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Oral lesions in HIV Infected Patients in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria

¹Amadi .E.S, ²Nwakpu K.O, ²Ngwu .B.A.F, ³Egwu .C.A, ³Aballa A.N and ⁴Ononiwu, C.E

¹Department of Microbiology, School of Science, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

²Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria

³Department of Applied Science, ⁴ Department of Dental Technology, Federal School of Dental Technology and Therapy, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria.

amadies2001@yahoo.com

Abstract: Oral manifestations of HIV have been described as an important component of AIDS and possible indication of progression. This study investigated the common Oral lesions among HIV positive and negative patients in Abakaliki using dental instruments. A total of seventy (70) positive and seventy (70) negative HIV screened patients attending Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, were examined using Mouth Mirror, Dental probe and College tweezers. It was shown that Oral Candidiasis (22.9%) was the most common Oral manifestation among HIV positive patients in Abakaliki. This was followed by Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis-Anug (17.1%), Herpes Zoster (17.1%), Tuberculus Ulcer (12.9%), Kaposis Sarcoma (8.6%), Hairy Leukoplakia (7.1%), Necrotizing ulcerative peridontitis-Nup (7.1%) and Non Hodgkin Lymphoma (2.9%). Further investigations showed that Pseudomembraneous candidiasis; Erythematous candidiasis, Hairy leukoplekia and Non Hodgkin lymphoma were altogether completely absent from all the HIV negative patients examined. It was further shown that the pattern of oral manifestation among the HIV positive patients with respect to Sex, Age, Marital status, Occupational and Educational status were varied. However, there was evidence of reduced prevalence of oral lesions among the HIV positive patients on highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy (HAART) compared with their counterpart not on HAART. Incorporation of oral examination into the routine medical check up of HIV/AIDS patient is hereby suggested.

[Amadi ES, Nwakpu KO, Ngwu BAF, Egwu CA, Aballa AN and Ononiwu, CE. Oral lesions in HIV Infected Patients in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Nat Sci 2012;10(7):1-5]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 1

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100712.01

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Using Remote Sensing Technologies and Sex Pheromone Traps for Prediction of the Pink Bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.), Annual Field Generations.

Yones, M. S. ⁽¹⁾; Dahi, H. F. ⁽²⁾;Abdel Rahman, H. A. ⁽³⁾; Abou Hadid A. F. ⁽⁴⁾ and Arafat, S. M. ⁽¹⁾

⁽¹⁾ National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences (NARSS). Elnozha Elgedida, Cairo, Egypt

⁽²⁾ Department of Cotton Leafworm Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt

⁽³⁾ Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Egypt

⁽⁴⁾ Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Egypt

hassandahi@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study was carried out at Qaha Research Station (Plant Protection Research Institute), Qaluobya Governorate, during 2009 and 2010 cotton seasons. Under field condition the number of generations, their peaks and durations were computed through baited sex pheromone traps and accumulated temperature degree days derived from satellite images. The obtained data obtained in this work showed that the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, had four generations on cotton plants during the period from May 1^st to September 30^th, in addition to overwintering generation, when the moths emerged during May from diapaused larvae. The predicted peaks of generations could be detected when the accumulated thermal units reached 499.71 degree days (dd's). The males of the suicidal generation reached the real and predicted peaks at the same time (during May for the two investigated seasons). The predicted peaks for the other four generations were detected earlier or later +4 to -3 days than the observed peaks. The expected peaks and the corresponding expected generations for the pink bollworm could be helpful to design the IPM control program.

[Yones, M. S.; Dahi, H. F. ; Abdel Rahman, H. A.; Abou Hadid A. F. and Arafat, S. M. Using Remote Sensing Technologies and Sex Pheromone Traps for Prediction of the Pink Bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.), Annual Field Generations. Nat Sci 2012;10(7):6-10]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 2

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100712.02

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Caesarean section scar defects: clinical manifestations

Taiseer M M; Nahed E Allam and Hanaa Abd EL Hamid El Ebeissy

Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology^, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, for Girls, Cairo, Egypt

