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The importance of information and communication technologies (ICT) in rural development

Hamidreza Hossein

Department of Communication, Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

*Corresponding author: hossein11070@yahoo.com

Abstract: The importance of communication in the development process has been acknowledged for many years by the development community. FAO has spent at least thirty years pioneering and promoting - both in thinking and practice - the centrality of communication in development. The most essential ingredient of good communication – putting people at the centre of the communication process - has similarly been understood and documented for many years. Policy makers and service providers have increasingly come to view information and communication technologies (ICT), and particularly the Internet, as an important tool in providing disadvantaged groups and areas with access to information, services and markets that would otherwise be inaccessible. The concept of development of the rural, today, is not just project initiatives and governance; it is much more beyond that. This paper uncovers a whole plethora of ICT emergence as a technology of the new millennium. Against the backdrop of the ongoing ICT boom, this paper makes an attempt towards studying its applications and usage planning process and policy making for the rural communities focusing on how it helps in aligning the key factors and reduce the problems of alienation, fragmentation and dislocation of knowledge.

[Hamidreza Hossein. The importance of information and communication technologies (ICT) in rural development. New York Science Journal 2011;4(8):1-5]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys040811.01

Keywords information and communication technologies (ICT), agricultural development

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Anti-inflammatory effect of Some Natural Flavonoids on the Hepatic Lysosomal Enzymes in Rats

Nermien Zakaria Ahmed

Dept. of Molecular Drug Evaluation;National Organization for Drug Control & Research "NODCAR".

nermienteleb@yahoo.com

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different flavonoids such as: Quercetin, Rutin, Catechin, Gallic acid, Silymarin, Naringenin, Flavone, and Hisperetin by three concentrations "25, 50, and 100 μM/L" on the four markers lysosomal enzymatic activities in rat liver in-vitro. These enzymes are: Acid phosphatase "ACP"; β-galactosidase "β-GAL"; β-N-acetyl glucosaminidase "β-NAG", and β-GLU. Liver lysosomes were isolated by ultra cooling centrifugation at different speeds. The total activities and the release of the lysosomal enzymes were performed. The results revealed that the enzyme release of the four lysosomal enzymes appeared to significantly decrease (P<0.05) as compared to control under the effect of the three concentrations of each compound by different percentage values of inhibition. The protective effect of each flavonoid under investigation varied according to the concentration and the type of enzyme. It was observed that the low dose of each antioxidant compound exerted a highly percentage inhibition on the release of each lysosomal enzyme, while the high dose revealed a less inhibitory effect on the membrane permeability. This stabilizing effect was dose dependent. The medium concentration appeared to be moderate inhibitory effect. Also, the enzyme activity varied according to test-compared; Quercetin and Rutin which appeared to be more potent on the activities of β-GLU, β-GAL then β-NAG and ACP, while Catechin and Gallic acid were more potent on the activity of β-NAG and less potent on ACP activity. It was concluded that the most potent inhibitory effect was observed for Quercetin then Rutin and Silymarin and Naringenin, while the lowest inhibitory effect was observed for flavones and Hisperetin. As well as, this inhibitory effect on the lysosomal enzymes was dose and type-dependent.

[Nermien Zakaria Ahmed. Anti-inflammatory effect of Some Natural Flavonoids on the Hepatic LysosomalEnzymes in Rats. New York Science Journal 2011;4(8):6-14]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork

doi:10.7537/marsnys040811.02

Keywords: Quercetin, Rutin, Catechin, Gallic acid, Silymarin, Naringenin, Flavone, and Hisperetin, lysosomal enzymes.

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Ahnadi mahmoud

School member of agricultural and natural resources center of Hamedan province

Ahmadi.m.412@gmail.com

Abstract: Drought is one of the most important climatic phenomena which occur in all climates at all part of the earth. Drought forecasting, therefore, plays an important role in design and management of natural resources and water resources systems, assessing plant water requirement and etc. In recent decades, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have shown great ability in modeling and forecasting nonlinear and non-stationary time series. In this study, multilayer perpesteron artificial neural network was employed for drought forecasting. The rainfall data of 34 years at 14 meteorological stations in Hamedan were used and drought conditions were calculated using SPI. After batret test limited data reconstruction in MS-Excel software, moisture condition was calculated by the mean of Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). In order to calculate SPI, MS-VB was used and among the calculated data, 20 percent were selected randomly for training and the remaining data were employed for trial. In the next step, the data were transferred to the Matlab, and Neural Network Toolbox of this software was used to find the best algorithm and network arrangement with the least error in estimating the SPI in each station and among the 14 stations, Varayeneh was selected; Furthermore 10-4-1 was determined as the best arrangement and Levenberg-Marquart and Sigmoid function as the best algorithm in Hamedan to forecast drought. In addition, the data of rain fed wheat in the station over the years was compared to the drought and same results were found. Finally 1371-1372 to 1373-1374 cropping season were the wettest years and 1367-1368 to 1370-1371 and 1376-1377 to 1379-1380 were the driest years and the wheat results indicate this master.

