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Phosphorus Reduces the Virulence of Alectra vogelii (Benth) on Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)\

Yohanna Mamma Kwaga

Department of Crop Science, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Nigeria.

E-mail: kwagahanna@gmail.com

Abstract: A screen house work was undertaken in 2000 and 2001 at Samaru (11⁰11` N, 07°38` E) in northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria; to evaluate the effectiveness of nitrogen and phosphorus in reducing the virulence of Alectra parasitism on groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Treatments consisted of three groundnut genotypes (SAMNUT-11, SAMNUT-16, SAMNUT-18), three N levels (0, 25. 50 kg N/ha) and three P levels (0, 22, 44 kg P/ha). Application of 22 and 44kgP/ha significantly reduced mean crop damage syndrome at 12WAS while increasing the mean pod yield. However, only 44kg P/ha reduced the mean Alectra density considerably at 15WAS and at harvest, with concomitant increase in mean number of pods per plant. [New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):1-7]. (ISSN: 1554-0200).

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.01

Key words: Alectra, Virulence, Parasite

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Studies Of Heat Resistant Fungi In The Soil:Talaromyces flavus Isolated In Nigerian Soils

N.J. Amaeze¹ J.O.Ugwuanyi² and J.A.N. Obeta²

1. Department of biological Sciences, University of Abuja, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria.

2. Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.

ngoziamaeze@yahoo.com.sg, jerryugwuanyi@yahoo.com

Abstract Heat resistant fungi are a group of fungi which are able to withstand thermal processes employed in the preservation of most acid foods. A total of 85 soil samples collected gardens/farmlands in Ohodo, Enugu-Ezike, Ogbede, Adani, Oturkpo, Umuahia/Orlu, Imilike, and Gboko were examined for the presence of heat resistant fungi using standard methods.HRF were isolated from 74 soils representing approximately 94%. Fungal counts ranged from non-detectable to 437 colony forming units per 2g of soil. Neosartorya fischeri was the most common isolate. Other isolates were Talaromyces flavus, Eupenicillium cinnamopurpurem, Eupenicillium crustaceum,Emeriella rugulosa and Paecilomyces variotii/Byssochlamys fulva. The occurrence of T. flavus in this study is important as it has previously not been reported in Nigerian soils. [New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):8-14]. (ISSN: 1554-0200).

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.02

Key words: Heat resistant fungi, Nigeria, Talaromyces flavus

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3

Re-visiting Secondary School Science Teachers Motivation Strategies to face the Challenges in the 21^st Century

Jacobson Barineka Nbina, Ph.D.

Department of Curriculum Studies and Educational Technology, University of Port Harcourt, P.O. Box 3 Choba, Rivers State

E-mail: drnbinajacobson@yahoo.com, Tel: 08033136895

Abstract: This study was prompted by the scientific demand of the 21^st century to equip science teachers to face the challenges of the time, 200 science teachers and 200 science students randomly selected from the 5 states in the South-South zone were used for the study. Two separate questionnaire ESTACS and STMF developed using Likert 4-point scale were used to illicit information from science students and teachers respectively. Data collected were analyzed using mean. Result from the study showed that majority of the science teachers were not able to expose the students to the experiences they were expected to do, used few approaches in teaching, entered the class unprepared and engaged in other business apart from teaching profession. Furthermore, science teachers enjoyed no incentive in their profession. Different award schemes were recommended to enable the science teachers met the demands of the 21^st century. [New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):15-20]. (ISSN: 1554-0200).

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.03

Key words: Secondary School Science, Teachers Motivation Strategies

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4

Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium nutrition of Sesame (Sesamum indicum) in Mubi, Nigeria.

Shehu, H. E¹., J. D. Kwari² and M. K. Sandabe²

¹Department of Crop Science, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria

²Department of Soil Science, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria

Corresponding author: harushe2003@gmail.com

Abstract: A pot experiment was conducted during the dry spell of 2005, in the screen house at the FAO/TCP farm of the Adamawa State University, Mubi to assess the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrition on the productivity sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). The treatments consisted of factorial combinations of four rates of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 37.5, 75 and 112.5 kg ha^-1), three rates of phosphorus (0, 22.5 and 45 kg ha^-1) and three rates of potassium (0, 22.5 and 45 kg ha^-1) that were laid out in a completely randomized block design replicated three times. Results showed that highest number of branches, leaves, seeds per pod, seed yield and dry matter was recorded from the highest N rate of 112.5 kg ha^-1. Optimum number of leaves and dry matter was attained at 112.5 kg N ha^-1 while number of pods and seed yield were attained at 75 kg N ha^-1. Number of seeds per pod was not significantly affected by N application. Sesame height and number of branches were optimum at 22.5 kg P ha^-1 while number of leaves, seeds per pod, seed yield and dry matter were optimum at 45 kg P ha^-1. K fertilizer did not significantly affect the number of branches, seeds per pod, seed yield and dry matter while number of leaves and pods were optimum at 22.5 and 45 kg K ha^-1 respectively. In conclusion, application of 75 kg N ha^-1, 45 kg P ha^-1 and 22.5 kg K ha^-1 produced the highest seed yield. [New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):21-27]. (ISSN: 1554-0200).

