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Health and Welfare Related Assessment of Working Equine in and Around Batu Town, East Shoa, Central Ethiopia

Salim Usman¹, HaimanotDisassa¹, Tadele Kabeta¹, Tilahun Zenebe¹and Girma Kebede¹

¹Wollega University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nekemte, Ethiopia

girmakebede27@yahoo.com

Abstract: A cross-sectional of study was conducted between November, 2014 to April, 2015 with the objective of assessment of the health and Welfare related problems and management activities using observational (animal based) study and indirect (questionnaire survey) to evaluate welfare and health status of equine in and around Batu town area. Out of the total 384 studied (observed) equids, 66.93% were draught, 25% were pack and 8.12% were riding animals. Forty-five percent (45%), 42% and 15% revealed a thin, medium and good body condition score, respectively. The wound prevalence in the present study area was 37.9% and distribution of wound on the animals body showed that 14.3%, 11.2%, 7%, 4.4% and 1% at wither and back, varied body part, and tail region, limbs and head regions, respectively.  Lesions resulting from limb tethering (94.5%), lameness (89.2%), lesions affecting the lips (88.5%), girth/belly (81%), wither/spine (78.7%) and breast/shoulder (62.8%) were most frequently observed. Tail/tail base (79%), ribs/flank (81%), breast/shoulder (84.5%) and hind quarter (70.7%) lesions were significantly associated with pack type of work (p < 0.05), whereas lip lesion (89.7%) and lameness (91%) were associated with draught type of work (p < 0.05). Poor/thin body condition significantly associated with wither/spine lesions (p < 0.05). According to respondents, the average daily working time was 5 h with an average burden of 70 kg of goods and 3 persons. The average water supply at a time amounted to 5.75 ± 2.7 liters. The average amount of provided feed was 12.2 ± 3.4 kg twice daily. Shelters were provided for majority of working equids at home, but only for a few experienced individuals were provision of shelter to equids at work sites. In conclusion, although owners/users take care of their animals, management constraints like feed shortage, traditional health care, lameness, wound, overworking, overloading, housing problems and different cruelties on the animal together with the occurrence of physical injuries and general maltreatment were prevalent. A comprehensive equine health and welfare promotion program is important to alleviate the problem.

[Salim Usman, Haimanot Disassa, Tadele Kabeta, Tilahun Zenebe and Girma Kebede. Health and Welfare Related Assessment of Working Equine in and Around Batu Town, East Shoa, Central Ethiopia. Nat Sci 2015;13(10):1-8]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 1. doi:10.7537/marsnsj131015.01 

Key words: Body condition, Equine welfare, health Problems, working equids, questionnaire survey

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Checking the relationship between the quality of financial reporting, debt maturity and investment performance of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange

Issa heidari^1, Ali abdolahi ², Mohammad javad ghanvatiyan³

^1.Department of accounting, shoushtar branch, Islamic azad university, shoushtar, I ran

².Sama technical and vocational training college, Islamic Azad University, Mahshahr Branch, Mahshahr, Iran ³. Department of accounting, Mahshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahshahr, Iran.

Abstract: This study investigates the impact on the quality of financial reporting and short-term debt on investment efficiency and also the impact of short-term debt on rate of the quality of financial reporting and on investment performance. To this end, 79 companies was selected during the years 1386 to 1391 by the systematic elimination of the companies listed on the Stock Exchange. Data analysis was carried out by the combined data and bygeneralized least squares method. The results showed that the quality of financial reporting did not affect the performance of investment and short-term debt on investment efficiency. It was also found the level of short-term debt has no effect on the quality of financial reporting and on investment efficiency.

[Issa heidari, Ali abdolahi, Mohammad javad ghanvatiyan. Checking the relationship between the quality of financial reporting, debt maturity and investment performance of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. Nat Sci 2015;13(10):9-14]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 2. doi:10.7537/marsnsj131015.02

Keywords: Quality of accruals, the level of short-term debt, financial reporting quality and investment efficiency

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Theoretical and Experimental Inhibitive Properties of Mild Steel in HCl by ethanolic extract of Boscia senegalensis.

Femi Emmanuel Awe^1*, Suleiman O. Idris², Malik Abdulwahab³, Emeka E. Oguzie⁴.

