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1

An Empirical Study of the Main Factors that Positively Influence Broadband Penetration Using International Comparisons

Zenzo Polite Ncube ¹, Nelson Gasela ², Johannes Michiel Hattingh ¹

^1. Department of Computer Science, Mafikeng Campus, North West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa

^1. Department of Computer Science, Potchefstroom Campus, North West University, Potchefstroom 2735, South Africa

Zenzo.Ncube@nwu.ac.za

Abstract: Telecommunications proliferation is seen as an empowering technology by policy makers and other stakeholders in many parts of the world .As a result, many researchers have investigated the main factors that positively influence telecommunications proliferation in the developing world in order to understand how social and economic benefits can be derived from these technologies. This paper is an empirical study of the main factors that positively influence specifically the aspect of broadband penetration using a data set containing a spectrum of developed and developing countries. In the process, the idea is to analyse international data from sources like the World Bank reports, ITU reports etc. to find correlations and relationships and to determine factors that affect the digital divide in order to come up with recommendations that might possibly help to narrow it. The empirical analysis entails some regression studies and applications of the linear response surface analysis technique (LRSA).

[Ncube ZP, Gasela N, Hattingh JM. An Empirical Study of the Main Factors that Positively Influence Broadband Penetration Using International Comparisons. Nat Sci 2013;11(11):1-6]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 1. doi:10.7537/marsnsj111113.01

Keywords: Telecommunications proliferation; Broadband penetration; Digital divide; Linear Response Surface Analysis (LRSA)

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The review of Reciprocal rights of Tourism in Iran and France

Yousef Niyazi

niyazityo@ymail.com 

Abstract: The tourism industry is one of the largest and most diverse in the world. In most countries, this dynamic industry is as the main source of income, employment, infrastructure development and private sector development; especially in developing countries which is not affordable in economic activities such as manufacturing or extracting economically, or do not have very important role in trade and commerce, it is very important development of tourism. If we want to tourism as a source of income, the various organizations must support the development of tourism and Consider to the safety of tourists and proper advertisements. It has been considered legal rights and responsibilities for them in all systems. However, these rights and duties are different in different countries. So that, today, is very important tourism of legal aspects within the framework geography of Countries

[Yousef Niyazi. The review of Reciprocal rights of Tourism in Iran and France. Nat Sci 2013;11(11):7-10]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 2. doi:10.7537/marsnsj111113.02

Keywords: Tourism, law, Iran, France

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HIV-1 & -2 Co-Infections with Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Uropathogens in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Frank-Peterside N, Chukwugozim-Umejuru R, Okerentugba PO, Okonko IO

Medical Microbiology Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt,

P.M.B. 5323, Choba, East-West Road, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria;

Tel: +2348035380891; E-Mail:  mac2finney@yahoo.com, iheanyi.okonko@uniport.edu.ng

ABSTRACT: This study was carried out to detect the presence of HIV-1 & -2 coinfections with MDR uropathogens among patients in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Determine® HIV-1/2, HIV -1/2 Stat- Pak® Assay and Bi-Spot HIV-1 & 2 ImmunoConfirm test kits were used for the detection of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in serum samples. Urine samples were analyzed using standard techniques. Overall prevalence rate of HIV was 61.0%, HIV-1 (94.0%), HIV-2 (6.0%) and HIV-1/ HIV-2 coinfection (0.0%), urinary tract infection [UTI] (85.4%), and UTI/HIV (60.0%). It showed that of the HIV-negatives subjects, 28(43.7%) had UTI while of the 50 HIV-positive subjects, 42(84.0%) had UTI. Females had the highest prevalence of HIV (78.0%) and UTI (70.0%) compared to their male counterparts (p<0.05). Only females (100.0%) were infected with HIV-2 and 36(76.6%) of the HIV-positive females were infected with HIV-1. HIV positive males were only infected by HIV-1. UTI was higher in HIV-positive subjects [48(70.6%)] than in HIV-negative subjects [20 (29.4%)]. Age groups (45-68 years) had highest prevalence of HIV (62.0%) and UTI (68.6%) at p<0.05. Married individuals had highest prevalence of HIV (80.0%) and UTI (54.7%) than the singles (p<0.05). Escherichia coli (39.3%) was most predominant in HIV-negative subjects while Staphylococcus aureus (66.7%) was most predominant among HIV-positive subjects (31.5%). Generally, the study showed that Staphylococcus aureus [37(54.3%)] was the most predominant uropathogen, followed by Escherichia coli (24.3%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8.6%), Proteus sp (4.3%), Enterococcus faecalis (2.9%), Streptococcus pyogenes (1.4%) and a mixed infection of S. aureus and E. coli (4.3%). The antibiotic susceptibility screening and antibiograms of isolates showed presence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) uropathogens. Nalidixic acid, septrin, ampicillin, penicillin and augumetin are not likely a choice antibiotic for HIV and non-HIV patients while ciproflox, ofloxacin and streptomycin are good choice antibiotic for isolates from HIV, non-HIV and HIV/UTI infected patients. However, it was observed that antibiotic synergy is what makes these drugs effective. This study however, further confirmed the presence of HIV/UTI coinfections in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. It also showed that sex, age and marital status was significantly associated with prevalence of HIV, UTI and HIV/UTI. General surveillance and public health education to stop the spread of the infection from this group is advocated.   

[Frank-Peterside N, Chukwugozim-Umejuru R, Okerentugba PO, Okonko IO. HIV-1 & -2 Co-Infections with Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Uropathogens in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Nat Sci 2013;11(11):11-20]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 3. doi:10.7537/marsnsj111113.03

Keywords: Antibiograms, Antibiotic susceptibility screening, Co-infections, HIV, UTI, HIV/UTI, Multi-drug resistance (MDR), Uropathogens

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Thermo-Sensitive Flowering Behaviour of Cajanus cajanifolius (Haines) Maesen-A Threatened Wild Relative of Cajanus cajan

Kanak Sahai¹, Krishna Kumar Rawat²

CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India

¹sahaikanak@rediffmail.com, ²drkkrawat@rediffmail.com

Abstract: Impact of high temperature on the flowering behaviour of Cajanus cajanifolius (Haines) Maesen (Fabaceae), a wild relative of Cajanus cajan has been studied. Considerable effects on pollen viability, stigma receptivity, flowering, fruiting and reproductive phenology have been noticed. The study revealed tremendous flower bud fall as soon as the temperature reached above the 30ºC during flowering. High temperature stress had also reduced duration of reproductive events.