[Ahnadi mahmoud. Climatic drought forecasting using artificial neural network in Hamedan region. New York Science Journal 2011;4(8):15-19]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys040811.03

Keywords: Artificial Neural Networks, Drought, Prediction, SPI

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Morphological, Biochemical and Sequence-Based Identification of Some Selenium Tolerant Actinomycetes

El-Meleigy, M . A.¹ ; Mohamadein, M. M.² ; Mohamed, H.F.³ and Salem, M. S.³

¹Biology Dept., Faculty of Education, Shaqraa University ; K.S.A

²Medical Laboratory Sciences Dept., College of Applied Medical Sciences, Alkharj University K.S.A.

³Botany and Microbiology Dept., Faculty of Science Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

mereamsalah@yahoo.com

Abstract: Microbial tolerance to heavy metals is of great concern. Environmental pollution with different heavy metals came from many industrial applications. In this study, actinomycetes communities of heavy metal contaminated soil collected from Hellwan city were examined. Two actinomycetes were isolated from such soil using starch nitrate agar medium supplemented with different concentrations (50,100, 200,400,800 and 1000 ppm) of sodium selenite. The two   isolates were subjected to a process of characterization and identification depending on their morphological , physiological and biochemical characterization  ,  chemical analysis of the cell wall, cultural characteristics  using the recommended media of the international Streptomyces  project (for actinomycetes) and with help  of 16S rRNA sequencing. The two isolates belonged to members of Streptomyces .Representative strains were identified Streptomyces variabilis strain NRRL B-3984T (GenBank accession number (DQ442551.1), Identities =99 % and Streptomyces fradia strain HBUM174185 GenBank accession number (FJ486352.1), Identities = 95 %. The study demonstrates the ability of partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing to identify members of the isolated actinomycetes.

[Meleigy, M. A.; Mokhtar, M. M.; Mohamed, H.F. and Salem, M. Morphological, Biochemical and Sequence-Based Identification of Some Selenium Tolerant Actinomycetes. New York Science Journal 2011;4(8):20-26]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. doi:10.7537/marsnys040811.04

Key words: Heavy metals-tolerant actinomycetes, Streptomyces sp, Morphological, Biochemical Identification and partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing

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Concomitant Production of Sporeless Fruiting Bodies and Laccase Release During Submerged Fermentation Practice of Pleurotus Fossulatus

Nirmalendu Das¹, Protik Chowdhury², Dipan Adhikari², Saikat Naskar¹

^1. Department of Botany, Barasat Government College, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal 700124, India

Tel.: +919433451166. E-mail: nirmalendus@yahoo.co.uk

^2. Department of Botany, Acharya Brajendra Nath Seal College, Cooch Behar, West Bengal 736101, India

Abstract: Pleurotus fossulatus is a member of oyster mushroom though not so widely cultivated, proved itself to be an excellent storehouse of active biomolecules. The mushroom produces laccase in extracellular medium both in solid state and submerged fermentations. The lacase production was found to be optimum on the 26th day in potato-dextrose (PD) or potato-dextrose-yeast extract (PDY) medium. The number of laccase isozyme was found to be four in both PD/PDY media. The liquid media also facilitated the initiation and development of gill-less sporophore (fruiting body) in P.fossultatus in PD and PDY medium. This is the first report about the production of fruiting bodies in liquid submerged culture in relation to production of extracellular laccase in this very species.

[Nirmalendu Das, Protik Chowdhury, Dipan Adhikari, Saikat Naskar. Concomitant Production of Sporeless Fruiting Bodies and Laccase Release During Submerged Fermentation Practice of Pleurotus Fossulatus. New York Science Journal 2011;4(8):27-32]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys040811.05

Key words: Pleurotus fosulatus, laccase, submerged fermentation. fruiting body, sporeless

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Influence of Mathematics Anxiety on Cognitive Behavior Group Therapy among Adolescence in Iran.