^1.  Department of Applied Chemistry, Federal University Dutsin-ma, Dutsin-ma, Nigeria.

^2.  Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

^3.  Department of Metallurgical and Material Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

^4. Electrochemical and Material Science Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Owerri, Nigeria.

*E-mail of the corresponding author: fawe@fudutsinma.edu.ng; Tel: (+2348065736306)

Abstract: The experimental aspect of the corrosion inhibition potentials of Boscia senegalensis was carried out using gravimetric and linear polarization techniques techniques as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), whereas the theoretical aspect was done by using the Density functional theory (DFT) calculations to performed and model the electronic structures of some extract constituents, including Physiosorptive interactions with the Fe surface. The analyses of the experimental results showed that the inhibition efficiency increased with increase in concentration of the inhibitor and decreased with increase in temperature. The efficiency of the extract in HCl (70%). Thermodynamic parameters revealed that the adsorption of extract onto the metal surface was spontaneous, exothermic and supported the Physical adsorption process. FTIR results showed that the inhibition mechanism was by absorption process, through the functional groups present in the extract and that of the inhibited. Surface morphology also revealed that corrosion product confirmed the protection offered by the extract on the surface of the metal immersed in the acid media. The data obtained were fitted into various adsorption isotherms though the Freundlich isotherm was found to be best fit.

[Femi Emmanuel Awe, Suleiman O. Idris, Malik Abdulwahab, Emeka E. Oguzie. Theoretical and Experimental Inhibitive Properties of Mild Steel in HCl by ethanolic extract of Boscia senegalensis. Nat Sci 2015;13(10):15-28]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 3. doi:10.7537/marsnsj131015.03

Keywords: Inhibition, density functional theory, corrosion, boscia senegalensis

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The Impact of Diabetes on Early and Midterm Outcome of Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery in Egyptians

Yasser Abdelgaleel¹, Mostafa Ismael¹, Islam shawky¹, Mohamed Elbaz¹, Mohamed Wael², Ashraf abdelsalam³

¹Cardiology department, Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

²Cardiothoracic surgical department, Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

³Cardiothoracic surgical department, Faculty of Medicine, zagazig university, Egypt

y_abdelgaleel@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Diabetes is a well-known risk factor for coronary artery disease and cardiovascular death. The reported prevalence of diabetes among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) has been estimated to be 12-38%. Patient and Methods: The impact of diabetes on early and midterm follow-up after coronary artery bypass grafting was studied by comparing the outcomes between 50 patients without diabetes mellitus and 50 patients with type II Diabetes Mellitus from March 2013 till December 2014. Results: Compared with nondiabetic patients, the group with diabetes hada greater incidence of hypertension (70% in diabeticsvs 42% in non-diabetics, P=0.004) and hyperlipidemia, showed a higher incidence of ECG changes (previous myocardial infarction, ST‐T changes and conduction defects) (72% in diabetics vs. 44% in non-diabetics, P=0.005). Early mortality was not significantly different between two groups (2% in diabetics vs. 2% in non-diabetics, P=0.661). No significant differences were found regarding postoperative complications; except sternal wound infection (12% in diabetics vs. 2% in non-diabetics, P=0.049). However, in midterm follow up of diabetic patients had significantly higher MACCE (16.4% in diabetics vs. 4% in nondiabetics, P= 0.04). Conclusion: Except for sternal wound infection, DM was not associated with the in- hospital adverse outcomes in the patients undergoing isolated CABG. Diabetes mellitus is an independent predictor of adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events after isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG).

[Yasser Abdelgaleel, Mostafa Ismael, Islam shawky, Mohamed Elbaz, Mohamed Wael, and Ashraf abdelsalam. The Impact of Diabetes on Early and Midterm Outcome of Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery in Egyptians. Nat Sci 2015;13(10):29-34]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 4. doi:10.7537/marsnsj131015.04

Key Words: Coronary Artery Bypass, Diabetes Mellitus, Outcome

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Nutritional Evaluation Of Sprouted Barley Grains On Agricultural By-Products On Performance Of Growing New Zealand White Rabbits

Mohsen, M.K.¹; E.M. Abdel-Raouf¹; H.M.A. Gaafar² and A.M. Yousif²

^1- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt.

