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Detection of Hepatitis C Virus Antibodies among HIV patients on HAART attending a General Hospital Northern- Nigeria.

Edith  A.Onwuliri¹, James.A Ndako²  Federick Okosun³

¹ Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Jos, Nigeria.

²Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology Unit, Landmark University Omu aran,-Nigeria.

³Department of Medical Laboratory.Talata Mafara General Hospital.

ndakoj@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: Hepatitis C virus is a life threatening viral infection of the liver, while co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a growing public health concern. The study was conducted among confirmed HIV infected patients attending the Talata - Mafara General Hospital. One hundred and Ninety two (192) serum samples were assayed for the presence of antibodies to HCV, using a third generation enzyme linked immunsorbent assay. A well-structured questionnaire was administered to volunteer subjects after consent approval to obtain demographic and other relevant Data. Overall result showed that 37(19.3%) of the subjects screened had antibodies to HCV, the prevalence of HCV was higher among males subjects with 25(13%) positivity compared to the females subjects with 12 (6.3%). Considering prevalence based on age, individuals of the age group 21-30 and 31-40 recorded a higher prevalence of 7(2.6%) and 10(5.2%) respectively. Based on marital status a high prevalence of 14(7.2%) was recorded among widows and widowers. Educational status showed that subjects with secondary education recorded a prevalence of 12(6.2%) positivity. From this study it is paramount that adequate diagnosis of the Hepatitis C Virus be carried out in people with HIV infection so as to reduce further complications among co-infectious subjects in the population.

[Edith  A.Onwuliri; James.A Ndako, Federick Okosun. Detection of Hepatitis C Virus Antibodies among HIV  patients on HAART attending a general Hospital Northern- Nigeria. Nat Sci 2014;12(9):1-5]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 1. doi:10.7537/marsnsj120914.01 

Key words: HCV, HIV, CO-Infection.

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Time-space Non-classical Nature the "Philosophical Intrinsically Origins, Scientific External Form”

Yu-hua Lin

Address: 11-1405 Xiada Xicun, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China

m18046224322@163.com

Abstract: Adopting all scientific literature has never had the new perspective, (1) clarifies: the birth of science originates from experiment verification. It decides that whether can be experiment verified is the determinant gene for determining whether a theory is science. Only on this basis， we can correctly understand and grasp the original difference between the “scientific logic” and “philosophical logic": Those unable to create its "by experiment observation must capable be determined, validated the quantitative mathematical description (Law, equation the formula, constant and so on)" the theory, even though it is completely in line with the objective, all cannot be regarded as "science"! Accordingly, "Lorenz - Fitzgerald absolute effect theory" is "space-time non classical nature" the "philosophical origin" rather than the "science"; only the special theory of relativity is its uniqueness correct "science". (2) Reveals: each relativistic observation system all is a "time-space crystal" taking "Lorenz Fitzgerald absolute effect the time-space elements" as its elements, the "scientific simultaneous structure" as its lattice; correct description of pure relatively external relevance "between different time-space crystal", is exactly the special theory of relativity. (3) If there is no "scientific simultaneous structure", is not only a "time-space science" itself unable exist, more important is: in modern physics, all the basic principles, basic laws would totally not exist! (4) Taking "experiments reveal-verify consistent with logical inevitability" as the basis, expound and prove: scientific simultaneous structure, Lorenz transform & astronavigation young, their physical origins all are Lorenz - Fitzgerald absolute effect. (5) Affirm and grasp the opposites unity of non-classical nature " philosophical intrinsically origins & scientific external form", only such a time-space theory can be correct, self-consistent & perfection.

[Yu-hua Lin. Time-space Non-classical Nature the "Philosophical Intrinsically Origins, Scientific External Form”. Nat Sci 2014;12(9):6-14]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 2. doi:10.7537/marsnsj120914.02

Keywords: Michelson Morley Experiment; zero results; Lorenz - Fitzgerald Absolute Effect theory; scientific logic; theory of relativity; Lorentz transform; Ether system; astronavigation young. PACS numbers: 03.30.+p

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Evaluation Of Fetuin-A And Bone Mineral Denisty In Female Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Ahmed AM Shoaib ¹, Heba A Esaily², Mahmoud M Emara³, Eman A E Badr ⁴, Amany S Khalifa ⁵, Mayada M M Abdel-Raizk

¹Internal Medicine Dep.-Faculty of Medicine- Menoufia University, Egypt.

² Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Dep. - Faculty of Medicine-Menoufia University, Egypt.

³ Internal Medicine Dep.-Faculty of Medicine- Menoufia University, Egypt.

⁴ Medical Biochemistry Dep. -Faculty of Medicine- Menoufia University, Egypt.