[Sahai K, Rawat KK. Thermo-Sensitive Flowering Behaviour of Cajanus cajanifolius (Haines) Maesen-A Threatened Wild Relative of Cajanus cajan Nat Sci 2013;11(11):21-25]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 4. doi:10.7537/marsnsj111113.04

Keywords: heat stress; flower abortion; pollen viability; reproductive phenology; stigma receptivity

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Low Serum Magnesium Level is one of the contributing factor in development of Type-I Diabetes Mellitus

Ali Raza Memon, Muhammad Yousuf Memon, Hafeez-ur-Rehman Shaikh, Rafique Jalbani, Shakeel Ahmed Shaikh Abdul Sattar Khan

Department of Biochemistry, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences (LUMHS) Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan

 aliraza.biolumhs@yahoo.com

Abstract: Magnesium deficiency has been proposed as a novel factor implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Hypomagnesaemia can be both a consequence and a cause of diabetic complications. The aim of our study was to know the relationship between serum magnesium levels in type-I diabetes mellitus as compared to the control subjects Eighty (80) cases from which 40 cases of type-I diabetic patients and 40 non diabetic patients were taken as controls. All the patients were evaluated in detail and serum magnesium levels were estimated using Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer. The mean serum Magnesium levels were decreased in type-I diabetes as compared to the control subjects. There was significant reduction in serum magnesium levels in type-I diabetics compared to the controls. So hypomagnesaemia and uncontrolled glycemic index one of the risk factor for development of retinopathy.

 [Ali Raza Memon, Muhammad Yousuf Memon, Hafeez-ur-Rehman Shaikh, Rafiq Jalbani, Shakeel Ahmed Shaikh Abdul Sattar Khan. Low Serum Magnesium Level is one of the contributing factor in development of Type-I Diabetes Mellitus. Nat Sci 2013; 11(11):26-28]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 5. doi:10.7537/marsnsj111113.05

Keywords: Magnesium, Type- I diabetes, Atomic Absorption Spectrometer.

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Effect of Storage Period on Microbiological Quality of Whole and Low-fat Pasteurized Cow Milk

Ebtehal Abdulaziz AlTamim

Nutrition & Food Science Department, Home Economics College, Princess Noura Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Nody_lovetheall@hotmail.com

Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the effect of storage period on whole and low-fat pasteurized cow milk. Milk samples packaged in plastic containers were collected from four factories and stored in temperature 4°C for 1, 3 and 8 days of production. The samples were analyzed chemically for Acidity as lactic acid% & pH, and microbiologically for bacterial counts, yeasts & mold counts, coliform counts, Staphylococcus aureus and salmonella. The significant difference was conducted at (p≤0.05).The results showed that acidity of milk increased in all whole-fat milk samples during 3^rd & 8^th day of storage comparing to 1^st day. Sample (2-A) was the highest value of acidity with mean and standard deviation (0.14±0.035), the lowest value for pH (6.70±0.012), and the highest value for bacterial counts (6.0 × 104). Also, the results showed that the acidity increase in all low-fat milk samples during 3^rd & 8^th day of storage comparing to 1^st day. Sample (3-B) was the highest (0.14±0.035) in acidity, lowest pH (6.68±0.017), and more bacterial counts (7.0 × 107). Yeast & mold counts in some milk samples was less than < 10 and Zero in others. Coliform counts, Staphylococcus aureus and salmonella were Zero in all samples. This study suggests that storage period has a strong influence on the quality of whole and low-fat pasteurized milk, and it is recommended to consume milk on the 1^st day of storage.

[Ebtehal Abdulaziz AlTamim. Effect of Storage Period on Microbiological Quality of Whole and Low-fat Pasteurized Cow Milk. Nat Sci 2013;11(11):29-34]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 6. doi:10.7537/marsnsj111113.06

Keywords: Cow Milk, Pasteurization

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Effect of Probiotic Fermented Soy Milk and Gamma Radiation on Nitrosourea-Induced Mammary Carcinogenesis

Omayma, A.Ragab¹;El-sonbaty, S. M.²; Aziza, S. A.¹ andAboelftouh, A. E.¹

¹Biochemistry department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University.

²Microbiologydepartment, National Centre of Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.

Sawsansonbaty@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background and aim of the work: Antioxidants can reduce damage produced by low doses of radiation on living cells. This study was designed to investigate the effects of fermented soy milk (FSM) and low dose of gamma radiation on carcinogenic effect of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). Material and methods: Female rats were divided into 8 groups: group (1): control, group (2): injected with MNU, group (3): whole body exposed to low dose of gamma radiation (0.5 Gy), group (4): given FSM orally, group(5): given FSM and MNU, group (6): received MNU and exposed to gamma radiation,, group (7): given FSM, MNU and exposed to gamma radiation. Results: Fermented soy milk exerted significant, ameliorative effect on glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, lipid peroxidation and TNF-α levelin rats injected with MNU. Combined treatment of FSM and low dose of gamma radiation markedly elevated GSH level, ameliorated MNU effect on cell cycle phases Go/1, S, G2/M and induce apoptosis via activation of caspase-3.Conclusion: FSM consumption with exposure to low doses of gamma radiation reduced carcinogenesis and oxidative stress effects induced by MNU in the mammary tissues.

[Omayma, A. Ragab; El-sonbaty, S. M.; Aziza, S. A. and Aboelftouh, A. E. Effect of Probiotic Fermented Soy Milk and Gamma Radiation on Nitrosourea-Induced Mammary Carcinogenesis Nat Sci 2013;11(11):35-42]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 7. doi:10.7537/marsnsj111113.07

Key words: fermented soy, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, mammary gland, cell cycle, TNF- α, gamma radiation, antioxidant state

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Economics of Use Low-Quality Water for Irrigation in the Cultivation of Wheat

Haitham B. A. Hassan, Mahmoud Riad El-Gebaly and Salah S. Abdel Ghani

Agricultural Economic Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

Abstract: The total cultivated area in 2010 with wheat crop was about 3.147 million feddans, including 2.654 million feddans in old lands representing 84.33% of the total cultivated area. While, in the new land is 493 thousand feddans representing 15.67 % of the total area. The cultivated wheat crop area in Nubaria reached about 1.404 million feddans in 2010 /2011. The total production in the new land was about 7.679 million ardabs (productivity 15.57 ardabs (~150kg) / feddan), and the total production totaled about 56.82 million ardabs (productivity 18.06 ardabs / feddan). The average cost of the production per feddan of wheat crop is about 3459 pounds, and net return per feddan 2190 pounds. It is clear from the study that the cultivated varieties are characterized by its ability to tolerate the adverse condition such as salinity. The farm crop irrigated by agricultural drainage water was higher in the average of physical output of farm crops irrigated with fresh water and mixed with water. It has been shown that the increase of the overall production flexibility by 1.2, which represents increased earnings capacity. It turns out that the pound spent in the production process of the sample irrigated with fresh water and mixed is obtained at 2.9 pounds after the submitting the total costs, followed in the profitability of the sample which irrigated with fresh water and agricultural wastewater at 1.3, 1.2 pounds, respectively. The increased economic efficiency of the mixed water sample 6.13% LE of the net production, followed by the sample irrigated with fresh water and agricultural drainage water.