^2- Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Egypt.

hamedgaafar@gmail.com

Abstract: Sprouted barley grains was produced using agricultural by-products as bedding media and the treatments were hydroponic barley with 0.5% urea (HBU), sprouted barley on rice straw with 0.5% urea (SBRSU), sprouted barley on wheat straw with 0.5% urea (SBWSU), sprouted barley on bean straw with 0.5% urea (SBBSU), sprouted barley on rice straw with 100 g poultry dropping (SBRSPD) and sprouted barley on rice straw with 100 g animal feces (SBRSUAF). Three digestibility trials were conducted using mature male New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits with an average body weight of 2.5 kg and aged 8 months to evaluate sprouted barley grains (HB, SBRS and SBBS). A total of 40 NZW rabbits at 8 weeks of age (16 males with 1039±36.65 g live body weight (LBW) and 24 females with 934.75±39.78 g LBW). Rabbits in the 1^st group were fed commercial rabbit diet (CRD) served as control (G1). While, 30% of CRD was replaced by HB (G2), SBRS (G3) or SBBS (G4), respectively during feeding period from 8 to 16 weeks of age. Results showed that DM content increased in sprouted barley grains on agricultural by-products especially SBRSU, SBRHU and SBBSU. Hydroponic barley (HBU) showed the higher OM content and SBRSU had the higher CP content. While, HBU revealed the higher NPN content. The CF content increased and NFE content decreased in sprouted barley grains on agricultural by-products compared with HBU. The EE content increased in SBRSAF compared with the other sprouted barley grains. However, SBRHU had the higher contents of ash and celica. Fresh and dry yield ranged from 5.80 and 1.02 kg/kg barley grains HBU to 7.12 and 1.83 kg/kg barley grains for SBRHU. Sprouted barley grains on agricultural by-products increased the fresh yield by 12.07-22.76% and dry yield by 47.06-79.41% per kg barley grains compared to hydroponic barley grains. The digestibility of DM and OM and TDN and DE values of HB were significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to SBBS, while the values of SBRS were intermediate without significant differences. Meantime, CF digestibility was significantly higher (P<0.05) for SBSR and SBBS compared with HB. Chemical composition of commercial rabbit diets and different sprouted barley grains on agricultural by-products were nearly similar except the contents of OM and NFE were higher and CF and ash contents were lower in HB. The digestibility coefficients of different nutrients and nutritive values were nearly similar for CRD and the other diets contained 30% sprouted barley grains. Initial and final live body weight and total and daily weight gain were nearly similar for the rabbits fed the different experimental diets. However, means of final live body weight, total and daily weight gain were significantly (P<0.05) higher for male than female rabbits. Total feed intake, feed conversion ratio and performance index (PI) were nearly similar for the different groups and tended to increase in male than female rabbits. The price of total weight gain was almost similar for male and female rabbits fed the different diets, while the mean price of total weight gain was significantly (P<0.05) higher for male than female rabbits. Meantime, male and female rabbits fed CRD (D1) revealed significantly (P<0.05) the higher total feed cost and lower net revenue and net revenue improvement compared with those fed diets contained 30% HB (D2), SBRS (D3) or SBBS (D4). The net revenue improvements were about 16 and 13% for male and female rabbits, respectively. The pH value and the concentrations of TVFA’s and NH₃-N were insignificantly affected by feeding sprouted barley grains. Neither the slaughter and carcass weights nor dressing percentage were insignificantly affected by sprouted barley grains inclusion in diets. Also, the weights and percentages of organs and officials were insignificantly affected by sprouted barley grains inclusion in diets except liver percentage, spleen weight and the weight and percentage of shoulder fat revealed significant differences (P<0.05). The physical characteristics of rabbit meat including pH value, color, tenderness and water holding capacity and chemical characteristics of rabbit meat including moisture, protein, ether extract and ash were not significantly affected with feeding sprouted barley grains.