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.04

Keywords: Nitrogen rates; phosphorus rates; potassium rates; sesame; yield characters

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Ethno-medicinal Plants of the Garhwal Himalaya Used to Cure Various Diseases: A Case Study

L.R Dangwal¹, Antima Sharma*¹, C.S Rana²

¹Herbarium and Plant Systematic Laboratory, Department of Botany, H.N.B Garhwal Central University, SRT Campus, Badshahi Thaul,Tehri Uttarakhand

²State Medicinal Plant Board Uttatrakhand, Herbal Research & Development Institute Gopeshwar, Chamoli

Email-antimasharma82@gmail.com

 drlrdangwal@gmail.com

Abstract: Garhwal Himalaya has been the reservoir of enormous natural resource including vegetational wealth. Primitive communities and tribes who live in the vicinity of forest due to being close to the nature, possess a deep practical knowledge on indigenous flora, pertaining to curatives, culture, customs, ethos, cults, religion, belief, legends, myths as well as other miscellaneous uses. The people in remote villages and tribal areas depend upon the folk medicines and household remedies to a great extent. The prevalent practice of herbal remedies has descended down from generation to generation and includes the cure from simple ailments to the most complicated one. The present communication pertains to the ethnomedicinal plants used for the treatment of various diseases and ailments like dysentery, cough, asthma, inflammation, body-ache, wound healing, bronchitis, mouth ulcer, cold, smooth delivery, headache, throat sore, constipation, diarrhea, menstrual disorders, malaria, vomiting, jaundice, mental disorder, skin diseases etc. [New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):28-31]. (ISSN: 1554-0200).

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.05

Keywords: Garhwal Himalaya, Diseases, Ethno-medicine

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Cyanobacterial remediation of industrial effluents - I. Tannery effluents

Sonil Nanda ¹, Prakash Kumar Sarangi ², Jayanthi Abraham ^1,*

¹ School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, India

² Department of Botany and Biotechnology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack 735 003, India

jayanthi.abraham@gmail.com

Abstract: Tannery effluents are of large-scale environmental concern because they colour and diminish the quality of water bodies into which they are released. Their disposal into the environment creates adverse effects by altering the normal physiochemical properties of soil and water. In this study, cyanobacteria, particularly Nostoc was employed for bioremediation of tannery effluents. The percent removal of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS) and colour of the effluents were studied. Other analyses involved the physiochemical and elemental properties of the effluents. The results revealed a 57.5%, 37.8%, 48.6% and 66.1% decrease in BOD, COD, TDS and colour of the tannery effluents after 4 weeks of treatment with Nostoc. [New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):32-36]. (ISSN: 1554-0200).

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.06

Keywords: Tannery effluents, Nostoc, bioremediation

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Cyanobacterial remediation of industrial effluents - II. Paper mill effluents

Sonil Nanda ¹, Prakash Kumar Sarangi ², Jayanthi Abraham ^1,*

¹ School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, India

² Department of Botany and Biotechnology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack 735 003, India

jayanthi.abraham@gmail.com

Abstract: The disposal of paper mill effluents into the environment creates adverse effects by altering the normal physiochemical properties of soil and water. In the treatment system, Nostoc was employed for the bioremediation of paper mill effluents. The effluents were analysed for their physiochemical and elemental parameters. The major interests were evaluating the percent removal of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS) and colour of the effluents. The results revealed a considerable decrease of 53.1% in colouration, 49.6% in BOD, 39.7% in COD and 53.0% in TDS of paper mill effluents after 4 weeks of treatment with Nostoc. [New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):37-41]. (ISSN: 1554-0200).

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.07

Keywords: Paper mill effluents, Nostoc, bioremediation

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Chromatograph interfaced to a Mass Spectrometer Analysis of Cinnamomum verum

¹Hema R., ¹S. Kumaravel and ²T. Devi Martina

¹Food Testing Laboratory, Indian Institute of Crop Processing Technology, Thanjavur

²Dept. of Microbiology^, PRIST University, Thanjavur

 e-mail: hema.scientist@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: Due to uniqueness of Cinnamomum verum property in curing different ailments this part was selected for the study. Hence the present investigation was carried out to determine the possible chemical components from Cinnamomum verum by GC-MS. This analysis revealed that Cinnamomum verum contain mainly Cinnamaldehyde, (E)- [61.57%] and Coumarin [11.60%], which were used in curing oral bacterial growth caused due to Environmental Pollution of Water.

[Hema R., S. Kumaravel and T. Devi Martina. Chromatograph interfaced to a Mass Spectrometer Analysis of Cinnamomum verum^. New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):42-45]. (ISSN: 1554-0200).

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.08

Keywords: Cinnamomum verum, GC-MS analysis, Cinnamaldehyde, Coumarin, oral bacterial growth Environmental Pollution; Water

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Mineral Analysis of Pleurotus tuberregium (Sing) Grown on Different Substrates

Onuoha C.I. and Obi-Adumanya G.A.

Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria

onuohaci@yahoo.com

Abstract: The Sclerotia of Pleurotus tuberregium (Sing) were grown on four different substrates namely: humus soil, mixture of Sawdust and humus soil, sawdust and shreds of the wood of Treculia africana. The quantity and quality of the fruit bodies produced were measured by the following parameters: number of fruit bodies produced, height of fruit bodies, fresh weight, dry weight, diameter of pileus and length of the stipe. Sawdust which served as the control was better growth medium in terms of length of stipe, number of fruit bodies and height of mushroom. The fruit bodies from a mixture of sawdust and humus soil were better in terms of fresh and dry weight while humus soil alone produced fruit bodies with wider pileus diameter. The wood shreds of Treculia africana did not support the growth of the mushroom. The Mineral Composition of the sclerotium and fruit bodies from the various substrates showed that at P £ 0.05, the fruit bodies produced from sawdust had significance higher calcium content, magnesium content and potassium content, while there was also significant difference in presence of phosphorus and sodium amongst fruit bodies produced from mixture of humus soil and sawdust and humus soil only.

[Onuoha C.I. and Obi-Adumanya G.A. Mineral Analysis of Pleurotus tuberregium (Sing) Grown on Different Substrates. New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):46-50]. (ISSN: 1554-0200).