⁵Clinical Pathology Dep. -Faculty of Medicine- Menoufia University, Egypt.

drmayada158@yahoo.com

Abstract:- Objectives: This study was done to evaluate fetuin-A and bone mineral density in female patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Background: In clinical practice, the fetuin-A, which is a serum protein produced by the liver and promotes bone mineralization, is an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes, whilst type II diabetes is associated with an increased incidence of osteoporosis or fractures. Patients and methods: - seventy postmenopausal female patients with type II diabetes and thirty postmenopausal female as control. In this study measurement Fetuin-A together with metabolic parameters and DXA in wrist, hip and spine, bone alkaline phosphatase (ALP), CBC and measured blood glucose level (FBS, PP2Hand HBA1c)was determined in all participants.  Results: - Fetuin-A levels highly significant (p-value < 0.001 between female diabetic and non-diabetic subjects, Also we found negative correlation between fetuin-A and DEXA scan in spine. osteoporosis represents 12.9% in spine area and 7.2% in hip and wrist areas in diabetic patients. While osteopenia were found in 58.5%, 57.1%, and 37.1% in diabetic patients in spine, wrist, and hip respectively prevalence of osteoporosis higher in diabetic patients than non-diabetic. Conclusion: - Fetuin-A level inversely correlation with BMD in postmenopausal women with type II diabetes.

[Ahmed AM Shoaib, Heba A Esaily,Mahmoud M Emara,Eman A E Badr, Amany S Khalifa, Mayada M M Abdel-Raizk. Evaluation Of Fetuin-A And Bone Mineral Denisty In Female Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Nat Sci 2014;12(9):15-21]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 3. doi:10.7537/marsnsj120914.03

Key word: fetuin-A, BMD, postmenopausal, DM type II

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Study of Efficacy of Clerodendron inerme Gaertn. Leaf extract against Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus)

Mahesh C.Arya¹*, Sharanappa K.Kadabinakatti² and Rajesh Kumar¹

^1. Department of Chemistry, Kumaun University, Nainital-263002, Uttarakhand State, India

^2. P C Jabin Science College, Hubli, Karnatak University, Dharwad -580003, Karnataka State, India

* Corresponding Author: E-mail: mcarya181@gmail.com

Abstract: The study deals with the efficacy of   Clerodendron inerme leaf extract against Pieris brassicae. Larva, pupa and adult of   P.brassicae have been reared in lab and treated with the aqueous extract of   C.inerme leaf of different concentration. The results show that extract is quite effective against all the three stages, in general and pupa, in particular. A typical extract with 12.5% concentration shows a mortality rate of 20% for larvae which rises to 55% for pupa. The mortality rate generally increases with increase in the concentration, reaches to its maximum at 10% to 17.5% of concentration and then decrease or becomes constant for different developmental stages.

[Mahesh C.Arya, Sharanappa K.Kadabinakatti and Rajesh Kumar. Study of Efficacy of Clerodendron inerme Gaertn. Leaf extract against Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus). Nat Sci 2014;12(9):22-24]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 4. doi:10.7537/marsnsj120914.04

Key Words: Clerodendron inerme, Pieris brassicae, leaf extract

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Distribution of Gastrointestinal Helminthosis of Small Ruminants in Ibadan, South Western Nigeria: Role of Traditional Rearing System

Oyeduntan A. Adediran, Adebowale I. Adebiyi, Emmanuel C. Uwalaka

Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria

adebiyiade@gmail.com

Abstract: In Nigeria, where the great majority of herds are managed traditionally, the search for feed and water results in scavenging livestock-raising methods. This often exposes such animals to high levels of infections, causing considerable losses. A survey was conducted during the short wet season to determine the prevalence and role of factors associated with small ruminant helminthosis in Ibadan region. A total of 880 sheep and goats were examined using standard parasitological procedures. The overall prevalence of helminthosis was 92.7%. Species prevalence of helminthosis was 96.1% and 89.3% in sheep and goats respectively. Sex prevalence was 94.1% and 87.8% in females and males respectively. Peri-urban prevalence was 96.0% while urban had 88.8% of mixed helminth infection. It was also observed that 42.5% and 57.7% of animal owners in urban and peri-urban areas lacked knowledge of anthelmintic used. Others, 20% and 30% of urban and peri-urban owners expressed some knowledge of existence of worms but believed that scavenging animals when infected have innate ability to seek medicinal herbs and plants to graze on. A total of 10% of all owners interviewed are aware that veterinary care should be given but only when the animals are obviously sick or fail to thrive. Our results reveal that the entire Ibadan region is endemic for gastrointestinal helminthosis and owners in the region believe that the best system for rearing small ruminants is the extensive management.

[Adediran OA, Adebiyi AI, Uwalaka EC. Distribution of Gastrointestinal Helminthosis of Small Ruminants in Ibadan, South Western Nigeria: Role of Traditional Rearing System. Nat Sci 2014;12(9):25-29]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 5. doi:10.7537/marsnsj120914.05

Keywords: Helminthosis; sheep; goats; extensive management; prevalence

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Evaluation of some biochemical parameters in differentiation between Tuberculosis and non-Tuberculosis ascites patients

Abeer A. Khayal ¹ and S.A. Eissa²

^1. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Arts, Al Jouf University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

^2. Clinical Pathology, Faculty of medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.

E-mail: Abeerkhaial@yahoo.com.