Armin Mahmoudi

Assistant Professor, Department of Studies in Education, Yasouj branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasouj,Iran

Email: dehlidena@yahoo.com, phone: 00989177430926

Abstract:The present study investigated whether the CBGT has any impact on Thalassaemia Major. The sample consisted of 20 subjects who had high level of anxiety on Zung Self-Rating Anxiety scale (SAS). After the pre test of two groups, the intervention by CBGT was given to the experimental group for 45 days (15 sessions) and at the end of intervention, again the Mathematics anxiety evaluated. Analyses of data of pre and post test by repeated measure ANOVA has shown that CBGT was highly effective in reducing Mathematics anxiety in all domains ( test anxiety and numerical anxiety), and there is a significant difference between boys and girls in mathematics anxiety in experimental group.

[Armin Mahmoudi. Influence of Mathematics Anxiety on Cognitive Behavior Group Therapy among Adolescence in Iran. New York Science Journal 2011;4(8):33-36]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys040811.06

Key words: Cognitive Behavior Group Therapy, Mathematics Anxiety, Effectiveness

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Cancer Patients and Health Care Providers: Communication Levels and Expectations

A. Adenipekun, T.N. Elumelu

University College Hospital, Department Of Radiotherapy,

PMB 5116, Ibadan, Nigeria. Tel +2348033583256, Fax +234-2-2413545,

adenipek2000@yahoo.com

Abstract: For several reasons diagnosis of cancer is associated with fear and denial, with insufficient knowledge of Radiotherapy among patients and even health professionals, there is a gross lack of information for patients about their diagnosis and treatment modalities, this obviously will affect patients’ satisfaction of their care. To assess level of communication and satisfaction among our cancer patient undergoing Radiotherapy, two hundred of them were interviewed (63 male and 137 female). Almost all the patients had more than 6 years of formal education. Twenty-three percent, 31.5% and 23.5% were within 30-40, 41-50, 51-60 years age brackets. One hundred and eighteen patients (59%) did not know the nature and stage of their disease with 138 (69%) showing interest in knowing, while 62.(31%) were not interested. One hundred and sixty four (82%) patients claimed to be satisfied with care in spite of little or no information about this disease. In terms of expectation, majority (60.5%) expected much from their care givers in terms of knowledge of cure of cancer, empathy and sympathy in managing psychosocial problems associated with their disease. In conclusion most of our patients in this environment are not well informed of their disease. There is a willingness to receive information from care givers; hence health care providers need to improve on their level of communication with their patients for them to maximally benefit from treatment thus improving their quality of life.

[A. Adenipekun, T.N. Elumelu. Cancer Patients and Health Care Providers: Communication Levels and Expectations.New York Science Journal 2011;4(8):37-39]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys040811.07

Keywards: Communication level; Cancer patient; Health care provider

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Distance Education and e-learning

Khatereh Siyar

Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

E-mail: khaterehsiyar@yahoo.com

Abstract: Technology transports information, not people. Distances between teachers and students are bridged with an array of familiar technology as well as new information age equipment. What sets today's distance education efforts apart from previous efforts is the possibility of an interactive capacity that provides learner and teacher with needed feedback, including the opportunity to dialogue, clarify, or assess. Advances in digital compression technology may greatly expand the number of channels that can be sent over any transmission medium, doubling or even tripling channel capacity. Technologies for learning at a distance are also enlarging our definition of how students learn, where they learn, and who teaches them. No one technology is best for all situations and applications. Different technologies have different capabilities and limitations, and effective implementation will depend on matching technological capabilities to education needs. Distance education can be used for some aspects of most disciplines. For example, several institutions of higher education already have developed certificate programs, undergraduate programs, and graduate programs in health and physical education that are delivered using distance education methods.

[Khatereh Siyar. Distance Education and e-learning. New York Science Journal 2011;4(8):40-43]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys040811.08

Keywords: Distance Education, E-learning

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Rural women's self-reliance and its importance in improving rural activities

Yasin Sadighi

Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

E-mail: allahyari121@yahoo.com

Abstract: The rural women will not dependent economically to their father or husband because of financial independency, this independency is very important to women who have children or they have lost their husband, because the financial problems have forced the rural women to have marriage which is not suitable for their children & themselves. Although the women can solve their financial problems with this kind of marriage but they will have many cultural, social & mental problems. If these women could manage their life with having a job, they can improve their family & kinship's relation. Rural women are among those major groups at society who previously were considered less by planners, due to specific reasons in the past. And this problem is more observable at developing countries. If rural women can work through receiving credits , loan and others finance facilities at favorite jobs and live through earned income (as it called “self-reliance and independence”) , so undoubtedly we would see changes in social, economic and cultural relations of village.