[Haitham B. A. Hassan, Mahmoud Riad El-Gebaly and Salah S. Abdel Ghani. Economics of Use Low-Quality Water for Irrigation in the Cultivation of Wheat. Nat Sci 2013;11(11):43-51]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 8. doi:10.7537/marsnsj111113.08

Keywords: Economic, Low Water Quality, Irrigation, Wheat Crops.

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No Acceleration in Gravity !

Salah Eid

Faculty of Arts- Suez-canal University –Ismailia -Egypt

Salaheid050@gmail.com

Abstract: The familiar acceleration concept  or means the constant deviation from traveling in a straight line caused by inertia to falling towards the center of gravity where the resultant is the circular motion around this center, but this concept is not a correct explanation of gravitational motion, the correct one is simply the squared circular motion = determined by the distance  from the center of gravity, because: 1-It is impossible mathematically to analyze Kepler's third law on acceleration basis. 2- In the case of artificial satellite orbiting the Earth the dependence is on the circular motion not on the acceleration in calculating the demanded position of the satellite. 3- In the case of falling objects toward the Earth's center, what increases is its squared circular motion, and not its changing velocity with the squared time.

[Salah Eid. No Acceleration in Gravity ! Nat Sci 2013;11(11):52-54]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 9. doi:10.7537/marsnsj111113.09

Key words : Kepler thid law, Gravitational constant, acceleration, artificial satellites

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Sandy Soil Management to Secure Yield Productivity, Profitability, Efficiency of Nitrogen & Energy Consumption and Environment

Khadra A. Abbady, Wafaa T. El-etr, Mona A. Osman and Azza A. Rashed

Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center

Nefert60@yahoo.com, Dr.wafaaeletr@yahoo.com, Mona_osman20102000@yahoo.com, azza_rashed@hotmail.com

Abstract: A field experiment has been conducted at Ismailia agriculture research station “Typic Torriorthents, sandy, mixed, hyperthemic” to examine the impact of suggested management practices package; drip & sprinkler irrigation systems, application of slow release N-fertilizer (SRNF) & conventional N-fertilizer, compost and rhizobia inoculation on productivity of wheat-peanut cropping sequence, nitrogen use efficiency, energy consumption efficiency (supplying for such practices) and potentiality of emitting CO₂ gas owing to combustion of used-fossil fuel to obtain such energy and causing global warming or avoiding or mitigating it according to suggested-practices. Also, economic feasibility has been evaluated. The experimental work has been carried out in split split plot design with treatments replicated four times. Treatments have been (a) drip & sprinkler irrigation systems (DIS & SIS) as main plots (b) N-fertilizers as sub-plots. N-fertilizers have been urea in one rate (120Kg Nfed^-1) added to soil as 5 allocations & 15Kg N fed^-1 as an activating dose for N-fixer and ureaform fertilizer (UF) in 3 rates (60,120,180 Kg Nfed^-1) added to soil in one dose at planting wheat crop as a N-fertilization for wheat-peanut cropping sequence and (c) compost which have been added in 3 different rates as sub sub-plots. Rhizobia inoculation has been mixed with peanut seeds. The results show that: (1) Yield: wheat grain and straw yields under DIS have been 1.04 and 2.56 ton.fed^-1 while under SIS, they have been 0.79 and 1.94 ton.fed^-1 respectively. Peanut seeds and straw yields under DIS have amounted 1.15 and 2.36 ton.fed^-1 while they have been 1.17and 2.73 ton.fed^-1under SIS respectively. The averages of grain and seeds yield of both wheat and peanut crops of UF-treatments have insignificantly increased comparing to those of urea treatment. However, the UF-high rate treatments have given wheat grain & Peanut seeds yields greater than those of urea treatment either under DIS or SIS. Values of the relative increase of compost alone and UF-treatments yield calculated of urea-treatment yield have ranged from -63.3% to 63.29 % for wheat under DIS and from -20.85 to 33.59% under SIS. They have also ranged from -12.67% to 77.05 % for peanut, under DIS and from 0.37% to 129.85%, under SIS. In all treatments, the gradually increasing compost rates have resulted in effective increasing in both wheat and peanuts productivity. (2) NPK concentration: Applying DIS, UF-fertilizer and associated-compost has almost had positive effect on N, P and K% concentration for both wheat and peanut crops comparing to that of SIS and urea fertilizer. (3) N, P and K uptake: such uptake for wheat fertilized with UF-fertilizer under DIS have significantly preferred to SIS. For peanut, no significant difference between DIS and SIS has been seen. However, total N-uptake under DIS has been superior to that under SIS. (4) N-recovery & N-use efficiency: N-recovery values from the used N-fertilizers for wheat have ranged from 9.75 to 32.54 Kg N fed^-1 under DIS and from 13.31 to 18.76 Kg N fed^-1 under SIS. These values for peanut have ranged from 11.11 to 32.79 Kg N fed^-1under DIS and from 18.17 to 20.33 Kg N fed^-1 under SIS. Total N-recovery values of the cropping wheat-peanut sequence have amounted 42.98 under DIS and 34.68 Kg N fed^-1under SIS. Such values, for sub-treatments have ranged from 10.33 to 81.69 Kg N fed^-1under DIS and form 17.33 to 60.23 Kg N fed^-1under SIS.N-recovery values of peanut from air have ranged from 10.56 to 66.72 Kg N fed^-1 under DIS and from 9.95 to 52.45 Kg N fed^-1under SIS. N-use efficiency values of DIS have slightly been surpassed to those of SIS. Such values (on average) of UF-treatments have been also surpassed to those of urea treatments under both DIS and SIS. (5) Energy consumption and CO₂ gas emissions evaluation: The data in this section reveal that total consumed energy value under DIS has been less than that under SIS, averaged consumed energy value to operate DIS has been less than that of SIS. Consumed energy value necessitated to irrigate wheat crop has been less than that for peanut crop. The emitted-CO₂ gas values referred to combustion of the used diesel fuel to obtain the previous mentioned energy have amounted 1248.79 Kg CO₂.fed^-1 under DIS and 1431.92 Kg CO₂.fed^-1 under SIS. Then, using DIS comparing to SIS has saved 169.08Kg CO₂.fed^-1, in relative reduction of 13.55%. For sub-treatments, they have also ranged from 866.68 to 1583.13 Kg CO₂.fed^-1 under DIS and from 1046.61 to 1763.00 Kg CO₂.fed^-1 under SIS respectively. The energy values from sun (estimated) required to fixing nitrogen from air (by rhizobia) have amounted 2365.4 MJ.fed^-1 for DIS and 1672.3 MJ.fed^-1 for SIS. Also, its values for sub-treatments under DIS have ranged from 991.3 to 2926.5 MJ.fed^-1 and from 1375.3 to 1869.8 MJ.fed^-1 under SIS in the same order. These values in diesel fuel form have amounted 57.8 and 45.43 liter fed^-1 under DIS and SIS respectively. Also for sub- treatments, they have ranged from 16.8 to 106.1 liter fed^-1 under DIS and from 15.8 to 83.4 liter fed^-1 under SIS respectively. Therefore, CO₂ emissions which have been already avoided to release and emit to the atmosphere has amounted 154.33 Kg CO₂ fed^-1 under DIS and 117.21 Kg CO₂.fed^-1 under SIS. Also they have ranged from 70.76 to 208.97 Kg CO₂.fed^-1for sub-treatments under DIS and from109.38 to133.41 Kg CO₂ fed^-1 for their corresponding under SIS. Averaged value of energy consumption ability (ECA) for DIS has been less than that for SIS. Its values for sub-treatments have ranged from 3413.4 to 9202.1MJ ton^-1dry matter, under DIS and from 4572.4 to 6311.3 MJ ton^-1dry matter under SIS. The emitted CO₂ values corresponding to the previous mentioned energy quantities have amounted 389.10 Kg CO₂ ton^-1dry matter under DIS and 396.64 Kg CO₂ ton^-1 dry matter under SIS. Also, they have ranged from 274.43 to 656.93 Kg CO₂ ton^-1 dry matter for sub-treatments under DIS and from 326.43 to 446.18Kg CO₂ ton^-1 dry matter for those under SIS. Using UF-fertilizer (on average) comparing to other treatments (on average) has contributed to save 66.51 Kg CO₂.ton^-1 dry matter. (6) Economic evaluation: the gross return value of DIS has been greater than that of SIS. Gross return value of UF treatments (on average) has been greater than other treatments either under DIS or SIS. The net return (NR) and investment factor (IF) of DIS has been much more than that of SIS. Both UF-fertilizer at N-rate of 120 Kg fed^-1 under DIS and urea under SIS have had the maximum profitability. The economic optimum rate of compost has mostly been 5 ton fed^-1 under DIS or SIS. The higher value of the avoided CO₂ revenue has been belonging to DIS and UF-fertilizer.