Abstract: Cytology is an essential part in diagnosing malignancy. However not all malignant ascites could be detected by cytology. Other biochemical parameters should be included in ascetic fluid analysis to differentiate tuberculosis ascetic fluid and malignant (non tuberculosis ascetic fluid). The study included 70 patients with ascites. These patients were divided into three groups, (30) malignant patients HCC, (25) patients with liver cirrhosis and (15) patients tuberculosis peritonitis besides 20 healthy persons to serve as controls. The following parameters were carried out in serum and ascitic fluid: Total protein, Albumin, Lactate Dehydrogenase, (LDH), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tumor markers as Alpha-fetoprotein(AFT) and Carcinoembrionic antigen (CEA) in both serum and ascitic fluid, besides Tuberculosis detection by Poly Chain Reaction (PCR) technique, bacterial and cytological examination in ascetic fluid. The results showed some alternation in the studied parameters in both serum and ascetic fluid. The values of some biochemical parameters i.e SAAG, total ALP, total LDH, LD isoenzymes, AFP could be used to point out to the diagnosis of malignant cases. Adenosine deaminase activity (ADA) proved to be good parameter to point out the presence of tuberculosis TB in ascetic fluid. Also, the combined use of ascites ADA and PCR achieve the highest sensitivity making them useful tools for screening patients with tuberculosis TB.

[Abeer A.Khayal and S.A. Eissa^. Evaluation of some biochemical parameters in differentiation between Tuberculosis and non-Tuberculosis ascites patients. Nat Sci 2014;12(9):30-35]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 6. doi:10.7537/marsnsj120914.06

Key words: ascetic fluid, tuberculosis, malignant

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Inheritance of yield related traits in maize (Zea mays) under normal and drought conditions.

*Saif-ul-malook, Muhammad Ahsan, Qurban Ali and Aamer Mumtaz

Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan

Corresponding author E-mail: saifulmalookpbg@gmail.com

Abstract: The present study was conducted in the glasshouse and research area of the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad during crop growing season 20012-2013. It was concluded that root and shoot length ratio, fresh shoot weight, dry root weight, and dry shoot weight are the traits used to be as criteria of selecting drought tolerance maize genotypes. It was suggested from results that K55TMS performed better for shoot length while OH3A54 was observed as best performer for root length under normal and drought condition and W187R showed good results for root shoot length ratio. These results indicated that K55TMS, OH3A54 and W187R genotypes may be selected for the development of higher yielding maize genotypes under normal and drought condition.  It was founded that M4 showed significant performance for fresh shoot weight and A239 for fresh root weight while A556 for fresh root shoot weight ratio. WA3748 performed better for dry root weight and WM13RA for dry shoot weight while A545 for dry root shoot weight ratio under normal and drought condition. The better performance of maize genotypes indicated the genotypes have potential for improvement in yield and productivity under various environmental conditions. Higher heritability and genetic advance was found for plant height, 100-grain weight, grain rows per plant and grain yield per plant suggested that selection of higher yielding maize genotypes may be helpful to improve crop production and productivity. Higher specific combining ability for W64SP, A495, A509 and A50-2 may be used for developing maize synthetic varieties under drought condition. Higher specific combining ability suggested that the inbred lines may be used to develop higher yielding maize hybrid through hetrosis breeding program for developing drought tolerance in maize.

[Saif-ul-malook, Muhammad Ahsan, Qurban Ali and Aamer Mumtaz. Inheritance of yield related traits in maize (Zea mays) under normal and drought conditions. Nat Sci 2014;12(9):36-49]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 7. doi:10.7537/marsnsj120914.07

Key words: Heritability, Genetic advance, Drought, Variance, Covariance

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Effect of Air Temperature on Growth, Yield and Active Ingredients of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)

S. M. Abou-Shleel

Environment and Bio-Agric. Dept., Fac. of Agric., Al-Azhar Univ., Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.

s_masoud_2006@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study was carried out at the experimental farm of Environment and Bio-Agricultural Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt during two successive winter seasons of 2012/ 2013 to study the effect of temperature under three different sowing dates (Oct. 1^st, Oct. 20^th and Nov. 10^th) on growth, yield, chemical compositions and active ingredients of fenugreek plant. In addition, study the effect of GDD on developing of growth stages and active substances. In this study, a program of observations and measurements was developed, concerning: morphological, productivity elements and chemical composition of seeds. Results indicated that vegetation growth, yield components and chemical composition of fenugreek seeds showed on different dates differed in both seasons, and the early sowing date (Oct. 1^st) resulted in considerably higher values compared to sowing at the end of October and during November. Also, developing growth stages of fenugreek was differed according to changing of sowing date and the total average of heat unit's accumulation (GDD) during all stages was 977.0, 951.3 and 931.3 GDD for the first, second and the third sowing dates, respectively. Finally we can projected that increase of air temperature under futuristic climate change according to IPCC could be impact on the growth, yield and chemical composition of fenugreek seeds as a result to accumulation of heat units (GDD).

[S. M. Abou-Shleel.  Effect of Air Temperature on Growth, Yield and Active Ingredients of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Nat Sci 2014;12(9):50-54]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 8. doi:10.7537/marsnsj120914.08

Key words: Fenugreek, Sowing Dates, GDD, Growth Stages, Chemical Composition

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Knowledge, Attitudes and Perception of Artemisinin- based Combination Therapy in Malaria treatment in Yenagoa, Bayelsa state, Nigeria

^1.Okolie Justine,U.,².Onyenwe Nathaniel,E.,^3. Uzoechi Anslem, U. ^4.Echeta, Maryrose, O.^1.Dozie, I.N.S.