[Mohsen, M.K; E.M. Abdel-Raouf; H.M.A. Gaafar and A.M. Yousif. Nutritional Evaluation Of Sprouted Barley Grains On Agricultural By-Products On Performance Of Growing New Zealand White Rabbits. Nat Sci 2015;13(10):35-45]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 5. doi:10.7537/marsnsj131015.05

Keywords: NZW rabbits, sprouted barley, digestibility, body weight gain, economic efficiency and carcass traits

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Amendment in EPC contracts

Abdoullah Nabgan ¹, Shapour Farhang Pour²

^1.  Department of Law, Persian Gulf International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramshahr, Iran

^2.  Department of Law, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran

Abstract: Contracts with the long-term implementation may always be faced with a series of events that disrupt the balance of the initial contract and make heavy the commitment of one side and there are ways for the mess balance, called moderated contract. Doing such an action may be realized by both parties, the court or the judge that called legal, contractual amendment. Contractual amendment has been accepted in view of Iran's rights and has exceptions that limits authority of the parties in doing Amendments, Many cases can be found in the field of legal adjustment, adjustment recognizes Iran's rights is not judicial. Thesis entitled "Amendment of EPC contracts » collected by Library method this research is analysis and applied type. The research is divided into two parts, respectively, in the first part, it paid to the concept and fundamentals of EPC contracts, this section is divided into two chapters as well as the second part is divided into two chapters.

[Abdoullah Nabgan, Shapour Farhang Pour. Amendment in EPC contracts. Nat Sci 2015;13(10):46-50]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 6. doi:10.7537/marsnsj131015.06

Key words: modification of EPC contracts, the contracting and implementation of the EPC, the terms of the contract modification, adjustment of obligations of the parties.

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Investigation Land Banking Approaches in USA

Seyed Jamaleddin Dryabari¹, Seyed Mostafa Eshaghi Deravi², Rezgar Salimi³

^1. Assistant Professor in Islamic Azad University, Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran

^2. PHD Student of Urbanization, Edalat University, Tehran, Iran

^3. BSc in Architecture, Shomal Unversity, Amol, Mazandaran, Iran

Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is investigation land banking situation and some innovations applied in USA. Land banks are public or community-owned entities created for a single purpose: to acquire, manage, maintain and repurpose vacant, abandoned, and foreclosed properties-the word abandoned houses, forgotten buildings and empty lots. This empirical study evaluates the effectiveness of the land bank by estimating spatially models. Land banks help to have socioeconomic integration in any communities. Vacant and abandoned properties are a challenging problem for any community. By viewing these properties as potential assets, rather than barriers to revitalization, smart growth advocates are finding new ways to reinvest in once-neglected neighborhoods. This pape represents the findings of the research and identifies those practices in land bank operation in the United States that currently define the models of operation and point to the best policies and practices in use today.

[Seyed Jamaleddin Dryabari, Seyed Mostafa Eshaghi Deravi, Rezgar Salimi. Investigation Land Banking Approaches in USA. Nat Sci 2015;13(10):51-56]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 7. doi:10.7537/marsnsj131015.07

Keywords: Land banks, Land information, property values

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A comparative study of the law's jurisdiction based on the nationality of the victim in Iran and Germany

Sajjad JalilIan ¹, Dr.Hasan Heidari ²

^1.  Department of Law, Persian Gulf International Branch, Islamic Azad university, khorramshahr, iran

^2.  Department of Law, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran

Abstract: The aim of this study examines the different approaches of comparative criminal law systems to support a national approach to victim In the search for appropriate political and legal strategies stated amounts in proportion with the national legal system to support cross-border challenges affecting the exercise of jurisdiction Using research tools including books, theses, dissertations, articles and websites in gaining information is required In this article, we pass on the evolution of the rights of citizens beyond its borders will be the victim, as well as the perspective of the victim support Damage and risks faced by citizens in a foreign land to identify and seek ways foreseen in national legislation and international legal protection Relying on political or diplomatic tool called political support internationalization process steps and in line with the rights of individuals The concept of sovereignty and its features in light of the internationalization of the rights of citizens as well as the scope and scale of international obligations in the international community paid In the following challenges and barriers to cross-border actions in support of national jurisdiction referred to in trying to study, analyze and investigate different perspectives and sometimes join the legal system, the analysis was a comparison Appropriate mechanisms at the national level and international law by the national executive, based on the principles of legal certainty and away from political tensions is found.