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.09

Keywords: Mineral analysis, Pleurotus tuberregium, different substates

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Phytochemical Screening on the Seeds of Treculia africana and Artocarpus atilis

*Mbagwu, F. N, Unamba, C. I. N and Nwosu, I. C

Department of plant Science and Biotechnology, Imo State University, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

mbagwu101@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: Treculia africana Decne and Artocarpus atilis are highly valued economic plants and the seeds known for their numerous nutritional and medicinal potentials. In this study, a phytochemical analysis was conducted on the seeds of the two plants to reveal the phytochemicals in them. The results of the screening showed that the seeds contained phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and cyanogenic glucosides (HCN). There was no detection of steroid in both samples. The alkaloid content of Treculia Africana was 0.12±0.02% and 0.08±0.02% for Artocarpus atilis. Saponin, flavonoid and tannin contents were 0.27±0.03%, 0.16±0.02% and 0.22±0.01% for Treculia Africana respectively and 0.33±0.03%, 0.18±0.02% and 0.19±0 for Artocarpus atilis respectively. Oxalate and hydrogen cyanide contents of Treculia Africana were 0.13±0.01 and 6.96±0.05% with Artocarpus atilis having 0.17±0.01 and 37.69±28.08 respectively. This indicates that both seeds are safe for human consumption.

[Mbagwu, F. N, Unamba, C. I. N and Nwosu, I. C. Phytochemical Screening on the Seeds of Treculia africana and Artocarpus atilis. New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):51-55]. (ISSN: 1554-0200).

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.10

Keywords: Phytochemical, screening, Treculia africana, Artocarpus atilis, seeds

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Studies on the effect of Selenium and organic residues on Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) plants

*Azza, A.M. Mazher, ** Sahar, M. Zaghloul and ** Yassen, A.A.

*Ornamental plants and woody trees Dept. ** Plant nutrition Dept National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

Azza856@yahoo.com

Abstract: A field experiment was carried out at El –Kassasin region Ismailia Governorate over two growing seasons (2007-2008 and 2008-2009) to study the effect of foliar spray of Selenium at the rates of (0, 4,6and8 ppm) and organic material (sheep manure) at three rates (0,10and 20m³ per feddan) on the morphological growth, essential oil and some chemical composition of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) plants.Results pointed out that using different rates of organic residue or selenium increased fresh and dry weight of herbs and inflorescences compared with the control treatment in both seasons. Also,all treatments tended to increase essential oil, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content and uptake as compared with the control treatments. The highest value in N, P and K content and uptake was noticed when applied selenium at a rate of 30g with organic residue.Thus,the applications may be recommended for increasing the growth,essential oil and chemical constituents of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) plant.

[Azza, A.M. Mazher, Sahar, M. Zaghloul and Yassen, A.A. Studies on the effect of Selenium and organic residues on Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L. ) plants. New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):56-63]. (ISSN: 1554-0200).

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.11

Keywords: Medicinal plant – heavy metal - sheep manure

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Micro Propagation of Phoenix dactylifera L. var karama

Gabr, Mahdia, F. and Abd-Alla, M.M.

Desert Research Center, Genetic Resources Dept. Tissue culture unit., Mothaf Elmataria st., Mataria, Cairo, Egypt.

Abstract: Phoenix dactylifera L.var karama was micropropagated via somatic embryogenesis. The embryogenic callus of Phoenix dactylifera L.var Karama was initialed on Murashige and skoog medium containing 100mg 2,4-D/L and 3.0 mg 2iP/L with presence of activated charcoal and was solidified with 2.5g phytagel /L. Healthy embryos were formed on media containing 0.1mg NAA/L and 0.2mg 2IP/L. Best multiplication was on medium contained 0.5mg 2iP+0.5mgBA and 0.5mg/LNAA. Embryos were transferred to elongation media supplemented with 1.0mg BA/L and 1.0 mg 2IP/L with 0.1mg/L NAA which rooted on this media. The acclimatization process was well in the presence of PEG in media at 4.0g/L or 8.0g/L which was effective to enhance root hardening. Roots were strong and vigor. The pH value at 5.7 in the acclimatization process produced 72.72 percent of plantlets.

[Gabr, Mahdia, F. and Abd-Alla, M.M. Micro Propagation of Phoenix dactylifera L. var karama. New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):64-69]. (ISSN: 1554-0200).

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.12

Key word: Micro propagation, in vitro, somatic embryogenesis, Phoenix dactylifera

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 Genetic stability on Phoenix dactylifera var. Karama produced in vitro

Mohamed Mohamed Abd-Alla

 Desert Research Center, Genetic Resourced Department, Cairo, Egypt.

Abstract: ISSR-PCR technique was utilized to assess the genetic stability of the micropropagated date palm plantlets Phoenix dactylifera var. Karama. The detected 49 amplicons from the five ISSR anchored primers showed that there were a high similarity within the micropropagated date palm plantlets Phoenix dactylifera var. Karama and the mother plant and some dissimilarity was detected among some samples which is due to the somaclonal variations that may occurred during micropropagation process. A UPGMA dendrograme was constructed to illustrates the genetic similarity among the 10 plants (9 micropropagated plants and donor mother plant). In the present study, molecular profils by using ISSR markers proved to be a reliable method for assessing genetic stability of micropropagated plants.

[Mohamed Mohamed Abd-Alla. Genetic stability on Phoenix dactylifera var. Karama produced in vitro. New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):70-75]. (ISSN: 1554-0200).