^1. Department of Public health Technology, Federal University of Technology Owerri

^2. Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria

^3. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Imo state College of Nursing and Health Sciences.

^4. Department of Microbiology, Imo State Polytechnic, Umuagwo.

o_nathejik@yahoo.com,Tel: 08037797813

Abstract: The emergence of drug resistance in Plasomidum falciparium has significantly undermined malaria-control programs in countries it is endemic especially Nigeria, thus to ensure high cure rates and to combat this threat, the World Health Organization recommended the use of Artemisinine-Based Combination Therapy (ACT). Based on this fact, investigation using a simple random techniques were adopted to distribute 500 questionnaires following a descriptive survey method. The survey revealed that a total of 200(76.9%) respondents were treated with Artemisinine Based Conbination Therapy (ACT). While a total of 95(36.5%) respondents were untreated with ACT’s, 155(66.67%) respondents stated that they have no knowledge about ACT’s, but may have been treated with ACT’s unknowingly to them. The ages between 31-40 years were the highest age range with 64(32.0%) treated with ACT’s, indicating a high acceptance ratio. The indigene and non-indigenes that accepted the Artemether/Lumefantrine to other ACT’S showed a slightly significant effect across the female and male indigene and non–indigenes as relates to the used of ACT’s as reported by the respondents. From the study the ACT’s were more preferred to other single dose therapy in Yenagoa, Bayelsa state, Nigeria. Chi-square test statistics and Analysis of variation (ANOVA) shows that, the frequency at which these ACT anti malaria drugs were used for treatments is significant, and that the Knowledge, Attitudes and Perception of the ACT’s by the female and male indigenes and non-indigenes is highly significant at probability level of α<0.05 respectively, thereby making the artemisine–based combination therapy a perfect treatment for malaria endemic areas like Yenagoa. Thus, today, to adequately treat malaria, the drug of choice must be fast acting, highly potent against asexual blood stage infection as in the combination therapy of Artemether/Lumefantrine, which have minimal toxicity and are affordable to residents in endemic regions of Bayelsa in Nigeria.

[ Okolie Justine, U.,^.Onyenwe Nathanie l,E., Uzoechi Anslem, U. Echeta, Maryrose, O. Dozie, I.N.S.. Knowledge, Attitudes and Perception of Artemisinin- based Combination Therapy in Malaria treatment in Yenagoa, Bayelsa state, Nigeria. Nat Sci 2014;12(9):55-60]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 9. doi:10.7537/marsnsj120914.09

Keywords: Bacteriuria, ESBL, multidrug-resistant, asymptomatic bacteriuria, antibiotic.

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Salvaging Wetland Ecosystem in Nigeria: Towards Ensuring Sustainable Fish Production

Akeem Babatunde, DAUDA

Department of Fisheries and Aquacultural Technology, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria

Corresponding author: dedabak03@yahoo.com; +2348062085120

Abstract: Wetland is one of the resources of high value which has been exposed to indiscriminate use. It is an important ecosystem to fish and loss or degradation of wetland will have a direct consequence on sustainable fisheries. This paper reviewed the term “Wetland”, its functions and values, importance to fish production in Nigeria and threats to its sustainability. The term “Wetland” has been defined by various researchers especially based on their profession and their needs but up till today there is no single definition accepted by all users. In Nigeria the most commonly adopted is that of Ramsar convention secretariat. Wetlands have both marketed and non-marketed functions and values. They provide essential link in the life cycle of 75 percent of the fish and shellfish commercially harvested in the world and are vital to fish health. Despite the importance, there have been exceptional losses of wetlands. Lagos state alone has witnessed more than 96% loss. Major threats to wetlands are; Agriculture, Development, Pollution and Climate change. Fish has been a source of cheap protein and there is need for its sustainable production. Therefore proper management of the wetland ecosystem is important in order to ensure continuous fish production.

[Dauda A.B. Salvaging Wetland Ecosystem in Nigeria: Towards Ensuring Sustainable Fish Production. Nat Sci 2014;12(9):61-67]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 10. doi:10.7537/marsnsj120914.10

Keywords: Degradation, Ecosystem, Fish production, Nigeria, Wetlands.

