difference between sex for carriage rate of S. aureus [18.0% vs. 46.0%, P <0.05]. The study also showed that there was no significant difference between age groups for either carriage rates of S. aureus (35.3% vs. 25.0%, P >0.05). It showed that Methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) [62.5%] was most predominant over Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) which was 37.5% and that there was a significant difference between carriage rate of MRSA and MSSA [37.5% vs. 62.5%, P <0.05].

[Odu NN, Okonko IO. Nasal carriage and antibiotics susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in healthy students of University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. N Y Sci J 2012;5(7):56-63]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 9

doi:10.7537/marsnys050712.09

Keywords: Carriage rate, Nasal cavity, Methicillin susceptible S. aureus, Methicillin resistant S. aureus, Staphylococcus aureus

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Epidemiology of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the University of Port-Harcourt Teaching Hospital: Gender Related Disparaties

 ¹N. Frank-Peterside, ²A.P. Onwuka, and ¹Okonko IO

¹Medical Microbiology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Port-Harcourt, East-West Road, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria;
²Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, University of Port-Harcourt Teaching Hospital, East-West Road, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria;

mac2finney@yahoo.com; iheanyi.okonko@uniport.edu.ng; Tel.: +234 803 538 0891

Abstract: This study investigated the gender based disparities in the prevalence of pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Port-Harcourt metropolis of Rivers-State, Nigeria. A total of 1038 sputum samples were collected from in and out patients of the University of Port- Harcourt Teaching Hospital for a period of one year. Three (3) deep cough samples were collected per patient over a period of three days. The samples were examined macroscopically and microscopically. The Ziehl-Neelsen technique for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum was carried out. The sputum samples were also cultured using MacConkey, Chocolate and Blood agar. Biochemical tests were used for identification. Of the 1038 samples collected, 348(33.5%) tested positive and 690(66.5%) were negative for acid fast bacilli (AFB). Of the 348 positive AFB samples, 149(23.7%) were males and 199(48.5%) were females showing a higher prevalence in females than males. The study showed a significant difference in TB infection between male and female subjects (23.7% vs. 48.5%, P<0.05). It also showed no significant difference between overall positive and negative female subjects at 5% and 10% (P>0.05). In conclusion, there seems to be a gender difference in the inception, progression and outcome of TB infection. Continued research on gender and tuberculosis need to be geared in the direction of ascertaining the magnitude of gender disparities in tuberculosis, from contracting the disease to successful recovery and rehabilitation.
[N. Frank-Peterside, A.P. Onwuka, and Okonko IO. Epidemiology of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the University of Port-Harcourt Teaching Hospital: Gender Related Disparaties. New York Science Journal. 2012;5(7):64-67]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). 10

doi:10.7537/marsnys050712.10

Keywords: Epidemiology, Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Gender, Disparities, Ziehl-Neelsen technique

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Detection of Cryptosporidium Infection among Children with Diarrhea

Nevine S. El-Helaly^a, Mona M. Aly^b, Samar S. Attia^b

^aPediatric and ^bParasitology Departments , Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

nevo_helaly@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Cryptosporidium species are protozoan parasites that cause infection and diarrheal illness in a wild range of mammalian species. There are 20 described species of cryptosporidium of which cryptosporidium hominis and C. parvum are the most frequently detected. C.hominis infection is more common in developing countries. Objective: to detect cryptosporidium infection in clinical samples from pediatric suffering from diarrhea. Patient and Methods: 177 children, in the age group from 1 to 5 years old, suffering from diarrhea, selected from the gastro eanterology outpatient clinic, children Hospital, Cairo University with 35 apparently healthy children in the same age as control group were included in the study. Cases were screened using RIDA Quick Cryptosporidium Coproantigen detection kit. In addition, stool specimens were examined following the kinyoun acid-fast staining method. Results: 27 children in the study group were positive for cryptosporidium infection using antigen detection method (15.3%), while 20 were positive using the acid-fast technique (11.3%). All children in the control group were negative for cryptosporidium infection. Conclusion: cryptosporidium infection is one of the important causes of diarrhea in children below 5 years of age and RIDA Quick antigen detection test proved to be a useful mean for diagnosis in fresh fecal samples.