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.13

Keywords: ISSR-PCR, date palm, genetic stability, somaclonal variation

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Three – State Markov Chain Approach On the Behavior Of Rainfall

Vivek Kumar Garg and Jai Bhagwan Singh

School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Shobhit University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250110, India

Email: vg284@yahoo.co.in

Abstract: An analytical procedure for testing the independence of behavior of rainfall using three-state Markov Chain approach has been used in the present study. The developed analytical procedure was applied for daily rainfall data of 42 years (1961 – 2002) observed from IMD approved meteorological observatory, Pantnagar, India. The whole year was divided into three different periods viz. Pre-monsoon (Jan 1-May 31), Monsoon (June 1-Sep 30) and Post-monsoon (Oct 1-Dec 31) for the analysis of daily and weekly rainfall data. A day/week was taken as dry if the rainfall was below 2.5mm/17.5mm and day/week was taken as wet if the rainfall was between (2.5mm to 5mm)/(17.5mm to 35mm) respectively, otherwise it was taken as a rainy day/week. Based on three conditions of rainfall, during each period, it was concluded that consecutive day/week are not independent and expected length of dry, wet, rainy spells, and weather cycles of all the three periods has been computed.

[Vivek Kumar Garg and Jai Bhagwan Singh. Three – State Markov Chain Approach On the Behavior Of Rainfall. New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):76-81]. (ISSN: 1554-0200).

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.14

Key words: Three -State Markov Chain, Bernoulli trials, Rainfall occurrence pattern

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Forest Stand Structure of Shiwalik region of Nainital district along an Altitudinal Gradient in Indian Central Himalaya

C. S. Bohra^*, L. S. Lodhiyal^** & Neelu Lodhiyal^***

^*,Department of Forestry & Environmental Science, S.S.J.Campus, Almora, Kumaun University, (INDIA).

^**Department of Forestry & Environmental Science, D.S.B.Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital (INDIA).

*** Vivekanand Govt. Degree College, Lohaghat, Uttarakhand (INDIA)

cpsbohra@rediffmail.com/ chandrapal.bohra@gmail.com

Abstract: The present investigation concentrates on variations of plant species diversity in three forest types in the same aspect. A pure Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn.F.) forest located in foothills of Shiwaliks compares the variations in diversity with increasing altitude with Sal mixed with other broad leaved forest (800-1100m) and with its end limit (1100-1500m) when it mixes with Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii Sarg.). Total tree species diversity (SD) was maximum in middle elevation (4.33) while, it was minimum (1.96) in lower elevation. For shrub layer, it was maximum (3.97) at higher elevation and minimum (2.55) at lower elevation. It was found maximum (4.91) in higher elevation and minimum (4.56) at lower elevation for herbaceous growth. The tree species richness (SR) was found maximum (32) in Sal mixed with broad leaved forest while, it was minimum (7) in lower site (i.e, pure Sal forest). In case of shrubs, species richness was maximum (21) in higher altitude followed by middle (10) & lower sites (09). Herbaceous species richness was recorded maximum (50) in lower elevation while it was minimum (46) in higher elevation. The concentration of dominance (CD) was comparatively higher in pure Sal forests rather than others for tree (0.35) and shrub (0.23) layer while, it was more or less same (0.01) for herbs in all three forest types.

[C. S. Bohra, L. S. Lodhiyal & Neelu Lodhiyal Forest Stand Structure of Shiwalik region of Nainital district along an Altitudinal Gradient in Indian Central Himalaya. New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):82-90]. (ISSN: 1554-0200).

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.15

Key words: Altitude, Concentration of dominance, Herbaceous, Shiwalik, Species diversity, Species richness

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Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Punica granatum L. (fruit bark and leaves)

^1*Egharevba, Henry Omoregie; ¹Kunle, Oluyemisi, Folashade; ¹Iliya, Ibrahim; ²Orji Peace Nkiruka; ³Abdullahi, Makailu Sabo; ⁴Okwute, Simon Koma; ¹Okogun, Joseph Ibumeh

¹Department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine

National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research &Development (NIPRD), Idu Industrial Layout, Idu, P.M.B. 21 Garki, Abuja, Nigeria.

²Department of Plant Science and Technology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
³National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Zaria, Nigeria.

⁴Department of Chemistry, University of Abuja, Nigeria

 omoregieegharevba@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT: Punica granatum Linn (fruit bark and leaves) were macerated with hexane, ethylacetate, methanol and water successively. The extracts were tested in vitro for activity against standard strains microbes and clinical isolates. The zones of inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined. The in vitro antimicrobial screening revealed that the extract exhibited varying activity against different microbes with zones of inhibition ranging from 14-34mm, MIC ranging from 0.625 - 10mg/ml, and MBC/MFC of 1.25-10mg/ml for the sensitive organisms at the tested concentrations. The highest activity was an MIC of 0.625 mg/ml and MBC of 1.25mg/ml. The activities observed could be due to the presence of some of the secondary metabolites like, alkaloids, anthraquinones, sterols, glycosides, saponins, terpenes and flavonoids detected in the plant.

[Egharevba, Henry Omoregie; Kunle, Oluyemisi, Folashade; Iliya, Ibrahim; Orji Peace Nkiruka; Abdullahi, Makailu Sabo; Okwute, Simon Koma; Okogun, Joseph Ibumeh. Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Punica granatum L. (fruit bark and leaves). New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):91-98]. (ISSN: 1554-0200).