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HIV co-infection among tuberculosis patients on Directly Observed Treatment Short Course in Western Ethiopia

Eyasu Ejeta

Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Wollega University, P.O.Box395, Nekemte, Ethiopia

Email: joshe.ejeta@yahoo.com or eyasu.ejeta@gmail.com

Abstract: A retrospective study was conducted to assess the extent of tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus co-infection and associated risk factors among tuberculosis patients enrolled in Directly Observed Treatment Short Course (DOTS) program over the course of five (2009-2013) in six selected institutions providing DOTS program Western Ethiopia from April to August 2014. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between treatment outcomes and predictor variables. The overall prevalence of tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus co-infection was 17.9% and the trend was shown steady increasing. Controlling the effect of confounding factors living in urban duller, being 25-34 year old, being 35-44, year old and having smear negative pulmonary TB were found to be 0 .238 (AOR), 0.26(AOR), 0.19(AOR), and 0.516 (AOR), times more likely to develop HIV co-infection, respectively but being male sex has 1.535(AOR) less likely to have HIV co-infection comparing with their counterpart. The finding of the study found that HIV co-infection among TB patients was high and the trend was steadily increasing in the present study. Thus, this urgent need for programmatic revision on the ongoing intervention strategies, strengthening the health system infrastructure, and increasing public awareness on targeted interventions for women and reproductive age group.

[Eyasu Ejeta. HIV co-infection among tuberculosis patients on Directly Observed Treatment Short Course in Western Ethiopia. Nat Sci 2014;12(9):68-72]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 11. doi:10.7537/marsnsj120914.11

Key words: HIV, Tuberculosis patients, DOTS, Western Ethiopia

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Callitris columellaris var. campestris Silba Leaf Extract: Phytochemicals, Phenolic Content, Free Radical Scavenging, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potentials

Ololade Z.S. ^{1, 2 *}, Olaoye O.O. ², Oyelese O.J. ², Olatunde O.Z. ²

¹Department of Chemical Sciences, Bells University of Technology, P.M.B. 1015, Ota, Nigeria

²Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria

suntolgroup@yahoo.com; zacchsnatpdt@gmail.com

Abstract: Callitris columellaris var. campestris Silba is one of the major medicinal plants well used for different health disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the total phenolic content, free radical scavenging, antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of phytochemicals in the leaf crude extract of C. columellaris var. campestris. Using GC and GC-MS 58 organic compounds were identified representing 96.0% of the total composition of the leaf crude extract, out of which m-cymene (14.0%), (3S,4R,5R,6R)-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-3,6-dimethylcyclohexane (7.3%), (+)-epi-bicyclosesquiphellandrene (7.2%) and 9-phenylthioxomethylthio-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (5.0%) were detected as principal components. The quantification of total phenolic content was found to be 2,198 µgmg^-1 of gallic acid equivalent; the study indicates that the leaf extract possessed high content of phenolic compounds. The extract also exhibited excellent antioxidant potentials for human systems susceptible to free radical-mediated reactions and gave DPPH inhibitions between 55-95% with IC₅₀: 3.5μgml^-1, the extract was found to be twice more active than the synthetic antioxidant (ascorbic acid). The free radical scavenging and antioxidant potentials were also found to increase in a dose dependent manner. This might be due to the presence of low molecular mass phenolic compounds in the plant. The results obtained in the present study clearly indicate that the extract scavenges free radicals, ameliorating damage imposed by oxidative stress in different disease conditions and serve as a potential source of natural antioxidant. The antibacterial properties of the extract were tested against the representative multi-drug resistant bacteria strains and the results showed high degree of sensitivity. This plant has excellent pharmacological properties that could be used to resolve some major health problems.

[Ololade Z.S., Olaoye O.O., Oyelese O.J. and Olatunde O.Z. Callitris columellaris var. campestris Silba Leaf Extract: Phytochemicals, Phenolic Content, Free Radical Scavenging, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potentials. Nat Sci 2014;12(9):73-79]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 12. doi:10.7537/marsnsj120914.12

Keywords: Callitris columellaris var. campestris, phytochemicals, antioxidant, antibiotic

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Economic Valuation of NPK and Soil Vegetation Interrelationship in Three Forest Types of Dehradun.

Tahir Nazir and Ningthoujam Netajini

Dolphin P.G. Institute of Biomedical and Natural Sciences. Manduwala, near Suddhowala, Dehradun, Uttrakhand, India (248007).

Email: tahir_nazir@rediffmail.com;  Mobile No. +91 9568011287

Abstract: Three forest types i.e, sal (Shorea robusta), teak (Tectona grandis) and shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) were analysed for physio-chemical properties and economic analysis. Soil samples from these forests were analyzed for texture, water holding capacity, pH, available potassium, available phosphorus, total nitrogen and organic carbon. Average available potassium was maximum (147ppm) in Shorea robusta forest followed by teak and shisham with 102ppm and 32ppm respectively. Similarly, available phosphorus was highest in teak (19.33ppm) followed by sal and shisham 18.17ppm and 2.75ppm, respectively. Organic carbon and total nitrogen were maximum under teak plantation. The soil pH under teak was neutral, whereas it was almost neutral in sal and it was slightly acidic in shisham. By applying a market price method, the values of all nutrients of the studied sites was estimated. The values were derived by multiplying the amount of available nutrients (kgha^-1) by the market price of the nutrients (Rskg^-1). The average value of NPK nutrients in one hectare of teak was calculated Rs 297,733 ha^-1(N), Rs 1,353ha^-1 (P) and Rs 7,140 ha^-1(K) and in case of sal it was Rs 125,767 ha^-1(N), Rs 1,272 ha^-1(P), and Rs 10,290 ha^-1 (K).  Similarly in case of shisham the economic value of NPK was estimated Rs 74,800 ha^-1, Rs 193 ha^-1 and Rs 2,241 ha^-1, respectively. The maximum basal area of 14,741 m²ha^-1 was recorded in teak plantation whereas it was 13,225 m²/ha^-1 and 10, 532 m²ha^-1 in sal and shisham vegetation, respectively. The highest tree density was 733 trees ha^-1 in shisham plantation, declining to 433 trees ha^-1 and 183 trees ha^-1 in teak and sal vegetation, respectively.