[Yasin Sadighi. Rural women's self-reliance and its importance in improving rural activities. New York Science Journal 2011;4(8):44-47]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys040811.09

Keywords: financial self-reliance, rural women

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The importance of Decentralization in agricultural extension

Abbas Nikbakhsh

Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

Email: leila11070@yahoo.com

Abstract: Pubic extension services are being forced to change. In the 1990s agricultural extension services were attacked for being inefficient, irrelevant, ineffective, and poorly targeted. The need for reform was obvious and national systems responded with three major strategies— privatization, decentralization, and program revitalization. Although cost reduction has been the force behind many changes, the principal objective of reforms should be an attempt to improve quality of services to clients Decentralizing extension services, when implemented effectively, can transform exten- sion and address a range of generic problems. Decentralized extension brings decisionmaking processes closer to clients and makes programs more responsive to user needs. Service providers become more accountable to clients and better oversight increases efficiency of operations. Decentralization itself can introduce a new dynamism in programs and can promote diversity in service providers and program approaches, thus serving as a first step toward privatization. In addition, reforms to revitalize and privatize programs can accompany.

[Abbas Nikbakhsh. The importance of Decentralization in agricultural extension. New York Science Journal 2011;4(8):48-52]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys040811.10

Keywords: Decentralization, Agricultural management

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Status of ambient noise in a chromite mining complex: An assessment and analysis

Sunamani Kerketta¹, Rajendra Gartia², Jai Krishna Tewari¹, Somanath Bagh²

¹Ministry of Environment and Forests, ERO, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India, PIN: 751023

²Department of Statistics, Sambalpur University, Orissa, India, PIN: 768019

suna1466@rediffmail.com

Abstract: Systematic monitoring of ambient air quality in respect of noise has been carried out in and around a chromite mining complex to estimate the degree of association of all the areas under study. The objectives of the study are to estimate the noise levels at different category of areas of the ambient air that has been due to the development of a mining complex. Monitoring of noise levels has been carried out during the summer 2008 and the winter 2009 and all the category of areas have been represented in the study design. The monitoring data has been used to perform the t-test and the test reveals that the equivalent noise levels (L_eq) levels of all the stations differ with the test value at 5% level of significance. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) reveals that the L_eq levels are not identical with respect to the category of areas and also the time of day (p<0.01). The Chi-square test reveals that the degree of association between Industrial area and L_eq is 0.821, for the Commercial area, Residential area and Sensitive area are 0.602, 0.692 and 0.257, respectively. Since, the value 0.821 is the maximum for the ambient air quality and is exhibited for the Industrial area, a strong association exists between the noise levels and Industrial area, the most affected location.

[Sunamani Kerketta, Rajendra Gartia, Jai Krishna Tewari, Somanath Bagh. Status of ambient noise in a chromite mining complex: An assessment and analysis. New York Science Journal 2011;4(8):53-59](ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys040811.11

Keywords: Equivalent noise level; heavy earth moving machineries; chromite mine, Orissa, India

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Demineralization of water by gas hydrate technology

Muradov Shukhrat Odilovich

The southern regional scientific centre of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Karshi City, Uzbekistan 108100. E-mail: m.oikos@rambler.ru

Abstract: The most ecological and economical gas hydrate method was selected on the base of retrospective analysis of the existing technology in demineralization of water. The perfect variant was elaborated by the capacity of demineralization of water. Its advantages are scientifically based over the famous methods.

[Muradov Shukhrat Odilovich. Demineralization of water by gas hydrate technology. New York Science Journal 2011;4(8):60-65] (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys040811.12

Keyword: Inralization, gas hydrate technology, underground, collector-drainage and lake water, arid, irrigation, industry

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Determination of Bioactive Components of Plectranthus amboinicus Lour by GC–MS Analysis.

M. Uma¹, S.Jothinayaki², S.Kumaravel³, P.Kalaiselvi ⁴

^{1 & 4} Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai –600 113,

Tamilnadu, India.

² Prince Shri Venkateshwara Arts and Science College, Gowrivakkam,Chennai - 600 073, Tamil Nadu , India.

³ Scientist, Department of Food Quality and Testing, IICPT, Thanjavur - 613 005, Tamil Nadu, India.