[Khadra A. Abbady, Wafaa T. El-etr, Mona A. Osman and Azza A. Rashed. Sandy Soil Management to Secure Yield Productivity, Profitability, Efficiency of Nitrogen & Energy Consumption and Environment. Nat Sci 2013;11(11):55-78] (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 10. doi:10.7537/marsnsj111113.10

Key words: drip, sprinkler, urea, ureaform, compost, rhizobia, wheat, peanut, energy, CO₂ emissions

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The Etiology of Sudden wilt disease Syndrome on Melon in Egypt

Ghada A. A. El-Kolaly¹ and M. A. Abdel-Sattar²

¹Vegetable Diseases Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, ARC

²Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Botany Department, Suez Canal University

gkolaly@gmail.com

Abstract: In the present research, five fungi were isolated from melon plants suffered from sudden wilt disease syndrome. These fungi were identified as Fusarium solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Monosporascus cannonballus, Pythium aphanidermatum and Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani. Some factors affecting the disease occurrence i.e., water saturation, distance between irrigation nozzles, and plant beds, types of soils, varietals reaction and host range were studied. All cantaloupe cultivars were affected with sudden wilt. All cucurbit hosts were infected with the causal organisms of sudden wilt.

[Ghada A. A. El-Kolaly and M. A. Abdel-Sattar. The Etiology of Sudden wilt disease Syndrome on Melon in Egypt. Nat Sci 2013;11(11):79-87]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. 11. doi:10.7537/marsnsj111113.11

Key words: Sudden wilt, Cantaloupe, Fusarium solani, Monosporascus cannonballus, Water saturation, Irrigations nozzles, Plant beds, Types of soils.

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Change of physico-chimical proprieties of some local oils during frying

Ahcene Boureghda^1, Samir Benayache ¹ and Fadila Benayache¹.

¹Unité de recherche: Valorisation de resource naturelle et molecules bioactives,et analyse physic- chimique Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University Constantine-1, ALGERIA

E-mail: boureghdacene@hotmail.com

Abstract: Virgin olive oil (stored for 18 months) and Sunflower oil (stored for 3 months) were used for repeated deep – fat frying potato fillet (French fries) for two weeks consecutive at 160 – 180 °C and the frying time was set for eight (8) minutes and then allowed to cool for five hours at ambient temperature.This study was performed to assess the quality local oils using physico – chemical methods for analysis, it was also conducted to compare and correlate oil quality parameters as: the Peroxide value(PV), Fry fatty acid value (FFA), Iodine value (IV), Saponification values (SV), Density(D) and Refractive index(RI). The heating thermo gram showed that all quality parameters were significantly changed as frying time advanced.

[Boureghda A, Benay ache S, Benayache F. Change of physic-chimical proprieties of some local oils During frying. Nat Sci 2013;11(11):88-91]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. 12. doi:10.7537/marsnsj111113.12

Keywords: Vergin olive oil, Sunflower, Deep fat frying, Indices values.