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.16

Key words: Punica granatum, phytoconstituents, antimicrobial, MIC, MBC, MFC

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Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectroscopic analysis of Lawsonia inermis Leaves

¹Hema R., ¹S. Kumaravel, and ²S. Gomathi

¹Food Testing Laboratory, Indian Institute of Crop Processing Technology, Thanjavur

²Dept. of Biochemistry, KSR College of Arts and Science, Tiruchengode

e-mail: hema.scientist@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: Due to uniqueness of Lawsonia inermis leaf property in curing different ailments this part was selected for the study. Hence the present investigation was carried out to determine the possible chemical components from Lawsonia inermis leaves by GC-MS. This analysis revealed that Lawsonia inermis leaves contain mainly á-D-Glucopyranoside, methyl (51.73%) and 1,4-Naphthalenedione, 2-hydroxy- [Synonyms: Henna] (19.19%), which were used in curing skin ailments caused due to Environmental Pollution of Air and Water.

[Hema R., S. Kumaravel, and S. Gomathi. Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectroscopic analysis of Lawsonia inermis Leaves. New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):99-101]. (ISSN: 1554-0200).

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.17

Keywords: Lawsonia inermis, GC-MS analysis, 1,4-Naphthalenedione, 2-hydroxy- (Henna), Skin ailments caused due to Environmental Pollution of Air and Water

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Effects Of Different Cement Factory Sections Products On Immunoglobulin Levels And Some Biochemical Parameters In Nigeria Cement Factory Workers.

Ogunbileje J.O1, Akinosun O.M1, Anetor J.I1, Akinduti P.A2, Ejilude O2, Nwobi N.L1 and Akinbo J.A3

1Department of Chemical Pathology and Immunology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

2Department of Medical Microbiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria

3Department of Pathology, Federal Medical Centre, Idi-Aba, Abeokuta, Nigeria

Corresponding author: Email: ifemiwale2006@yahoo.com

Abstract: Cement dust emission into the environment from various points is a major pollution problem in cement factory, with cement dust constituent differing at each point of production, therefore, suggesting toxicity implications at each points of production might differ. The present study determines the levels of serum immunoglobulin classes (IgA, IgG, IgM, IgG) and total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase(ALP), aspatase aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), total protein, albumin, creatinine, uric acid and gamma glutamyl transferase in forty five(45) cement factory workers working in different sections of the factory ( Crushing (13), Milling(19) and Packing sections (13) ). Immunodiffussion method was used to determine serum IgA, IgG, IgM while ELISA method was used to determine serum IgE. Alkaline phosphatase(ALP), alanine amino transferase(ALT), aspatase aminotransferse, total bilirubin, albumin, creatinine and uric acid were determined using Hitachi 902 auto analyser while gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) was determined using colorimetric method. The levels of IgM, IgA and IgE were not statistically different among the groups (p>0.05) while IgG was significantly higher in workers working in the packing section of the factory (p<0.05) when compared with the other two sections. Also, total bilirubin, albumin, AST, ALT, ALP were significantly higher (p<0.05) in workers at the crushing section, uric acid is also significantly higher in workers at the milling section (p<0.05) but creatinine and GGT were not significantly different (p>0.05) though with a higher mean levels when compared with the general population. This study demonstrated that workers in cement factory working in different sections are susceptible to various diseases specific to their work area.

[Ogunbileje J.O, Akinosun O.M, Anetor J.I, Akinduti P.A, Ejilude O, Nwobi N.L and Akinbo J.A. Effects Of Different Cement Factory Sections Products On Immunoglobulin Levels And Some Biochemical Parameters In Nigeria Cement Factory Workers. New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):102-106]. (ISSN: 1554-0200).

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.18

Keywords: Cement factory, sections, Immunoglobulin, biochemical parameters, Nigeria, Cement dust emission; environment; toxicity; alkaline phosphatise (ALP); aspatase aminotransferase (AST); alanine aminotransferase (ALT); albumin; creatinine

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Periodic Discharge of Eggs of Aascaridia galli in Faeces of Experimentally Infected Native Domestic Fowls (Gallus gallus domesticus)

J.N.N. Onyirioha Ph.D.

Dept. of Biology Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri, Imo State

ABSTRACT: While our native poultry may look apparently healthy, they are subjects to infections with helminthes of various classes including intestinal worms, of which Ascaridia galli is most frequent parasite. Production can be limited by inadequate information on the sources of worm infestation and measure to minimize the disseminations. An investigation was therefore carried out on the daily periodic discharge of eggs of A. galli in faeces of host over 72hours. It was observed that ascarids discharge of eggs in the faeces of host was in numbers that vary with different hours of the day, irrespective of the type of faeces, that is, solid or watery faeces, 70% of the egg production assumed to had occurred during the day time in active feeding period. Measures have been put in place to control worm infestation among poultry birds, but in the poultry birds here it is being advocated by the present findings that the chickens’ droppings be promptly removed (9.00am and 6.00am) so as to avoid contamination of poultry feeds with faeces of high concentration of eggs of A. galli.

[J.N.N. Onyirioha. Periodic Discharge of Eggs of Aascaridia galli in Faeces of Experimentally Infected Native Domestic Fowls (Gallus gallus domesticus). New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):107-108]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.19

Keywords: Periodic Discharge; Egg; Aascaridia galli; Faeces; Fowls; Gallus gallus domesticus

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Effect of Humic Acid Treatments on 'Canino' Apricot Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality

Fathy, M. A.; M. A. Gabr^* and S. A. El Shall

Deciduous Fruit Trees Research Dept, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center Giza – Egypt