[Sajjad JalilIan, Hasan Heidari. A comparative study of the law's jurisdiction based on the nationality of the victim in Iran and Germany. Nat Sci 2015;13(10):57-63]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 8. doi:10.7537/marsnsj131015.08

Keywords: law's, comparative, national approach, criminal law

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Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis, and it’s Associated Risk Factors in Abaya District, Borena Zone, Ethiopia

Amanuel Dawit¹, Tadele Alemayew², Kassahun Bekele², Tilahun Zenebe¹, Girma Kebede¹ and *Tadele Kabeta¹

¹Wollega University, College of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 395, Nekemte, Ethiopia

²Southern rift valley Tsetse Eradication Project (STEP), Hawasa, Ethiopia

Corresponding authors: Tadele Kabeta Yadessa

email: firanfiri.04@gmail.com

Abstract: A cross sectional study was conducted in Dibicha, Gololcha and Ledo districts of Abaya district Borena Zone of Southern Ethiopia to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of bovine trypanosomosis using parasitological and entomological study from December, 2014 to March, 2015. Blood samples from randomly selected 385 cattle of both sex and different age groups were collected and examined with conventional hematological and parasitological techniques. Out of the total examined cattle, 14(3.7%) were infected with trypanosomes. Most of the infections were due to Trypanosoma congolens (2.6%) followed by Trypanosoma vivax (1.1%) and no mixed (0%) infections detected. More 2.9% prevalence of the disease was recorded in females. There were no statistically significant difference among age and sex groups (p>0.05). The overall mean PCV values were significantly different between aparasitaemic and parasitaemic animals with (P<0.05). Glossina pallidipes were caught during the study period and the entomological monitoring showed that the apparent density of Glossina Pallidipes in the study area were 0.016fly/trap/day, 0.46fly/trap/day,0.02fly/trap/day, at Gololcha, Dibicha, and Ledo PAS respectively with the overall apparent density of 0.5 F/T/D. The study revealed that trypanosomosis is the main constraint to livestock production and agricultural activity in Abaya districts. Hence, creation of the awareness to the arable and pastoral communities with the relation of parasite and vector and their impact on livestock production and implementation of integrated tsetse and trypanosome control measures will save greater economic loss of the region in particular and the country in general.

[Amanuel Dawit, Tadele Alemayew, Kassahun Bekele, Tilahun Zenebe, Girma Kebede and Tadele Kabeta. Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis, and it’s Associated Risk Factors in Abaya District, Borena Zone, Ethiopia. Nat Sci 2015;13(10):64-70]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 9. doi:10.7537/marsnsj131015.09

Key words: Abaya district, Bovine, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Trypanosomosis, Tsetse flie

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Evaluation Of Seed Nut Size As Index Of Selection For Superior Seed Quality Attributes In Two Biotypes Of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale)

Kehinde, T. O, Adebisi M. A., Alegiledoye, A. O., Ajani, O. O. and Shofuyi, K. A

Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Technology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, P. M. B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria

Email of corresponding Author: kehindeto@funaab.edu.ng, adekolaitan@yahoo.com

Abstract: Quality seed nuts are germane to propagation of the cashew plant. Seed nut fraction and genotypes have been identified to influence seed quality of crop plant. Unexpectedly, seed size effect has not been well documented in Brazilian and local biotypes of cashew grown in Nigeria. An experiment was initiated to investigate the effect of three nut sizes and two biotypes of cashew on seed quality (physical and physiological) traits. Seed nut were collected from three cashew plants of the same age of each of the biotypes and were allowed to stay for 60 days after collection. The experiment was carried out in a factorial arrangement laid out in a completely randomized design with three replicates using two factors (nut size and biotypes) in 2011 cropping season in both laboratory and screen house tests. Data were collected on physical characters such as seed length, seed width, 100 seed weight and seed imbibition rate while physiological characters were seed germination and early vigour traits. Data obtained were analysed statistically using Turkey HSD test at 5 % probability level. The result revealed that some of the characters were significantly different from one another. Seed nut fraction and biotype had considerable effect on seed length, seed width, seed imbibition rate and 100 seed weight. The two factors (nut size and biotype) interaction had profound effect on seed width only. On seed physiological quality, biotype effect was significant on seedling fresh and dry weights and seedling growth rate whereas seed nut size had considerable effect on seed germination, seedling vigour index, seedling fresh weight and seedling growth rate. The interaction effect of nut size and biotype recorded significant effect on the above four characters. Brazilian biotype had superior physical characters (seed length, width and weight) but with low imbibitions rate while medium and large nut sizes gave the highest seed germination and seedling vigour. Also, medium and large nuts had the highest seedling fresh weight whereas the highest seedling growth rate was recorded with small size seed. However, large, medium and small nut sizes of local biotype had the highest imbibition rate, whereas small, medium and large nut size of Brazilian biotype gave the highest 100 seed weight. On seedling emergence, large nuts of local biotype recorded the highest seedling emergence and seedling vigour index. Medium nuts of the two biotypes of cashew are recommended for cashew seed multiplication. Further research on physiology of cashew nut sizes during storage and osmo and hydro priming treatment effect are necessary and therefore advocated.