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Interaction of religion and state in the era of the samanids

Ezzatollah khodadadi

Ph.D student of history, Academy of sciences, Tajikistan (Dushanbe)

Abstract: samanids ruled over a century. Though Iranian, being Sunni and Hannifin, they considered the caliphate system their emir-al-Momenin (believer's, emir), head of religion, and clergy. They annually gave same gifts and in case of necessity, they would pay taxes. In return, the caliphate system always supported samanid rulers and confirmed them and allowed some independence for them. Muslim samanids had a stable and unified state, because religion made people from different areas with difference cultures, languages and races become close to each other with the centrality of samanids rulers. Samanid showed that ancient Iran culture could be consistent with Islam. And this was the greatest service of samanids to Islam and Persian culture. samanids rulers encouraged religious activity, and they had a religious morale and an open thinking such that in samanids' territory, pre-Islam religions. Such as Judaism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, etc. and Islamic sects such as jihad Hannifin… lived freely. They used ghazi forces as jihad (battle) against infidels in order to suppress and attack infidel Turks.

[Ezzatollah khodadadi. Interaction of religion and state in the era of the samanids. Nat Sci 2013;11(11):92-94]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 13. doi:10.7537/marsnsj111113.13

Keywords: religion, sect, state, government, samanids.

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Evaluation of the Effective Barriers in GSCM implementation Using DEMATEL Method

(Case study: Iran Khodro CO)

Sajjad Jalalifar¹, Kiamars Fathi Hafshejani², Mohammad M. Movahedi³

¹Department of Industrial Management, Qazvin branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Qazvin, Iran

²Assistant Professor, Department of Management, South Tehran Branch Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

³Assistant Professor, Department of Management, Firozkouh branch, Islamic Azad University, Firozkouh, Iran

Abstract: The purpose this study is Evaluation of the Effective Barriers in GSCM implementation Using DEMATEL Methods and the impact of these factors on each. To identify critical influential factors, the authors studied and reviewed relevant literature from numerous fields of study associated with the essential issues of GSCM. This research uses the DEMATEL method as the tool that determines the Prioritization and Influence severity of each factor. The results show Organization Management has great impact on success of GSCM implementation among main aspects. Among criteria of Organization Management‚ Lack of top management support has Great Influence on other criteria. Also‚ among criteria of Organizational Culture‚ the lack of incentive legislation for the Green Supply Chain has Great Influence on other criteria. Also‚ among criteria of Organizational Structure‚ Lack of information and data required has Great Influence on other criteria. Also‚ among criteria of Rules and guidelines ‚ Lack of supply chain integration has Great Influence on other criteria.

[Jalalifar S, Fathi Hafshejani K, Movahedi M.M. Evaluation of the Effective Barriers in GSCM implementation Using DEMATEL Method (Case study: Iran Khodro CO). Nat Sci 2013;11(11):95-102]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 14. doi:10.7537/marsnsj111113.14

Keywords: Supply Chain, Green Supply Chain Management, Multi-criteria decision making, DEMATEL

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The Application of Geophysical Methods in Foundation Failure Investigation a Case Study of Metro Hostel, Camp Area, Abeokuta, South Western Nigeria.

^1*Coker, J.O., ²Makinde, V., ²Mustapha, A.O. and ³Adesodun, J.K.

¹Department of Physical Science, Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu

²Department of Physics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta

³Department of Soil Science and Land Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta

jocoker20@gmail.com; victor_makindeii@yahoo.com;

 amidumustapha@gmail.com; adesodunjk@funaab.edu.ng

*Corresponding Author

Abstract: This study was carried out to assess the causes(s) of the foundation failure of the Metro Hostel Building opposite Mechanic Village, Camp Area, Abeokuta, Nigeria, using combined geophysical techniques which comprises of Vertical electrical sounding (VES) and Seismic Refraction methods. The major affected structure is a two storey building leaning and having severe foundation based cracks. The PASI – Earth (16 GLN) resistivity meter was used for resistivity data collection and ABEM Terraloc MK -6 Seismograph for velocity data collection. The result of the vertical electrical sounding gives a maximum of three sequences: topsoil, weathered layer (clayey sand/sandy clay) and fractured rock/fresh basement with a maximum value of 10.38 m depth to the basement. The result was complemented and corroborated by seismic refraction method which also gives three main velocity layers with the second layer velocity ranges from 680 and 950 m/s with thickness value ranging from 6.80 – 8.27 m and a total depth -to-bedrock of 10.27 m. The presence of clayey materials identified in the study area posed a threat to three buildings erected. It is concluded from the study that the building structure failed due to incompetent clay layer and improper foundation design on some part of the building which is pronounced by the observed tilting and cracks.

[Coker, J.O., Makinde, V., Mustapha, A.O. and Adesodun, J.K. The Application of Geophysical Methods in Foundation Failure Investigation a Case Study of Metro Hostel, Camp Area, Abeokuta, South Western Nigeria. Nat Sci 2013;11(11):103-109]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 15. doi:10.7537/marsnsj111113.15

Keywords: Clayey materials, Foundation failure, Seismic Refraction method, Vertical Electrical Sounding.

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Monitoring of multi-class pesticide residues in green grape and their potential risk for Egyptian consumer

F.I. Eissa^1*; A.A. Helalia²; M.A. Khorshed³ and M.A. El-Sisi³

¹Environment and Bio-agriculture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

²Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, 11884, Nasr city, Cairo, Egypt

³Central Laboratory of Residue analysis of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Food, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt

fawzy.eissa@yahoo.com

Abstract: The residual concentrations of 100 pesticides in 32 fresh grape samples collected from local markets at eight Egyptian governorates during 2011’ summer season were monitored based on QuEChERS extraction followed by analysis using liquid chromatography– tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography– tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The potential health risks associated with the exposure to violated pesticides were estimated as well. Mean recoveries ranged between 71 and 96.3%, while the repeatability expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) was < 19.8%. Limits of quantification (LOQ) was 0.01 mg kg^-1, which is equal or below the Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). Of the analysed samples, 81.25% contained detectable residues, of which 21.88% exceeded their MRLs. Out of 35 pesticides that were detected in grape samples, carbendazim, acetamiprid, boscalid, λ-cyhalothrin, profenofos and pyraclostrobin were the most frequently pesticides detected. No residues of organochlorine pesticides and their metabolites were detected in any analysed samples. This study showed also that the estimated daily intake (EDI) of the violated pesticides by the Egyptian population through the consumption of grape did not exceed the toxicological acceptable level.