E.mail : pkalaiselvi@yahoo.com

Abstract : Plectranthus amboinicus (L.) (Family - Laminacea) is traditionally used for asthma, chronic coughs, bronchitis, and a variety of diseases affected by virus, bacteria and other microbes. The present investigation was carried out to determine the chemical constituents from P.amboinicus leaves by GC-MS technique. This analysis revealed the presence of 3-methyl-4- isopropyl phenol (31.70%), Squalene (10.07%), Caryophyllene (2.36%) and phytol (8.44%) Justifying the use of this plant to treat many ailments in folk and herbal medicines is justified.

[M. Uma., S.Jothinayaki., S.Kumaravel., P.Kalaiselvi, Determination of Bioactive Components of Plectranthus amboinicus Lour by GC-MS Analysis. New York Science Journal 2011;4(8):66-69]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys040811.13

Key words : Plectranthus amboinicus L; GC–MS analysis; Bioactivity of phytoconstituents.

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Occurrence and characterization of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from Murraya koenigii

Midhila Padman and Janardhana G R

Mycology and Phytopathology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore

Manasagangotri, Mysore-570 006, Karanataka-India. grjbelur@gmail.com

Abstract: Curry leaf (Murraya koenigii) of the family Rutaceae have long been considered a premier leafy vegetable with attractive habit and graceful leaves. It is used in fresh, dried and processed forms for flavoring food stuffs. The species is native to India and at present it is cultivated in Burma, Ceylon, China, Australia and Pacific Islands. It is extensively used in the indigenous system of medicine as an anti-diabetic agent. Further it is known to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-dysenteric, antioxidant and diverse pharmacological properties. The plant is grown presently in the backyards of every South Indian home, but its nutritive value and medicinal properties have not been fully appreciated. A very common disease in curry leaf, the leaf spot hence has gained least attention of researchers. Curry leaf plants with leaf spot disease were collected from Mysore district of Karnataka, India. The pathogen was isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) from surface sterilized small pieces of the leaves and twigs, incubated at 25°C, and identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides according to its morphological and cultural characteristics. A further study on colony characteristics and reproductive propagules of the pathogen was done.

[Midhila Padman and Janardhana G.R. Occurrence and characterization of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from Murraya koenigii. New York Science Journal 2011;4(8):70-76]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys040811.14

Key words: Murraya koenigii, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.

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THE ANTIFUNGAL EFFECTS OF EXTRACT OF EUPHORBIA HIRTA ON SELECTED PATHOGENIC FUNGI

¹MOMOH, A.R.M, ²IDONIJE, O.B, ³OKHAI, O. ⁴IRIBHOGBE, O.I ⁵MOMOH, A.A_, ⁶OTAMERE, H.O., ⁶EKHATOR C.N.,_­ ¹OKOLO, P.O. ⁶OSEGHALE, D.A

Departments of ¹ Medical Microbiology, ² Chemical Pathology, ³Nursing, ⁴Pharmacology and Therapeutics, ⁵ Microbiology, ⁶Physiology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. dridonije@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT: The antifungal effect of Euphorbia hirta has been known among people living rural and even urban communities for a long time now. The extracts from leaves have been used over time to clear off dermatophytic infections from the skin of young children. In this work, the root and leaf extract (aqueous) had minimal effect, while the alcohol (methanol) extract and leaf extract (aqueous) with 10% sodium chloride had virtually the same efficacy. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged between 200mg/ml to 800mg/ml. This work revealed the antifungal effect of a very common local plant with potentials for pharmaceutical and curative purposes.

[Momoh, A.R.M, Idonije, O.B, Okhiai, O. Iribhogbe, O.I Momoh, A.A_, Otamere,H.O. ,Ekhator C.N.,_­ Okolo, P.O. Oseghale, D.A. The Antifugal effects of extract of Euphorbia hirta on selected pathogenic fungi. New York Science Journal 2011;4(8):77-79]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys040811.15

Keywords: Pathogenic fungi, Euphorbia hirta, Antifugal effect, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

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Potential Biotechnological Application of Lignin Peroxidase Produced by Cunninghamella elegans in the Decolorization and Detoxification of Malachite Green Dye

Roushdy M.M.¹ and Abdel-Shakour E.H.^2*

¹Applied medical Sciences Department, College of Community (Unaizah), Qassim University, KSA

²Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

*essam_hussain@hotmail.com

Abstract: Malachite green (50 mg/L) was completely decolorized under static condition within 10 h at pH 6 and 30°C by the fungal strain Cunninghamella elegans; however decolorization was not observed at shaking condition. Induction in the activities of lignin peroxidase was observed during malachite green (MG) decolorization suggesting their involvement in the decolorization process. Toxicity study revealed the degradation of MG into non-toxic products by Cunninghamella elegans. FTIR analysis showed decolorization of MG.