Nahed16@ymail.com

Abstract: Objective: to find the correlation between the presence of CS scar defect diagnosed by TV US and the incidence of clinical manifestation of the patients. Patients & methods. Prospective cross sectional clinical study was done on 40 patients in the out- patient clinic of Alzhraa University Hospital from the period of February 2010 to September 2011. All the patients with history of at least one CS complained of any gynaecologic complains (IUB, chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhoea ,dysparunia or unexplained infertility) were subjected to TVUS .Uterine size, position, and scar defect parameters as depth, width, and thickness of overlying myometrium were recorded. Results: The mean age of the patients was 34.5±5.0 years,17 patients had undergone 3 C.S,15 had undergone 2 C.S & 8had undergone one C.S. 15% of patients had history of vaginal delivery. 22.5% of study group had undergone emergency C.S. most of them were complaining of post-menstrual spotting (60%), 27.5% were complaining of chronic pelvic pain and 12.5% with dysmenorrhoea.RVF uterus was diagnosed in 15% of patients. There was no statistical significant difference between emergency and elective C.S as regard defect parameters. In cases of RVF uteri there was statistical significant decrease in defect depth in comparison to AVF uteri, also myometrial thickness overlying scar was less in RVF uteri although it was not statistically significant. The myometrial thickness overlying the scar showed statistical significant difference in case of patients with history of vaginal delivery. Defect depth and myometrial thickness overlying the scar showed statistical significant difference in patients with postmenstrual spotting .Defect depth and width showed statistical significant increase in patients with history of 2 or more C.S. Conclusion : Factors that were associated with deficient scars: history of multiple Cesarean sections; uterine retroflexion; post-menstrual spotting,chronic pelvic pain and infertility. As the incidence of CS is increasing across the world, this disorder therefore warrants close attention.

[Taiseer M M, Nahed E Allam and Hanaa Abd El Hamid El Ebeissy. Caesarean section scar defects: clinical manifestations. Nat Sci 2012;10(7):11-17]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 3

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100712.03

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Molecular Diagnosis of Familial Mediterranean fever Among Subjects from Al-Qassim Region

Mahmoud El Sayed¹ and Badr Al Jarallah²

Departments of Biochemistry¹ & Internal Medicine², College of Medicine, Al Qassim University,

Sdr.mahmoud@yahoo.com

Abstract: This project was conducted to study Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) which is an autosomal recessive condition that primarily affect population of the Mediterranean basin , If undiagnosed effectively and treated with colchicine for life it may lead to serious consequences in terms of renal amyloidosis and renal failure . We aim to check for the presence of FMF mutations among clinically suspected cases among Saudi subjects in Al-Qassim region by PCR technique, also as an important step for family counseling and case management. The study is a pilot study to check for the presence of FMF mutations among suspected cases (24 cases) from Saudi subjects in Al Qassim region, The control subjects (7) were selected from healthy volunteers. We examined FMF mutations by PCR technique for MEFV gene analysis in order to establish a diagnosis of FMF by examining two common mutations, M694V and E148Q.. We found 8.3 % of cohort are positive for M694V mutation , and all cohort are negative for E148Q mutation . Moreover we found no correlation between clinical severity of the disease phenotype and the nature of the mutation. So genetic counseling by PCR technique provides a rapid, reliable, cost-effective, noninvasive, and sensitive test for establishing a diagnosis of FMF in symptomatic patients & also provides a rational basis for medical and genetic counseling and of FMF patients and their families.

[Mahmoud El Sayed and Badr Al Jarallah. Molecular Diagnosis of Familial Mediterranean Fever Among Subjects From Al-Qassim. Nat Sci 2012;10(7):18-25]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 4

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100712.04

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Does Methionine Supplementation Alters Beta Amyloid Levels in Brain Cells, Liver and kidney Functions?