[F.I. Eissa; A.A. Helalia; M.A. Khorshed and M.A. El-Sisi. Monitoring of multi-class pesticide residues in green grape and their potential risk for Egyptian consumer. Nat Sci 2013;11(11):110-115]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. 16. doi:10.7537/marsnsj111113.16

Key Words: Pesticide residues, QuEChERS, grape, estimated daily intake.

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Drought Monitoring over Egypt by using MODIS Land Surface Temperature and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

Khalil1 A.A. ¹; M.M. Abdel-Wahab²; M. K. Hassanein¹; B.Ouldbdey ³; B. Katlan ³; and Y.H. Essa¹

¹Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation (MALR), Egypt

² Faculty of science - Cairo University, Egypt

³ The Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands (ACSAD)

Alaa_armka@yahoo.com

Abstract: Drought is a serious climatic condition that affects nearly on all climatic zones worldwide, with semi-arid regions being especially susceptible to drought conditions because of their low annual precipitation and sensitivity to climate changes. In the present work, we use the Vegetation Health Index (VHI) as drought indices to monitoring the drought over Egypt.The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) on the terra satellite has been used the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land surface temperature (LST) to calculate the Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) , Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and   vegetation health index (VHI) over Egypt, for the seasons from 2000/2001 to 2010/2011. The time series of (VCI) and (TCI) show that; in certain years they were corresponded to each other, while in other years they were one counter the other and their resultant determined the occurrence and severity of drought, which is reflected in the Vegetation Health Index (VHI). The results show that; the effect of drought on vegetation varies noticeably between areas, a pattern that is determined mainly by the location of land-cover types. The drought frequency increased during the last four years. The agricultural seasons 2000/2001 and 2010/2011 were the highest agricultural area affected by high drought while the 2006/2007 was the lowest agricultural area affected by high drought.

[Khalil1 A.A.; M.M. Abdel-Wahab; M. K. Hassanein; B.Ouldbdey ; B. Katlan; and Y.H. Essa. Drought Monitoring over Egypt by using MODIS Land Surface Temperature and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. Nat Sci 2013;11(11):116-122]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. 17. doi:10.7537/marsnsj111113.17

Keywords: drought, Vegetation MODIS, NDVI, VHI, VCI and TCI

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An Analytical Economic Study of Wheat Gap in Egypt

Haitham B. A. Hassan, Mahmoud R. El –Gebaly and Salah S. Abdel Ghani

Agricultural Economic Department, National Research Centre, Egypt

Abstract: The wheat crop one of the most important strategic crops in the Egyptian agriculture, the area represents about 18% of the total crop area, and more than 43.9% of the winter crop area, where the total area cultivated with wheat was about 3.23 million Feddan in 2012, with an increase of approximately 39.6% of what was in 1991. The output reached about 8.07 million tons, with an increase of about 28.7% for the same year. The state aims to use modern techniques in agriculture to increase production and stability through more efficient using of production factors, improving the management and maintenance of the available farm resources. The study aims is to analyze the economic situation of the wheat crop including the cost structure of wheat distributed on the production requirements, as well as to estimate the function of the cost of wheat. In addition to, the analysis of the structure of production and yields of wheat crop and assess the function of wheat consumption in Egypt, as well as estimating the wheat gap, the proportion of self-sufficiency and means of narrowing the wheat gap in Egypt. The study showed that the most important elements of the cost of production of wheat in terms of the relative importance is human labor, employment and automated work, chemical fertilizer and seed, expenses, pesticides, farmyard manure, and animal working, which contribute to those elements in the variable costs of Feddan of wheat, equivalent to approximately 33.9%, 22.7%, 18.1%, 9.7%, 9.2 %, 4.2%, 3.5%, 0.3%, respectively. The study found that the fixed costs (rental value), and variable costs of Feddan of wheat accounted for about 40.5%, 59.5%, respectively of the average of the total costs for wheat. Also, contribute to farm work, and production requirements in the variable costs of wheat per Feddan estimated at 56.9%, 43.1 %, respectively. This means that the higher total costs for Feddan of wheat in Egypt came from higher variable costs and fixed costs (rental value), especially after the application of the law relating to rental between landlord and tenant. As the study showed that, the average yield per Feddan amounted to about 17.76 ardabs / Feddan (ardab=179kg), which means that all farmers outnumbered the ideal size, and they can use high levels of technology to increase production , reduce costs, and maximize profit.The average net return of Feddan of wheat is about 2674.5 Egyptian pounds, represents about 42.9 % of the total return, the net return per Feddan of wheat amounted to about 58.2 %, and to 42% of the total return of Feddan of wheat in both 1991 and 2012. This explains the decrease in net earnings for Feddan of wheat changing high production costs in general, the most important production inputs, high fixed costs represented in the rent.It was found that the most important factors affecting the overall wheat production is the amount of seed (X3) in kg, chemical fertilizer (x4) by Nitrogen unity, each of which increased by 10 % leads to an increase in total output by about 5.2 %, 4.8 %, respectively. The consumption of wheat crop amounted to 8.87 million tons in 1991, and grew until it reached about 18.10 million tons in 2012, with an increase of about 6.40 %, and the national consumption of wheat decreased with an annual rate of statistically significant amounted to 6.3 million tons, representing about 40.1 % of the average national consumption of wheat crop and of around 15.1 million tons. The most important factors affecting the consumption of wheat is 1 - Inhabitants: - has increased from 55.6 million in 1991 as a minimum to about 87.2 million people in 2012 as Maximum with an increase percentage of 63.7%, 2 - personal income : has increased from 824.4 Egyptian pounds in 1991 to about 1902.5 Egyptian pounds in 2012, with an increase percentage of about 33.8% ,3 - retail Price: the ardab of wheat in real terms has decreased from 43 Egyptian pounds in 1991 to about 35.9 Egyptian pounds in 2012, a reduced rate of about 22.8 % .The average per capita consumption of wheat: - has amounted to about 159.5 kgs in 1991, and then taking in volatility, rose to about 207.5 kgs in 2012, with an increase of about 30.1%. which, show that there is an annual increase statistically significant in average per capita consumption of wheat amounted to about 1.7 kgs, and the influential factors on the national consumption of wheat is to increase the population by 10 % leading to an increase in the amount consumed of wheat by 13.8 % . As the personal income increased by 10 % leads to an increase in the amount consumed of wheat by 5.3 %, as well as, the increase of the price of wheat per ardab in real terms by 10% leads to a lack of quantity consumed of wheat increased by 13.5%. While, the wheat gap amounted to 4.39 million tons in 1991, and then took in the oscillation until amounted to 10.03 million tons in 2012, with an increase of about 28.5 %, and the proportion of wheat self - sufficiency in these two years amounted to about 50.5 %, 44.6 %, respectively. That means to overcome the wheat gap is the supply response to the wheat crop: i.e. the increase in the price of ardab of wheat by about 100 Egyptian pounds, leads to increase the area of wheat by about 818 thousand Feddans in the following year. This area leads to increase the total production of wheat, which estimated at 2.17 million tons, which works to fill about 30 % of the size of the wheat gap in Egypt. In addition to reduce the area of alfalfa sustained, where they can bring untraditional feed especially maize silage instead of clover, where a high nutritional value. A feddan corn gave about 15 tons of silage of corn after transactions by venire and urea. The study concluded that the state, must apply growing of the horizontally expansion of wheat crop in each of the new reclaimed land to increase the cultivated area, and the abolition of compulsory supply. While, in the old lands reducing alfalfa area by cultivating area with wheat. In addition to apply the vertical expansion in wheat by following the technical recommendations on new varieties, irrigation, fertilization, planting dates and reducing production costs. Also, increasing the awareness of farms to reduce wastage of wheat during and after harvest, rationalizing consumption of wheat and adoptting appropriate pricing policy to increase the cultivated area, the announcement of the price of wheat before the date of agriculture by enough time and replacement of silage maize instead of alfalfa in animal feed. Finally the full emancipation of the prices of production inputs and the abolition of support in return for full liberalization of the final product prices according to market mechanisms and the abolition of the crop composition, as well as the expansion in the development of new varieties and breeds suitable for high productivity and bear the high temperature region of Upper Egypt and the desert land.