[Tahir Nazir and Ningthoujam Netajini. Economic Valuation of NPK and Soil Vegetation Interrelationship in Three Forest Types of Dehradun. Nat Sci 2014;12(9):80-87]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 13. doi:10.7537/marsnsj120914.13

Keywords: Soil, physico-chemical, sal, teak, shisham nutrients status, economic analysis.

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Microbiological assessment of sliced watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) in Oyo, Nigeria

Afolabi Folake Titilayo ¹ , Oyebode Temilola Salome ².¹

¹Department of Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria

²Department of Biological Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Nigeria

folakeojo1@yahoo.com

Abstract: Twelve different samples of packaged watermelon were purchased from twelve vendors in Oyo and they were assessed to determine their microbiological quality. A total of 50 isolates comprising of both bacterial and fungi were obtained from water melon samples. The isolates were Bacillus spp, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Lactobacillus spp, Mucor spp, Rhizopus stolonifer and Saccharomyces spp. The total bacterial count ranged from 0.3-2.9 X 10⁴ cfu/g while the fungal count ranged from 0.5-3.1 X 10⁴ cfu/g. The pH of the water melon samples ranged between 6.40-6.72.It is safe that good hygienic practices must be ensured especially in the selling of sliced fruits to minimize the diseases that are associated with fruits.

[Afolabi Folake Titilayo, Oyebode Temilola Salome. Microbiological assessment of sliced watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) in Oyo, Nigeria. Nat Sci 2014;12(9):88-91]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 14. doi:10.7537/marsnsj120914.14

Keywords: Watermelon; bacteria; fungi; microbiological quality

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Efficacy of Salicylic Acid & 2, 6-Dichloroisonicotinic Acid as Systemic Acquired Resistance Activators In vitro on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum Radial Growth

Abdalla M. El-Alwany

Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Benghazi University, Libya

alwany_a@yahoo.com

Abstract: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (F.o.l) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicic-cucumerinum (F.o.c) the causal agents of fusarial vascular wilt on tomato and cucumber plants respectively. These two diseases constitute a great danger and threat to the cultivation of tomatoes, cucumbers, both in greenhouses or in open areas. Salicylic acid (SA) and 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA), which have the ability to induce systemic acquired resistance in plants were used in this study to test their effect on radial growth of (F.o.l) and (F.o.c) in Petri dishes. Results showed that 500 ppm of SA and INA had the greatest radial growth of F.o.l and F.o.c compared to other concentrations 1000 and 2000 ppm significantly. Inhibition percentage measurements showed also SA and INA 500 ppm had the lowest inhibition percentage (6.8%), (28%) for F.o.l and (8.8%), (24.8) for F.o.c. respectively. Results of this study and many of other studies conducted for the induction of systemic acquired resistance by these two compounds proved that concentrations less than 500 ppm able to induce the systemic acquired resistance in plants, also their inhibitory influence on radial growth are very few or non-existent in many cases.

[Abdalla M. El-Alwany. Efficacy of Salicylic Acid & 2, 6-Dichloroisonicotinic Acid as Systemic Acquired Resistance Activators In vitro on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum Radial Growth. Nat Sci 2014;12(9):92-96]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 15. doi:10.7537/marsnsj120914.15

Keywords: Systemic acquired resistance; Salicylic acid; 2, 6-dichloroisonicotinic acid; Fusarium oxysporum

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Effect of Morinda citrifolia Supplementation on the Lactate levels of Athletes

Anugweje KC¹ and Willey-Abey B²

¹Department of Health Services, Lulu Briggs Health Centre, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria;

²Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

e-mail: kanugweje@hotmail.com; Tel: +2348033382154

Abstract: The influence of M. citrifolia on blood lactate levels of athletes was investigated in this study. Preliminary studies involving a 30 month-long exploratory monitoring of athletes consuming wide-ranging doses of M. citrifolia juice were carried out to establish dosage and toxicity. Administration of M. citrifolia and placebo juices were respectively performed on two groups of one hundred subjects each, comprising highly trained athletes and non-athletes randomly assigned. Both groups were subjected to a 6-week physical training programme prior to the commencement of a thirty (30) day assessment period. Substantial decrease in lactate level was obtained in the test subjects after M. citrifolia juice supplementation: 8.70 ± 0.30 mmol/L (Pre-supplementation) and 6.30 ± 0.30 mmol/L (Post-supplementation). There was significant difference (p=0.039) in lactate levels (mmol/L) after supplementation with M. citrifolia juice. Lactate concentrations in the control group before and after placebo juice supplementation however, did not show significant difference (p≤ 0.05): 11.10 ± 0.50 (Pre-supplementation) and 10.90 ± 0.50 (Post-supplementation). Further analysis showed that M. citrifolia juice does not contain any banned substance. These findings suggest that Morinda citrifolia juice juice may be acting positively on muscle tissues of athletes by enhancing their functional capacity through the promotion of cross-bridging, calcium binding and enzymatic activity.