[Roushdy M.M. and Abdel-Shakour E.H. Potential Biotechnological Application of Lignin Peroxidase Produced by Cunninghamella elegans in the Decolorization and Detoxification of Malachite Green Dye. New York Science Journal 2011;4(8):80-88 (ISSN: 1554-0200).

doi:10.7537/marsnys040811.16

Keywords: Lignin peroxidase; Cunninghamella elegans; Decolorization; Detoxification; Malachite green

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ANTICOCCIDIAL RESISTANCE IN POULTRY: A REVIEW

JOY GARARAWA USMAN ^1*#; USMAN NGAMARJU GADZAMA²; AYI VANDI KWAGHE ³ AND HANNATU ALIM MADZIGA⁴

1. National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria

2. University of Maiduguri, Department of Biological Sciences, Borno State, Nigeria

3. University of Maiduguri, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Borno State, Nigeria

4. University of Maiduguri, Department of Veterinary physiology, Borno State, Nigeria

najocheri@yahoo.com; # Former Joy Gararawa Thliza

Abstract: Cocidiosis is an important and a major parasitic disease of poultry caused by Eimeria Species. The disease has a great economic impact in poultry productions partly due to resistance of the organisms to anticoccidial drugs. Cross and multiple resistance of anticocidial drugs occurred when these drugs were tested on various Eimeria organisms. Hence, the need to understand the status of past and present state of resistance of coccidiosis. Here in this paper review, the various attempt in the past and present to combat coccidiosis in poultry have been reported. The history of the emergence of resistance to drugs and vaccines and how detected were also discussed. Adoption of some alternatives to anticoccidial agents and economic burden of the disease were also highlighted. In conclusion, this paper have shown that there is need to further explore the possibility of developing a more viable anticocidial drugs which will be effective against all the Eimeria Species in order to reduce the economic impact of this disease on poultry production. The use of herbs and herbal extracts seems to be promising in the control of coccidiosis although this needs to undergo more experimental investigations to ascertain their effectiveness.

[JOY GARARAWA USMAN, USMAN NGAMARJU GADZAMA, AYI VANDI KWAGHE, HANNATU ALIM MADZIGA. Anticoccidial Resistance in Poultry: A Review. New York Science Journal 2011;4(8):102-109] (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys040811.18

Key words: Coccidiosis, Eimeria Species, Resistance, anticoccidial agents, Poultry

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An Investigation of the Methods of Self-Protection against Mosquito Bites in Ogbaru Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria.

¹Onyido A.E., ¹Ebenighe V.O., ¹Ozumba N.A., ¹Ikpeze O.O., ¹Obiukwu M.O and ²Amadi E.S.

¹ Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Biosciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, PMB 5025 Anambra State, Nigeria.

² Department of Microbiology, School of Science, Federal University of Technology, PMB 1526 Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.

ejidikemeonyi@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study on the self-protection methods against mosquito bites in Ogbaru Local Government Area of Anambra State Nigeria was carried out between January and July 2009. Ogbaru LGA is located by the banks of the River Niger and is over-flooded for the most part of the year. Iyiowa-Odekpe, Ogbe-Ukwu, Okpoko and Atani were the communities selected for the study. Two hundred structured questionnaires (50 per community) were used to collect the respondents personal data and their methods of self-protection against mosquito bites. All the respondents claimed they were bitten by the mosquitoes daily but differed on the frequency of bites per day. 42.1% of the respondents were unable to determine the number of mosquito bites they received in a day. Eleven different self-protection methods against mosquito bites were identified. Spraying insecticides in the houses and screening of doors and windows were rated 51-100% effective and were practiced by only 21.05% and 22.60% of the respondents respectively. Insecticide treated bed nets were rated 51-100% effective but were used by only 7.9% of the population. Employment of smokes from logs of wood and fresh herbs and putting of aromatic herbs on the windows, vents and corners of the house were effective but fraught with problems. The nature and variety of self-protection methods against mosquitoes deputed poverty and ignorance to appropriate methods of mosquito control. Suggestions were made for health education of the people on proper protective methods against mosquitoes and the government special assistance in the procurement of insecticide treated nets as well as environmental sanitation and modifications.