^*drayamohgabr@yahoo.com

Abstract: The effect of humic acid as Actosol^® (contains 2.9 % humic acid + 10, 10, 10% NPK) treatments (soil, foliar or soil + foliar) on: growth parameters (shoot length, number of leaves/shoot and leaf area) of 'Canino' apricot trees were determined through 2008 and 2009 seasons. Moreover, fruit set percentage and yield of 'Canino' fruits as retained fruit; number of fruits / tree; number of fruits / kg; yield monetary value; net profit and percentage of benefit were assessed while physical and chemical properties of fruit quality (fruit size, firmness and dimensions, juice total soluble content, acidity and SSC / acidity ratio) were determined too. Also, yield economical records (yield monetary value, net profit and percentage of benefit) were studied. Humic acid applications enhanced most of the investigated parameters while not affected number of fruit / kg and polar / equatorial ratio, meanwhile juice acidity was decreased indicating fruit size increment with bitter fruit shape and quality. Soil treatments (37.5 or 75.0 cm³ / tree) were more effective than spray ones (9 or 15 cm³ / tree). Also, the effect of both soil and foliar applications increased with increasing of the humic acid doses. The treatment of humic acid foliar spraying with 15 cm³ per tree and 75 cm³ / 3 L as a weekly soil addition during the growth season improved the vegetative growth and increased most of yield determinations meanwhile enhanced fruit quality of 'Canino' apricots.

[Fathy, M. A.; M. A. Gabr and S. A. El Shall. Effect of Humic Acid Treatments on 'Canino' Apricot Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality. New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):109-115]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.20

Keywords: Humic Acid; Treatments; Canino; Apricot Growth; Fruit Quality

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Study Of Il₁b, Il₄, Il₅ And Ige Before And After Mirazid Therapy In Children With Intestinal Schistosomiasis And Fascioliasis

Elham Ragab Abdul-Samie¹, Othman El Sayed Soliman², Hosam El-Nemr³ and Ahmed Masoud⁴

1. Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt

2. Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt

3. Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt

4. Tropical Medicine Department, Al Azhar University, Egypt

Elhamelngar@yahoo.com, Ahmedmasaoud65@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study was planned to evaluate the effectiveness of Myrrh in children with hepatic fascioliasis and intestinal schistosomiasis through study of clinical and parasitologic cures and assessment of serum total IgE and production of IL-1, IL-4 and IL-5 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) before and after Mirazid therapy. The study included 21 children with fascioliasis, 8 children with Schistosoma mansoni infection in addition to 10 healthy children with matched age and sex as control. Diagnosis was based on the detection of Fasciola hepatica or Schistosoma Mansoni eggs in stool analysis. Patients were given the recommended dose of Mirazid. Clinical evaluation and stool analysis were done initially and at 2, 4, 12 weeks post treatment to evaluate cure. Rectal snip was done for responding schistosomiasis cases to confirm recovery. Total IgE was measured in serum by enzyme immunoassay. PBMNCs were separated and cultured for 48 hours and cytokines production in response to PHA stimulation was assessed in culture supernatants by solid phase sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Parasitologic cure was 90.9% in the fasciola group and 100% in the schistosoma group at 4weeks post treatment. After a second dose the fasciola patients who remained positive were also cured. Total IgE was significantly higher in both fasciola and schistosoma groups before treatment compared with control and decreased significantly with. IL-1b was higher in both patient groups than control and it did decrease significantly 12 weeks after therapy. Similarly, IL-5 was high before treatment in both groups and decreased significantly after 12 weeks of treatment. IL-4 on the other hand did not differ from control before therapy but it increased significantly after treatment in both fasciola and schistosoma group. Therefore, Mirazid is an effective fasciolicidal and schistosomicidal drug. IL-1 and IL-5 are high in fasciola and schistosoma infection and decrease with therapy that may denote a role in immunopathogenesis. Cytokines level but not total IgE may be taken as criteria of cure.

[Adul-Samiea ER, Soliman OS, El-Nemr H, Masoud A: A Study of Immune Status with Mirazid Therapy. New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):116-122]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.21

Keywords: Mirazid, Fascioliasis, Schistosomiasis, Interleukin, Immunoglobulin E

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Multidrug Resistance-1 Gene Expression and Its Relation to Apoptosis in Acute Leukemia Patients

Manal I. Fouda¹, Raida S. Yahya², Yehia M. Shaker*³, Camelia A. Abdel Malak⁴, Etidal W. Jwanny³, Mona S. Gouida², George E. Rasmy³ and Hatim A. El-Baz³

Clinical Pathology Department¹ and Children Hospital², Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University. Biochemistry Department³, National Research Center. Faculty of Science (Damietta)⁴, Mansoura University, Egypt. *Corresponding author: ymshaker@yahoo.com

Abstract: Chemotherapy resistance is a major problem in the management of patients affected by acute leukemia (AL). Dysregulation or overexpression of some oncogenes may have crucial role in oncogenesis, by affecting intracellular growth controls, stimulating cytokines production and promoting or suppressing apoptosis. The aim of this study is to assess gene expressions of P-gp, P53 and Bcl-2 in acute leukemia patients in Mansura Hospitals and its correlation to patients' outcome. The study comprised forty eight patients with newly diagnosed AL and twenty healthy volunteers. All patients received treatment of AL and were followed up for 24 months or until death. Results showed that P-gp, P53 and Bcl-2 expression were significantly elevated in AL patients compared to control group. P-gp and Bcl-2 levels were significantly increased at diagnosis and at remission. The comparison between non-survived and survived AL patients revealed significant increase in three measured parameters in case of non-survived patients compared to survived patients at diagnosis. No significant differences were found in levels of P53 and Bcl-2 between AL patients at remission and healthy control group. Statistical studies show a positive correlation between P-gp and P53. In conclusion, measurements of P-gp, P53 and Bcl-2 in AL patients at diagnosis deserve explanation in the prognostic evaluation of acute leukemia. Their over-expression may reflect poor prognosis, for which P-gp inhibitors and gene therapy is suggested to be used in future as adjuvant therapy tom improve patients outcome.