[Anugweje KC and Willey-Abey B. Effect of Morinda citrifolia Supplementation on the Lactate levels of Athletes. Nature and Science. Nat Sci 2014;12(9):97-102]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 16. doi:10.7537/marsnsj120914.16

Key words: Morinda citrifolia, Lactate, Supplementation, Athletes

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Knowledge, Attitudes and Perception of Artemisinin- based Combination Therapy in Malaria treatment in Yenagoa, Bayelsa state, Nigeria

^1.Okolie Justine, U.,². Onyenwe Nathaniel, E.,^3. Uzoechi Anslem, U. ^4.Echeta, Maryrose, O.^1.Dozie, I.N.S.

^1. Department of Public health Technology, Federal University of Technology Owerri

^2. Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria

^3. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Imo state College of Nursing and Health Sciences.

^4. Department of Microbiology, Imo State Polytechnic, Umuagwo.

o_nathejik@yahoo.com, Tel: 08037797813

Abstract: The emergence of drug resistance in Plasomidum falciparium has significantly undermined malaria-control programs in countries it is endemic especially Nigeria, thus to ensure high cure rates and to combat this threat, the World Health Organization recommended the use of Artemisinine-Based Combination Therapy (ACT). Based on this facts, investigation using a simple random techniques were adopted to distribute 500 questionnaires following a descriptive survey method. The survey revealed that a total of 200(76.9%) respondents were treated with Artemisinine Based Conbination Therapy (ACT). While a total of 95(36.5%) respondents were untreated with ACT’s, 155(66.67%) respondents stated that they have no knowledge about ACT’s, but may have been treated with ACT’s unknowingly to them. The ages between 31-40 years were the highest age range with 64(32.0%) treated with ACT’s, indicating a high acceptance ratio. The indigene and non-indigenes that accepted the Artemether/Lumefantrine to other ACT’S showed a slightly significant effect across the female and male indigene and non–indigenes as relates to the used of ACT’s as reported by the respondents. From the study the ACT’s were more preferred to other single dose therapy in Yenagoa, Bayelsa state, Nigeria. Chi-square test statistics and Analysis of variation (ANOVA) shows that, the frequency at which these ACT anti malaria drugs were used for treatments is significant, and that the Knowledge, Attitudes and Perception of the ACT’s by the female and male indigenes and non-indigenes is highly significant at probability level of α<0.05 respectively, thereby making the artemisine–based combination therapy a perfect treatment for malaria endemic areas like Yenagoa. Thus, today, to adequately treat malaria, the drug of choice must be fast acting, highly potent against asexual blood stage infection as in the combination therapy of Artemether/Lumefantrine, which have minimal toxicity and are affordable to residents in endemic regions of Bayelsa in Nigeria.

[Okolie Justine, U., Onyenwe Nathaniel, E., Uzoechi Anslem, U. Echeta, Maryrose, O. Dozie, I.N.S. Knowledge, Attitudes and Perception of Artemisinin- based Combination Therapy in Malaria treatment in Yenagoa, Bayelsa state, Nigeria. Nat Sci 2014;12(9):103-108]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 17. doi:10.7537/marsnsj120914.17

Keywords: Bacteriuria, ESBL, multidrug-resistant, asymptomatic bacteriuria, antibiotic

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Autoimmune markers and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Abd El Raouf  Oun; Rashed M. Rashed; Almraghy Y; Walaa M. ElBasuone and Mahmoud F. Midan

Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Al Azhar University

almraghy@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: The aetiology of PCOS remains uncertain but there is increasing evidence for auto immune disease so screening for auto antibodies in PCOS women may help in diagnosis of PCOS. Aim of the work to determine the association between autoimmunologic processes and PCOS. Patients and methods: Fifty patients with PCOS were selected from the infertility clinic of Al azhar University Hospital compared with fifty aged-matched health fertile controls as regard to clinical characteristics, hormonal profile and autoimmune markers (ANA, Anti-dsDNA). Results: There was significant increase of body weight, BMI, LH, LH/FSH ratio, TSH levels and autoimmune markers (Anti-dsDNA and ANA) in PCOS patients compared with healthy control. These results suggest the role of auto immunologic processes in the pathogenesis of PCOS. Conclusion: The study showed that the serologic parameters of auto-immunity (i.e. ANA and Anti-dsDNA) are elevated in women with PCOS. And suspect the role of autoimmunologic process.