[Haitham B. A. Hassan, Mahmoud R. El –Gebaly and Salah S. Abdel Ghani. An Analytical Economic Study of Wheat Gap in Egypt. Nat Sci 2013;11(11):123-136]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. 18. doi:10.7537/marsnsj111113.18

Keyword: Wheat gap, Economic situation, self-sufficiency, Egypt

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Review and prioritization of the external environment factors affecting the strategic capabilities in the banking industry with foresight approach: Case Study of Sepah Bank, 2013

Samira Shahmansouri ¹, Dr. Mohamad Reza Dalvi ²

^1. Department of Industrial Management Najafabad branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.

S_shahmansouri@yahoo.com

^2.Department of Management Dehaghan branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.

Abstract: Highly dynamic business environment in the banking industry has caused maintaining and developing strategic capabilities in this industry to be a major challenge for managers in the banking industry, especially for state-owned banks, and foresight as the most modern tools to meet this challenge, has assisted managers in today's organizations. In spite of the necessity of this matter. With respect to this matter, a special study has not been done so far in this regard. This study which is an applied - survey research associated with the complex research methods has the administrators, teachers and activists in the banking industry as its statistical population. This study tries to adapt the factors involved in the strategic capabilities based on interviews with 15 experts in Sepah Bank with industry space under review and then, 188 experts of Sepah Bank were identified and through incessant verbal and non- verbal negotiations, 134 of them were willing to cooperate. It should be noted that the survey sample, is the conventional method for the experts that is being introduced from other experts. Using TOPSIS software and SPSS for rankings test, environmental factors of the banking industry affecting the strategic capabilities were identified and prioritized.

[Samira Shahmansouri, Dr. Mohamad Reza Dalvi. Review and prioritization of the external environment factors affecting the strategic capabilities in the banking industry with foresight approach: Case Study of Sepah Bank, 2013. Nat Sci 2013;11(11):137-144]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 19. doi:10.7537/marsnsj111113.19

Keywords: Organization's external environment, Strategic capabilities, Prioritization factors, Foresight approach

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Prevalence and Monetary Loss due to Bovine Fasciolosis in Juba Slaughter House South Sudan

Amal A. MOUSA¹, Khitma H. El MALIK², Erneo B. OCHI¹

¹National Ministry of Agriculture, Tourism, Animal Resources, Fisheries, Cooperatives and Rural Development, Animal Resources and Fisheries Sector, P.O. Box 126 Juba South Sudan

²University of Khartoum, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khartoum North Sudan. P.O. Box 321

Abstract: Study on Prevalence and Monetary Loss from liver condemnations due to bovine fasciolosis was conducted in Juba main slaughter house for three months as of May to July 2012. A total of 4,642 indigenous Nilotic and exotic Ankole cattle breeds were investigated. Nilotic cattle revealed high prevalence of 96.8% compared to 2.5 %  in Ankole cattle attributed to Fasciola gigantica during post-mortem examination. Likewise, fecal examination revealed a prevalence of 89.6% in Nilotic and 2.9 % in Ankole cattle breed. This significant difference in prevalence rate between the two breeds might be attributed to de-worming regimens taken prior to importation of Ankole cattle from Uganda to South Sudan. Fasciolosis was found to be responsible for a condemnation of 36.4% inspected livers suggesting fasciolosis as one of the priority diseases of economic importance in South Sudan. The sum of monetary losses revealed 45,180 SSP (15,227.5 USD) and 17,560 SSP (5,918.4 USD) in total and partial liver condemnations, respectively. Further epidemiological and molecular studies are needed to develop strategies for the control of bovine fasciolosis in South Sudan.

[Amal A. MOUSA, Khitma H. El MALIK, Erneo B. OCHI. Prevalence and Monetary Loss due to Bovine Fasciolosis in Juba Slaughter House, South Sudan. Nat Sci 2013;11 (11):145-148]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 20. doi:10.7537/marsnsj111113.20

Key words: Prevalence, Monetary Loss, Liver Condemnations, Bovine Fasciolosis, Nilotic, Ankole, cattle breeds, South Sudan

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Investigating the Association between capital structure and financial performance of companies listed in Tehran stock exchange (TSE)

gholamreza Espireh¹, Alireza Dadgarnejad², Alireza JerJerzadeh³

^1- Persian Gulf International Educational Branch-Islamic Azad University- Khorramshahr-Iran (corresponding Author)

²- Department of Accounting, Masjed soleiman branch, Islamic Azad university, Masjed soleiman, Khuzestan, Iran

^3- Department of Economics, Islamic Azad university- Persian GULF International Educational Branch, Khuzestan, Iran