[Kehinde, T. O, Adebisi M. A., Alegiledoye, A. O., Ajani, O. O. and Shofuyi, K. A. Evaluation Of Seed Nut Size As Index Of Selection For Superior Seed Quality Attributes In Two Biotypes Of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale). Nat Sci 2015;13(10):71-82]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 10. doi:10.7537/marsnsj131015.10

Keywords: cashew, seed vigour, emergence, seed nut size

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The Study of Flatness and Timeliness of Financial Information on Pricing the irrational stock

Vahid Farhadi Cheshmehe Morvari

Department of Energy Economy, College Of Humanities, Aligoudarz Branch , Islamic Azad University, Aligoudarz, Iran

Abstract: One way to reduce the severity of irrational pricing of shares is making the transparency of information by providing high-quality financial reporting. The quality of financial reports may have different aspects of the features, But two factors including timely and reliability of financial reports, are the most important component quality of the information. If the reports have been got faster to the investors and have higher reliability, it cause that the investors act more wisely in Pricing of shares. In this study, we investigated whether the timely and reliability of financial reporting, have an effect on the rational pricing of shares and earnings and its components, or not? When reporting of data will be timely, it will be more reliable, accounting profit figures also will have higher quality. In this study we have investigated the effect of Timely and reliability of information on the irrational pricing of shares with using of income and its components in the listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange, during the period from 1381 to 1391. The results show that using of accounting earnings and its components caused to incorrect price of stock. But when timely and the reliability of financial reporting will be increases.

[Vahid Farhadi Cheshmehe Morvari. The Study of Flatness and Timeliness of Financial Information on Pricing the irrational stock. Nat Sci 2015;13(10):83-89]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 11. doi:10.7537/marsnsj131015.11

Keywords: 'financial reports, operating cash flow, accruals, stock

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Criminalization of nuclear weapons within the framework of international law

Samim Teimori ¹, Dr. Mahmoud Bavi ²

^1.  Department of Law, College Of Humanities, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran

^2.  Department of Law, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran

Abstract: Today, issues of international law, including the criminalization of the use of nuclear weapons may be examined from the perspective of two different paradigms of international law. The classical paradigm is based on the Westphalian order and the rule of international law and in the context of the findings of the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice in 1996, the first to use nuclear weapons not prohibited and are not considered an international crime. But we are witnessing the gradual emergence of claims and new paradigm in the field of international law. Paradigm where human values and sovereignty of states can not hold a special place in the formation of a definitive special rule for the benefit of humanity. Although some issues within the framework of this paradigm may lead to results unacceptable from the perspective of the first paradigm, however, it is a fact that ultimately the international community, the government should admit it sooner or later. In this paradigm emerging and established outstanding use of nuclear weapons would violate international law norms and disruptive of public order and Vajdnasr three constituent international crimes. The use of nuclear weapons from the perspective of the emerging paradigm, unlike the classic paradigm of international law, can Qlmdadshvd an international crime; This is entitled criminalization of nuclear weapons within the framework of international law have been collected in five seasons. In the first chapter outlines the research and legal analysis chapter two and three, respectively, to the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and the effects of nuclear weapons reduction and limitation of nuclear weapons Vmahdat bilateral and in the fourth quarter to account for Iran's nuclear challenge and finally in the fifth season's conclusion about the title.

[Samim Teimori, Mahmoud Bavi. Criminalization of nuclear weapons within the framework of international law. Nat Sci 2015;13(10):90-97]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 12. doi:10.7537/marsnsj131015.12

Keywords: nuclear weapons, international criminal law, international crime, human values, international crime

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Haemoglobin Variability in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 5 under Haemodialysis.