[Onyido A.E., Ebenighe V.O., Ozumba N.A., Ikpeze O.O., Obiukwu M.O., Amadi E.S. An Investigation of the Methods of Self-Protection against Mosquito Bites in Ogbaru Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria. New York Science Journal 2011;4(8):110-115] (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys040811.19

Keywords: Mosquitoes, self-protection methods, rural health.

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Chronic Toxicity Of Petroleum Hydrocarbons On Fresh Water Fish Channa Punctatus With Special Reference To Biological Parameters

Preeti Handa Kakkar*, R.M.Saxena and Mamta Pandey

*Department of Zoology, D.A.V. (P.G.) College, Dehradun-248001 (U.K.), India

(E-mail: preetisep3@gmail.com)>Phone:+919410313630

ABSTRACT:An attempt has been made to study the biological changes like growth rate, mortality, behavior & histopathological changes in the kidney of fresh water fish Channa punctatus caused by chronic exposure of petroleum hydrocarbons viz. petrol. A water soluble fraction of this PHCs is also renaltoxic. During exposure fish skin got much damaged, mucous secretion increased and fish showed restlessness, surfacing, erratic jumping movement, increased opercular beats and loss of balance with the higher concentrations of WSF. It causes peculiar ultrastructural changes viz.necrosis, desquamation of epithelium,haemolysis, hemorrhage, congestion & lymphocytic infiltration and vacuolar degeneration in kidney. It is concluded that even low amount of PHCs can negatively affect fish, causing various disturbances in its health &well being.

[Preeti Handa Kakkar, R.M.Saxena , Mamta Pandey Chronic Toxicity Of Petroleum Hydrocarbons On Fresh Water Fish Channa Punctatus With Special Reference To Biological Parameters. New York Science Journal 2011;4(8):116-120] (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys040811.20

Keywords: PHCs, WSF, Fish, Mortality, Growth rate, Behaviour, Kidney, histopathology

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Characterization of bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus rhamnosus 1K isolated from traditionally fermented milk in the western highlands region of Cameroon.

Kaktcham Pierre Marie, Zambou Ngoufack François^*, Sieladie Djomne Victor, Tchouanguep Mbiapo Félicité.

Laboratory of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition (LABPMAN) - Department of Biochemistry - Faculty of Science - University of Dschang. P.O. Box 67 Dschang, Cameroon. fzambou@yahoo.fr

Abstract: Lactobacillus rhamnosus 1K, isolated from traditionally fermented milk from Cameroon, produces a bacteriocin active against food spoilage and pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including Listeria innocua, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia and Shigella flexneri. Maximum bacteriocin activity (3200 AU/ml) was recorded in MRS broth after 8h at 30 °C with an initial pH of 5.5. The bacteriocin was resistant to treatments with α-amilase, lipase, lysozyme, surfactants, organic solvents, NaCl and EDTA. Furthermore, the bacteriocin remained active at 121° C for 30 min, 8 months of storage at -20 °C and under acidic, neutral, alkaline conditions. The mode of action against Lactobacillus plantarum 3SH is bactericidal. Increased bacteriocin production by Lb. rhamnosus 1K was noted at an initial pH of 6.0 or 6.5 and when MRS broth was supplemented with glucose (30 and 50 g/l) and tween 80 (1% and 4%). In addition, bacteriocin production was noted in BHI broth and skim milk.

[Kaktcham Pierre Marie, Zambou Ngoufack François^*, Sieladie Djomne Victor, Tchouanguep Mbiapo Félicité. Characterization of bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus rhamnosus 1K isolated from traditionally fermented milk in the western highlands region of Cameroon. New York Science Journal 2011;4(8):121 -128] (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys040811.21

Keywords: Fermented milk; Lactobacillus rhamnosus; Bacteriocin; Characterization; Optimization

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Evaluation of Anthelmintic and Antimicrobial Activity of the Methanolic Extracts of Nepeta cataria

Suhaib A. Bandh¹*, Bashir A. Lone¹, M. Z. Chishti¹, Azra N. Kamili¹, Bashir A. Ganai² and Samira Saleem¹