Abstract: Capital structure of companies has a decisive role in investment decisions an thus, in financial performance of companies. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between capital structure and financial performance of companies listed in Tehran stock Exchange. The statistical population of the present study consists of 380 companies listed on Tehran stock Exchange for a 11-year time period (2001-2013). To test the hypotheses, the pooled data regression method was used. F and T statistics were used to test the significance of patterns. Results indicate that the variable Roc (return on capital) is negatively and significantly associated with DCE. However, it has a positive significant relationship with SDCE. The variable ROA has a negative significant relationship with DA. There is no significant relationship between the variables capital structure and EPS. Furthermore, we found no relationship between other variables of capital structure and financial performance. [gholamreza Espireh, Alireza Dadgarnejad, Alireza JerJerzadeh. Investigating the Association between capital structure and financial performance of companies listed in Tehran stock exchange (TSE). Nat Sci 2013;11(11):149-154]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 21. doi:10.7537/marsnsj111113.21

Key words: capital structure, financial performance, return on Assets(ROA0, return on capital (ROC), Tehran stock Exchange.

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Identifying and Prioritization Effective Factors in New product development Using ANP & DEMATEL Methods in an Automotive Industry (Saipa industrial company)

¹Mohsen Heidarinezhad, ²Kiamars Fathi Hafshejani, ³Mohammad M. Movahedi

¹Department of Industrial Management, Qazvin branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Qazvin, Iran

²Assistant Professor, Department of Management, South Tehran Branch Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

³Assistant Professor, Department of Management, Firozkouh branch, Islamic Azad University, Firozkouh, Iran

Abstract: In this study try to Identifying and Prioritization Effective Factors in New product development and the impact of these factors on each Using DEMATEL and ANP Methods. To identify critical influential factors, the authors studied and reviewed relevant literature from numerous fields of study associated with the essential issues of new product development. Results of the ANP method shows that Technological factors, Management and Staff factors, Commercialization, factors Organizational factors and Marketing factors are the most important factors in new product development. Results of the DEMATEL method show that Management and Staff have great impact on success of NPD implementation among main aspects. Among criteria of Management and Staff ‚ Motivation in Product development team members has Great Influence on other criteria.  Among criteria of Technological factor‚ Production in Time and cost Appropriate has Great Influence on other criteria. Among criteria of marketing factor‚ Focus on the customer has Great Influence on other criteria. Among criteria of Organizational factors ‚ cooperation of Different levels has Great Influence on other criteria. Also ‚ among criteria of Commercialization factor ‚ Product superior to competitors has Great Influence on other criteria.

[Heidarinezhad M, Fathi Hafshejani K, Movahedi M.M. Identifying and Prioritization Effective Factors in New product development Using ANP & DEMATEL Methods in an Automotive Industry (Saipa industrial company). Nat Sci 2013;11(11):155-163]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 22. doi:10.7537/marsnsj111113.22

Keywords: New product development, Multi-criteria decision making, Analytic Network Process, DEMATEL

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Antifungal agent from Streptomyces sp: Taxonomy, Fermentation, Purification and Biological Activities

Houssam M. Atta ¹* and Ahmed M. Reyad ²

^1. Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. The present address: Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science and Education, Taif University, Al-Khurmah branch – KSA.

^2. Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Jazan University, KSA. The present address: Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt.

*houssamatta@yahoo.com and houssamatta@hotmail.com; Tel: 00966506917966

ABSTRACT: An actinomycete culture was isolated from a soil sample collected from Al-Khurmah governorate, KSA. This actinomycete isolate, KSA-818 was found to be active against unicellular and filamentous fungi viz. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ATCC 9763; Candida albicans, IMRU 3669; Aspergillus niger; Aspergillus fumigatus; Aspergillus flavus; Aspergillus terreus; Fusarium solani; Fusarium oxysporum; Fusarium moniliform; Alternaria alternate; Botrytis cinerea; Penicillium chrysogenum and Rhizoctonia solani. The nucleotide sequence of the 16s RNA gene (1.5 Kb) of the most potent strain evidenced an 90% similarity with Streptomyces fimbriatus. From the taxonomic features, the actinomycetes isolate KSA-818 matched with Streptomyces fimbriatus in the morphological, physiological and biochemical characters. Thus, it was given the suggested name Streptomyces fimbriatus, KSA-818. The active metabolite was extracted using n-butanol (1:1, v/v) at pH 7.0. The separation of the active ingredient and its purification was performed using both thin layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography (CC) techniques. The physico-chemical characteristics of the purified antifungal agent viz. color, melting point, solubility, elemental analysis and spectroscopic characteristics have been investigated. This analysis indicates a suggested empirical formula of C₂₆ H₃₆ O₉ N₂. The minimum inhibition concentrations "MICs" of the purified antifungal agent were also determined. In conclusion, the collected data emphasized the fact that the purified antifungal agent was suggestive of being belonging Blastmycin antibiotic produced Streptomyces fimbriatus, KSA-818.

[Atta HM and Reyad AM. Antifungal agent from Streptomyces sp: Taxonomy, Fermentation, Purification and Biological Activities. Nat Sci 2013;11(11):164-176]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 23. doi:10.7537/marsnsj111113.23

Keywords: Blastmycin antibiotic, Streptomyces fimbriatus, 16s RNA, Production, Extraction, Purification, physico-chemical characteristics and Biological activities.

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Controlling of Analog Capture Circuit and Digital Analog Converter for Spartan-3E FPGA Starter Kit

 A. Radi ¹, W.I. Zidan ² and H.I. Khedr ² A.G. Mostafa ³*

^1. Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

^2. Nuclear Safeguards Department, ENRRA, Cairo, Egypt.

^3. ME Lab., Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.

*drahmedgamal@yahoo.com

Abstract: The analog capture circuit and Digital Analog Converter Controller (DAC) is very useful to apply and test the digital algorithms which are executed inside the Spartan-3E FPGA. A VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL) code for controlling of Analog Capture Circuit and DAC of Spatan-3E FPGA Starter Kit board has been designed, implemented and tested. The code is based on finite state machine for each component. The VHDL code and its results are presented.

[Radi A, Zidan WI, Khedr HI and Mostafa AG. Controlling of Analog Capture Circuit and Digital Analog Converter for Spatan-3E FPGA Starter Kit. Nat Sci 2013;11(11):177-182]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 24. doi:10.7537/marsnsj111113.24

Keywords: FPGA; Analog Capture Circuit; ADC; DAC; VHDL

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