[Manal I. Fouda, Raida S. Yahya, Yehia M. Shaker, Camelia A. Abdel Malak, Etidal W. Jwanny, Mona S. Gouida, George E. Rasmy and Hatim A. El-Baz. Multidrug Resistance-1 Gene Expression and Its Relation to Apoptosis in Acute Leukemia Patients. New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):123-131]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.22

Key words: Multidrug-resistance (MDR), P-gp, P53, Bcl-2, Acute Leukemia.

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Genetic Assessment of Salinity Tolerance in Red Tilapia

Mariam G. Eshak¹, Naglaa M Ebeed², Hoda F. Booles¹ and Kh. Fahmy²*

¹Department of Cell Biology, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.

²Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agric., Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

^*khalid.fahmy@med.lu.se

Abstract: Red tilapia stock was introduced to Lake Maryut fishery to increase its fish production due to its high tolerance to salinity and its rapid growth rate under high salinity conditions. The main strategy of red tilapia production is to generate the hybrid between Oreochromis mossambicus male and Oreochromis. niloticus females in order to improve its growth rate and its tolerance to high salinity. In this study, the selective effect of high salinity conditions on the genetic stability and/or segregation of hybrid traits were assessed using biochemical and DNA molecular marker approaches. Samples obtained represented three generations of red tilapia from Lake Maryut during the 2008/2009 season. The obtained samples revealed strong reduction in growth rate descending from the first to the third generation with high variability in skin colors that varied between black and red. Protein electrophoresis profile as well isozyme polymorphism assays showed high similarity of protein and isozyme banding pattern either between individuals or between generations on different test organs. On the molecular level, Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) assays represented slight difference between the three generations which reflected strong selection effect of salinity condition on segregated traits. The observed high similarity was due to the narrow genetic variation in the original parental stock. Obtained results indicated that selection pressure increased genetic homogeneity and kept only the high salt tolerant individuals of segregated red tilapia progenies.

[Mariam G. Eshak, Naglaa M Ebeed, Hoda F. Booles and Kh. Fahmy. Genetic Assessment of Salinity Tolerance in Red Tilapia New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):132-141]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.23

Keywords: Red tilapia, hybrid, salinity, polymorphism, isozyme, electrophoresis, ISSR

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Neural Approach Modeling Scheme for the Prediction of Air Pollution (No2, So2) Resulting from Traffic Exhaust in Cairo City Down Town

Abdalla M. Elramsisi^*1, Fareed Zaghlool ², Tharwat O. S. ahanafy ² and Abdou Saad El Din Moustafa ³

¹Egyptian air Force, R&D Center, Cairo, Egypt.

² Systems & Computer Dept. Director, Faculty of Engineering, Alazhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

 ³Arab Co. for Engineering & Systems Consultations (AEC) Certified Lead Auditor, Cairo, Egypt. ^*s_ewiss@yahoo.com

Abstract: This paper presents a current work for developing a short-term forecasting model for air pollution (nitrogen dioxide NO2, sulpher dioxide SO2 ) in a down town of Cairo city. The structure of the model is based on three-layered neural network architecture with back propagation learning algorithm. The main objective of this paper is to develop a neural net,as a tool of modeling and artificial techniques ( NN), scheme for the prediction of NO2 or SO2, over urban zones of Cairo down time based on the measurement of NO2 or SO2 over defined traffic sources. The first NN is composed of three layers. The first layer has four nodes which represent wind speed, wind direction, temperature, and (SO2 or NO2) level for industrial sources. The output layer predicts SO2 or NO2 levels for defined urban areas. The neural net modeling schemes have been trained using recorded data (2008 and 2009) from monitoring stations in Cairo City. System performance is evaluated and results of air pollution forecasting has indicated an average of 80% correct percentage based on 85% of the data have been used for training and 15 % for testing.

[Abdalla M. Elramsisi, Fareed Zaghlool, Tharwat O. S. ahanafy and Abdou Saad El Din Moustafa. Neural Approach Modeling Scheme for the Prediction of Air Pollution (No2, So2) Resulting from Traffic Exhaust in Cairo City Down Town. New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):142-149]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.24

Keywords: Neural Approach Modeling Scheme; Prediction; Air Pollution; Traffic Exhaust’

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Prevalence of anaemia in pre -school and school aged children in Nigeria

Osazuwa F, *Ehigie F^

¹ Department of Medical microbiology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City.Nigeria

² Department of Nutritional biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho.

Corresponding author: Osazuwa favour: E mail- osazuwafavour@yahoo.com.

ABSRACT: Anaemia continues to be a major public health problem worldwide.the most common cause of anemia is a deficiency of iron; but it may also be caused by deficiencies of folate, vitamin B₁₂ and protein. Some anaemia is not caused by nutritional factors, but by congenital factors and parasitic diseases such as malaria. This study attempted to estimate the prevalence of anemia among children in three rural communities of Ovia North East Local government area. A total of 316 children between the ages of 1 and 15 years were included in the study. The World Health Organization (WHO) age-adjusted cut-off for hemoglobin was used to classify anemia. 38.6 of the children were anemic, having hemoglobin levels lower than the 11g/dl. Malnutrition was patent; 37.0% of the children were stunted, 19.3% wasted and 44.0% underweight. Serum ferritin was more sensitive than haemoglobin concentration in detecting anemic children. Anaemia was also significantly higher in Evbuomore village school than in Ekosodin and Isiohor villages (P<0.001). The serum ferritin levels were more sensitive than haemoglobin in detecting anemic children. The anaemia detected in this population may be due more to under-nutrition.

[Osazuwa F, Ehigie F. Prevalence of anaemia in pre -school and school aged children in Nigeria. New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):150-153]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.25

Keywords: Anaemia, nutrition, children, Iron deficiency. Malnutrition

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Cytological And Ultrastructural Studies On Callus Of Fagonia Arabica

EMAN, A. ALAM

Botany Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza,Egypt.