¹Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar - 190 006

²Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar - 190 006

Abstract:A worm motility inhibition assay was used for in vitro study and a faecal egg count reduction assay used for an in vivo study. The in vitro study revealed anthelmintic effects of crude methanolic extracts of Nepeta cataria (MENC) on live Haemonchus contortus worms (P > 0.05) as evident from their paralysis and/or death at 8 h after exposure. The in vivo anthelmintic activity of the extracts in sheep naturally infected with mixed species of gastrointestinal nematodes demonstrated a maximum (73.69%) egg count reduction in sheep treated with methanolic extracts at 2 g kg^-1 body weight on day 15 after treatment. Various concentrations ranging from 100-500 mg/ml of the extract were subjected to screen the antimicrobial potential of the herb by disc diffusion methods against some selected animal pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains like Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Pasteurella multocida, Klebsiella pneumonia, Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans. The extract was found to inhibit the growth of all the bacterial and fungal test organisms, showing maximum inhibitory effect against S. aureus, P. multocida and E. coli while as mild inhibitory effect was observed against A. flavus among the selected strains. The effect produced by the different extract concentrations was comparable with the standard antibacterial agent Streptomycin sulphate and with the standard antifungal agent Nystatin, which were used as effective positive control in the study. From the present study it can be concluded that the leaves of the herb exhibit significant anthelmintic against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and has the potential to contribute to the control of gastrointestinal bacteria, fungi and nematode parasites of small ruminants.

[Suhaib A. Bandh, Bashir A. Lone, M. Z. Chishti, Azra N. Kamili, Bashir A. Ganai and Samira Saleem. Evaluation of Anthelmintic and Antimicrobial Activity of the Methanolic Extracts of Nepeta cataria. New York Science Journal 2011;4(8):129 -135] (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys040811.22

Keywords: Nepeta cataria, Anthelmintic, Antimicrobial, in vitro, in vivo, Methanolic extract.

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Occupational Noise Exposure in Scrap Steel Recycling Industry

Okedere, Oyetunji Babatunde

College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria.

Abstract:In this study, noise levels at different sections of a steel recycling plant production floors were monitored with the aid of EXTECH 407735 sound level meter. This was with a view to studying employees’ exposure level. Results revealed that workers at furnace, rolling mill, re-heating oven and billet forming sections are exposed to noise levels higher than 85 dB(A) 8- hour standard. There is a need for employee training on noise exposure hazards and enforcement of the use of protective devices.

[Okedere, Oyetunji Babatunde. Occupational Noise Exposure in Scrap Steel Recycling Industry. New York Science Journal 2011;4(8):136-138] (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork

doi:10.7537/marsnys040811.23

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Use of ICT to Analyze the Requirement and Issues for e-Governance Model in Rural Areas of Uttarakhand

Rajeev Kumar;M.K. Sharma

 Department of Computer Science ;Teerthankar Mahaveer University, Moradabad,

Email : rajeevphd@hotmail.com

Department of Computer Science, Head MCA Program, Amrapali Institute -Haldwani (Uttarakhand)

Email : sharmamkhld@gmail.com

Abstract:Over the past decade, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have proved as a good tool for serving the rural user. The importance of e-Governance arises from prolonged absence of self-sufficiency in rural areas, which has created an encompassing dependency of rural residents on locally elected officials and bureaucrats. There is a great need to offer e- Governance application for Indian citizens of rural area in all states. This paper discusses some urgent needs to undertake like the needs to parse the general rubric of e-Governance into components based on type, such as: (a) Generic information services about government projects and employment opportunities; (b) Customized information such as land records and birth certificates; (c) Approvals, such as for ‘below poverty line’ status, and grievance redress; (d) Social services: health, education, entitlement and other social services; (e) Mandatory services: taxation, updating land and population databases; and (f) Exchange services: postal, banking and utility services. Some major findings of this paper that help to rethink about the implementation of e-Governance services in rural areas are poor infrastructure, high deployment and maintenance costs of the ICT infrastructure and inadequate content for e- Governance. A less expected finding is that e-Governance services are overwhelmingly the most needed but the least provided services – instead, most projects provide informational services, i.e. generic, non-customized services such as agricultural practices, weather forecasts and contact information; and, secondarily, they provide transactional services, i.e. the exchange of specific, customized informational services or funds between two or more parties, such as email or e-Commerce. Some new models of rural e-Governance are also discussed in this paper.

 [Rajeev Kumar, Dr. M.K. Sharma. Use of ICT to Analyze the Requirement and Issues for e-Governance Model in Rural Areas of Uttarakhand. New York Science Journal 2011; 4(8):139 -142]. (ISSN: 1554-0200).

doi:10.7537/marsnys040811.24

Keywords: e-Governance, e-Commerce, e-Village, Rural Infrastructure, Rural Network, Data Centers

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