[Nevine S. El-Helaly, Mona M. Aly, Samar S. Attia. Detection of Cryptosporidium Infection among Children with Diarrhea. New York Science Journal. 2012;5(7):68-76]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). 11

doi:10.7537/marsnys050712.11

Key words: cryptosporidium – Diarrhea in children – Acid – Fast staining – Coproantigen detection.

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Impact of Oil Disposal in Open Seas Abu Qir Desalination Plant

Safaa M. Soliman

Research Institute for Groundwater, National Water Research Center, El Kanter El Khairia, Kalubia, Egypt. safaa_soliman_m@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study investigates the impacts of oil disposal in open seas on groundwater pollution in coastal aquifers, based on one site specifications. The location of the site is Abu Qir, near Alexandria and the designed plant capacity is 800m³/hr. The major sources of oil are the ships spills. Oil was found in the sea water close to the plant site. Therefore, it was decided to replace sea water by groundwater through beach wells. To satisfy the desired plant capacity of fresh water, 4 deep groundwater wells are needed with a total capacity of about 800 m³/hr, in addition to 3 wells as stand-by to keep the groundwater discharge as required during emergency conditions. The 7 wells are planned to operate alternatively to keep the groundwater discharge as required. The maximum allowable pumping value is 1200 m³/hr. Chemical analysis of groundwater indicated the existence of Oil at some locations which calls more investigations on its extent, at present, and in the future with the operation of the wells. Accordingly, a forecast is made to investigate the extent of the Oil plume through the aquifer in terms of concentration and extent. This is achieved through the numerical simulation of the aquifer system by Visual MODFLOW 4.2. The calibrated model was used to test the impacts of proposed scenarios on the sustainability of the plant capacity of saline water at present and in the future. The results have demonstrated that:1)All scenarios of pumping are accepted if the drawdown does not affect the stability of the project buildings, 2) The Oil concentration decreases with depth before any operation; 3)The Oil concentration will decrease with time; 4)The Oil concentration will decrease with pumping ; 5)The maximum Oil concentration in the model area before pumping is 16 mg/l at 2009 and will be 7 mg/l after 40 years; 6)The maximum Oil concentration in the model area after pumping at the maximum capacity possible (1400 m3/h for 7 wells) is expected to be 14 mg/l at 2009 and is expected to be 5 mg/l after 40 years at 30m depth and 7) The maximum Oil concentration in the model area after pumping at the maximum capacity possible (1400 m3/h for 7 wells) is expected to be 4 mg/l at 2009 and is expected to be 0.9 mg/l after 40 years at 70m depth. This primary exercise indicates the safe dependence on saline groundwater in desalination. However, monitoring systems are recommended to ensure the adequacy of the exercise, accompanied by post-auditing of the models.

[Safaa M. Soliman. Impact of Oil Disposal in Open Seas Abu Qir Desalination Plant. New York Science Journal. 2012;5(7):77-88]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). 12

doi:10.7537/marsnys050712.12

Key word: sustainability, desalination, Abu Qir, variable density, plume

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E-SCM; Benefits and the Ways Forward

Abbas Sadeghi

Sama Technical and Vocational Training College, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch, Shiraz, Iran

Abstract: This paper reviews the potentials of using supply chain on Internet. At the first, the papers reviews the main processes involved in supply chain management. After that the author explores the key benefits and advantages of supply chain management on internet.

[Abbas Sadeghi. E-SCM; Benefits and the Ways Forward. N Y Sci J 2012;5(7):89-91]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 13

doi:10.7537/marsnys050712.13

Keywords: Supply Chain, Management, Internet, e-SCM

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