Eman200980@hotmail.com

Abstract: Cytological study on callus of Fagonia arabica leaf explants (initiated on solid MS medium supplemented with 5mg/l Kinetin, 1 mg/l 2,4-D and 30 g/l sucrose after 6 weeks and maintained on solid MS medium supplemented with 6 mg/l kinetin, 2 mg /l NAA and 40 g/l sucrose after 4 weeks) revealed that, most cells of the callus were in telophase. Ultra structural study on the callus showed large cells with normal structure. Cell organelles such as vacuoles, cell wall, dense cytoplasm, nuclei, endoplasmic reticuli, mitochondrion, golgi apparatus appeared after using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM).

[Eman, A. Alam. Cytological And Ultrastructural Studies On Callus Of Fagonia Arabica. New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):154-157]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.26

Keywords: Fagonia- Fagonia arabica -Callus-Cytology- Transmission Electron microscope

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Phytochemical screening on calli of Fagonia indica and Fagonia bruguieri Dc.

EMAN, A. ALAM

Botany Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

Eman200980@hotmail.com

Abstract: Tissue culture technique was used to produce calli from the two wild economic plants ( Fagonia indica Burm f var. indica and Fagonia bruguieri Dc.). MS medium supplemented with 5 mg/l Kinetin + 1 mg/l NAA induced calli from F. indica stem segments explants. In this regard, Fagonia bruguieri leaf explants can induce calli on MS medium supplemented with 5 mg/l Kinetin + 1 mg/l NAA also, while terminal bud explants can induce calli on this medium and MS medium supplemented with 5 mg/l Kinetin + 1 mg/l 2,4-D. While MS medium supplemented with 6 mg/l Kinetin + 2 mg/l NAA was the most suitable medium for growth of these calli of the two plants. Phytochemical screening on both calli of F. indica and Fagonia bruguieri revealed a variation in the presence/ amount of carbohydrates and / or glycosides, saponins, tannins, unsaturated sterols and/or triterpenoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, coumarins, chlorides and sulphates.

[EMAN, A. ALAM. Phytochemical screening on calli of Fagonia indica and Fagonia bruguieri Dc. New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):158-164]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.27

Key words: Fagonia, F. indica, Fagonia bruguieri, phytochemical screening, tissue culture, calli

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Exploring Optical Transition Strength of Silicon by Kramers-Kronig Tansformation

¹Adewole O. Olukorede, ²Alli G.Sulaiman

¹Department of Physics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

²Department of Maths. And Statistics, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Nigeria

E – mail correspondence: koredeadewole@yahoo.com

Abstract: The optical transition strength of silicon (Si) was determined from available data of normal reflectance of single crystal silicon measured at 0.01eV – 30eV range by unpolarized light. Kramers – Kronig Analysis relationship was used to determine the optical transition strength from the reflectance data. The results obtained from the KKT analysis was found to be in a satisfactory agreement with the previous results and literatures with little disparity observed in the optical parameters, which was as a result of approximation made in extrapolation method used in evaluating reflectance phase shift/angle. From the calculated values of optical parameters by KKT analysis, an overview of electronic band structure of silicon was given particularly from the optical transition strength and absorption edge spectrum. The relationship between efficiency of devices made from silicon and its band structures can be established.

[Adewole O.Olukorede, Alli G. Sulaiman. Exploring Optical Transition Strength of Silicon by Kramers-Kronig Tansformation. New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):165-168]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.28

Keywords: Optical constants, Optical transition strength, Silicon single crystals, Kramers – Kronig analysis (KKT)

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Protection by Selenium Against Adriamycin-induced Genotoxic and Biochemical Changes in Mice

 A. Ezz El-Din, S. M. Girgis*, S. M. Kassem And T. M. T. Shoman

Department of Cell Biology, National Research Centre, Egypt

*Corresponding author: Dr. S. M. Girgis,, E-mail: shenoudagirgis10@yahoo.com

Absrtact: The present study was carried out to evaluate the protective effect of selenium (Se) against genotoxic and biochemical alterations induced by the anticancer drug, adriamycin (ADR) in mice. Adult Swiss albino male mice were divided into 8 groups, the first group served as control, the 2^nd treated intraperitoneally (i.p) with ADR (3 mg/kg bw) once a week. The 3^rd, 4^th and 5^th group treated orally with Se (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg bw, respectively) once a day. The other 3 groups (combination groups, 6, 7 and 8, respectively) treated with the same concentrations of Se plus i.p dose of ADR once a week. The results of the present study revealed that animals treated with Se plus ADR (groups 6, 7 and 8) presented a statistically significant reduction in all types of chromosomal aberrations compared to ADR only treated group. As well a reduction in enzyme (AST, ALT, ACP, ALP and LDH) activities and total protein and uric acid levels as indicators of hepatic and kidney functions was obtained. This study concludes that Se has protective effects against ADR- induced chromosome damage and biochemical alterations due to its ability to scavenge free radicals and antioxidant properties. That antioxidant supplementation could be used in combination with ADR to protect against oxidative stress without attenuating the clinical efficacy of ADR, avoiding the need to take other medications, and improving the patients quality of life.

[A. Ezz El-Din, S. M. Girgis, S. M. Kassem And T. M. T. Shoman. Protection by Selenium Against Adriamycin-induced Genotoxic and Biochemical Changes in Mice.. New York Science Journal 2010;3(12):169-176]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

doi:10.7537/marsnys031210.29

Keywords: Adriamycin, genotoxic, biochemical, changes, selenium, protection, mice

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