[Abd El Raouf Oun; Rashed M. Rashed; Almraghy Y; Walaa M. ElBasuone and Mahmoud F. Midan. Autoimmune markers and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Nat Sci 2014;12(9):109-112]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 18. doi:10.7537/marsnsj120914.18

Keywords: polycystic ovary syndrome; autoimmunity

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Assessment of Microbial Contamination of Groundwater Near Solid Waste Dumpsites in Basement Complex Formation, using Total Plate Count Method

Badmus B.S, Ozebo V.C, Idowu O.A.,Ganiyu S.A ,Olurin O.T and Atayese A.O

Department of Physics, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Ogun State Nigeria

Department of Water Resources and Agrometeorology, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Ogun State Nigeria

Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Ogun State Nigeria

Corresponding Author

Department of Physics, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Ogun State Nigeria

Email: olurin@physics.unaab.edu,  +234 -806 – 660 - 0703

Abstract: Microbial analysis of water samples collected from two selected dumpsites within Ibadan metropolis were carried out in order to ascertain the effects of leachates generated by dumpsite on groundwater quality. Water samples were collected from surrounding wells and stream near Aba-Eku and Ajakanga solid waste landfill sites in Southwestern part of Nigeria. The samples were analysed for coliform count and Escherichia Coli through total plate count method. The result of the microbial analysis reveals high presence of coliform in all the water samples while two wells around Aba Eku dumpsite have E. Coli presence and none is detected in wells and stream around Ajakanga landfill. High values of microbial counts are principal indicators of suitability of water for domestic purpose and also sign of groundwater contamination in the surrounding wells. The sign of groundwater contamination was noticed in many surrounding wells around the two dumpsites resulting in high number of coliform bacteria. The presence of E. coli in wells 2 and 7 in Aba Eku requires control measures before consumption.

[Badmus B.S, Ozebo V.C, Idowu O.A., Ganiyu S.A, Olurin O.T and Atayese A.O. Assessment of Microbial Contamination of Groundwater Near Solid Waste Dumpsites in Basement Complex Formation, using Total Plate Count Method. Nat Sci 2014;12(9):113-118]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 19. doi:10.7537/marsnsj120914.19

Keywords: landfill, contamination, solid waste, coliform, E.coli, groundwater.

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The Effect of Prayer on the Vigilance

Masoud Navidi Moghadam¹, Samira al Sadat Hossieni Benvi²

^1. Educator of psychology Group in Payame-Noor University

^2. MA student of clinical psychology in Kish International Azad University

Na.m.modern.psy@gmail.com

Abstract: The objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of prayer on vigilance which is one of important four functions of consciousness. This study was carried out as quasi-experimental and with scientific approach on 120 university students that were randomly tested by using Pittsburgh sleep quality questionnaire and semi-structured interview. Basis for comparison was to read the last verse of Surah Kahf before sleeping. Analysis of results was performed using ANOVA. ANOVA results indicate a prominent role of prayer and waking up as criteria in vigilance. The significance level of ‘prayer’ is equal to 0.01. In other words, the level of vigilance of students who read bedtime prayer is more than students who do not pray. Findings of this study give appropriate evidence in the areas of cognitive psychology and spirituality. In addition, the results of this study emphasize on its special role in empowerment and compatibility in one of important functions of consciousness as a strong source. There is a significant association between prayer and vigilance.

[Masoud Navidi Moghadam, Samira al Sadat Hossieni Benvi. The Effect of Prayer on the Vigilance. Nat Sci 2014;12(9):119-126]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 20. doi:10.7537/marsnsj120914.20

 Keywords: prayer, consciousness, vigilance

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Studies on Bio-Deterioration, Aflatoxin Contamination and Nutritive Values of Processed Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L) Nuts during Storage

Opeyemi Uwangbaoje Lawal ¹, Emmanuel Dayo Fagbohun²

¹Department of Biological Science, Evangel University, Akaeze, P. M. B. 129, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria

²Department of Microbiology, Ekiti State University, P.M.B 5363, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria

opeyemil@ymail.com

Abstract: The bio-deterioration of processed cashew nuts by aflatoxin producing mycobiota was investigated during twenty weeks of storage. Eight fungal species belonging to five genera were isolated using direct and washing method of isolation. They include Absidia corymbifera, Aspergillus flavus, A. glaucus, A. niger, Fusarium sp., Mucor sp., Neurospora sp. and Penicillium sp. The fugal species was observed to increase with increased storage time. The proximate analysis results showed that ash content, moisture, fat and fibre were found to decrease while the crude protein and carbohydrate content was found to increase during the storage period. The mineral analysis results showed that all the minerals analysed were depleted during the period of storage. Out of the three Aspergillus spp. that was isolated, only Aspergillus flavus was able to produce Aflatoxins B1 and B2 (200μg/L culture medium). This study however showed that the mycobiota of stored cashew nuts depleted the nutritive value of the nuts and also made it unsafe for human consumption as a result of the aflatoxins produced which is beyond the permissive level. Moreover, this can be prevented if there is adequate monitoring of fungal contaminations and mycotoxins in processed, packaged and stored cashew nuts which will help to establish a standard and also serve as quality control check.

[Lawal OU, Fagbohun ED. Studies on Bio-Deterioration, Aflatoxin Contamination and Nutritive Values of Processed Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L) nuts during Storage. Nat Sci 2014; 11(9):127-133] (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 21. doi:10.7537/marsnsj120914.21

Keywords: Aflatoxin, Cashew nuts, Proximate, Minerals, Biodeterioration

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