Elmetwally L. Elshahawy, Atef A. Ibrahim, Mohammed E. Salem, Sameh B. Hannalla And Medhat A. Khalil

Internal Medicine department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Qalubia, Egypt

medhatkhalil2010@yahoo.com.

Abstract: Background: Hemoglobin variability is the fluctuation of hemoglobin above or below the target range over time. Haemoglobin variability had found to be a frequent finding in haemodialysis patients treated with rHuEPO. Methods: In this study, we studied the Contributors and Consequences of Haemoglobin Variability in 60 Patients who are stage 5 CKD under haemodialysis in haemodialysis unit at Benha University Hospital who were prospectively studied over successive six months period. Results: Iron treatment, iron deficiency, secondary hyperparathyroidism, HCV virus infection, interfering drugs with haematopoiesis e.g., ACEI or ARBs and male gender were significant contributing factors for haemoglobin variability. Other infections e.g., UTI, chest infections, gum and catheter related infections might play a role as a contributing factor for haemoglobin variability. Cardiac diseases were significant consequences of haemoglobin variability. Weakness, fatigue and autonomic dysfunction might be consequences of haemoglobin variability. Conclusions: We have found haemoglobin variability to be a frequent finding in haemodialysis patients treated with rHuEPO. We need to do every effort to minimize haemoglobin variability in haemodialysis patients by reducing incidence of contributing factors of haemoglobin variability.

[Elmetwally L. Elshahawy, Atef A. Ibrahim, Mohammed E. Salem, Sameh B. Hannalla And Medhat A. Khalil. Haemoglobin Variability in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 5 under Haemodialysis. Nat Sci 2015;13(10):98-106]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 13. doi:10.7537/marsnsj131015.13

Key words: Haemoglobin variability in haemodialysis patients

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Echocardiographic Correlation of Clips Classification to Asses Left Ventricular Function in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

Abdul Ghaffar Memon, Muhammad Khan

Department of Cardiology, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan

Abstract: Objective: To correlate killip class with left ventricular dysfunction on echocardiography in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Study Design: Descriptive case series study. Sample technique: Non-probability consecutive. Materials and methods: 150 consecutive patients were included in this study. The present study was conducted on the newly diagnosed cases of acute myocardial infarction visiting emergency of cardiology department Liaquat University of Medical health science Hyderabad/Jamshoro, over a period of one year. Patients with prior history of acute myocardial infarction, valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathy, cardiac surgery, congenital heart disease, and patients with co-morbidities like renal failure, chronic liver disease, anemia, gastroenteritis, dehydration and chest diseases were not included in this study. Patients were classified as per killip’s classification and 2D echo was performed on patients within 24hours of admission. Findings of clinical examination (presenting killip class) were correlated with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic findings. Results: Patients included in this study were grouped into four Killip classes separately in ST and Non ST elevation myocardial infarction. 107(71.5%) cases were found with ST elevation MI, while NST elevation MI patients were found 43(28.5%). In ST Elevation MI killip classes were found as: Class 1 (74.7%), Class II (14%), Class III (9%), and Class IV (8%). In Non ST elevation MI kilip classes were found as: Class I (79%), Class II (9.3%), Class III (6.9%) and Class IV (4.6%). Early mortality rate was greater in patients with both reduced ejection fraction EF 30% or < 30% and a higher Killip class. Patients with lower ejection fraction when they were in class1/11 compared with those in killip class 111/1V had increased morbidity and mortality. Mortality was more in STEMI 4.6% as compared with NSTEMI 1.1%, and in the STEMI cases mortality mostly found in class IV. Conclusion: Echocardiographic left ventricular ejection fraction obtained after an acute myocardial infarction is an affordable and readily available technique, which provides important prognostic information regarding patient’s clinical outcome along with prognosis. From our study, we conclude that Echocardiographic findings are correlated with Killip Class. Patients with higher Killip Class have lower ejection fraction, increased left ventricular size and complications.

[Abdul Ghaffar Memon, Muhammad Khan. Echocardiographic Correlation of Clips Classification to Asses Left Ventricular Function in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction. Nat Sci 2015;13(10):107-113]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 14. doi:10.7537/marsnsj131015.14

Keywords: Acute Myocardial Infarction, Killip Class, Echocardiography, Ejection fraction.

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