Nada A. Abd El Aty;Hoda S. Ibrahim and Reham S. Ramadan

Nutrition and Food Science Department, Faculty of Home EconomicsHelwan University

Dropsofdew_86@yahoo.com

Abstract:The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of methionine supplementation on beta amyloid levels in brain cells, liver and kidney functions, serum levels of zinc and iron as well as histopathological changes of some organs. Fifty adult male of Sprague – Dawley strain rats (160 ± 5 g) were used. Rats were divided into 5 groups, (10 each) the negative control group was fed on basal diet, while the positive control was fed on basal diet with substitution of casein with methionine. The other groups from 3 to 5 were fed on the basal diet supplemented with (1%, 2% and 4% )methionine. Results of this study revealed that feeding diet with methionine at the highest two levels had significant increase in serum levels of beta amyloid(60.42 ± 8.32 N/ml and 72.36 ± 12.06 N/ml, respectively) compared to the positive control group (53.66 ± 8.52 N/ml). The highest level of methionine in the diet had significant increase in beta amyloid concentration in brain compared with control groups .However, diet supplemented with methionine 1%, 2% and 4% had significant decrease in serum levels of zinc and iron compared to the positive control group. Also, feeding methionine at concentrations of 1% and 4% caused significant reduction in serum levels of GPT whereas, 2% methionine had no significant change(30.44 ± 2.93 U/m) compared to the positive control group (27.95 ± 8.62 U/m). Feeding methionine at the three tested levels caused significant reduction in serum levels of GOT compared to rats fed on 15% methionine (positive control group). Concerning uric acid and urea nitrogen concentrations in the blood, rats fed methionine at any levels of intake showed significant decrease compared to the positive control group. Methionine in the diet caused histopathological changes in brain and kidneys. This study suggests that protein consumption should be upon recommendations since it has deleterious effects on organs and brain also, nutrition education program should be carried out to the public.

[Nada A. Abd El Aty;Hoda S. Ibrahim and Reham S. Ramadan Does Methionine Supplementation Alters Beta Amyloid Levels in Brain Cells, Liver and kidney Functions? Nat Sci 2012;10(7):26-36]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 5

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100712.05

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INVITRO CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF SOME MEDICINALPLANTS USED IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE FOR BREAST CANCER MANAGEMENT IN SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA

Oloyede, A.M*^{1, 2}, Okpuzor, J². Omidiji, O.O². Nwosuh, C.I³. and Nwakiti, O.O³.

¹Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Redemption City, Ogun State

²Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos State

³National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Jos, Plateau State.

E-mail: oloism@yahoo.com. Tel: 08034747635

ABSTRACT: Joloo is a traditional herbal formulation used in the management of tumour of the breast in southwestern Nigeria. This study was conducted to assess the cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects of the seven individual plants used in the preparation of Joloo and five fractionated portions of Joloo (Chlorophorm, Hexane, Ethyl-acetate, Butanol and Water) for its safety and antitumour potentials on two cell lines. MTT assay was used to evaluated the cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the seven individual plants used in the preparation of Joloo as well as five fractionated portions of Joloo formulation (Chlorophorm, Hexane, Ethyl-acetate, Butanol and Water) using three concentrations (1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/ml) on VERO and CEF cells. In this study different solvent systems of Joloo caused significant apoptosis especially at 2.5 and 5.0mg/ml in VERO and CEF cell lines, with IC₅₀ ranges from 2.8-9.8 and 6.5-14.8 mg ml^-1 respectively, implying that VERO was more susceptible to cytotoxicity than CEF cell . A.ascalonicum, water and chloroform fractions exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity on the VERO cells than others, whereas water fractions and S. longepedunculata were the most potent in the CEF cells. However, T. tetraptera and chloroform fraction caused cell death at all the concentrations used in both cells.Based on the fact that Joloo exhibited mild cytotoxicity on the cells as observed in the high concentration required for IC₅₀, and was selective in its activities having high potency on VERO cells than CEF. This may be responsible for its selective effect on breast tumours, thereby justifying its traditional pharmacological claims.

[Oloyede AM, Okpuzor J, Omidiji OO, Nwosuh CI and Nwakiti OO. INVITRO CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF SOME MEDICINALPLANTS USED IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE FOR BREAST CANCER MANAGEMENT IN SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA. Nat Sci 2012;10(7):37-42]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 6

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100712.06

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EVALUATION OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF A HERBAL PREPARATION

Oloyede, A.M*^{1, 2}, Aduramigba-Modupe³, A.O¹, Efem I.K¹

¹Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemer’s University, PMB 3005, Redemption City, Ogun State, Nigeria

²Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos State Nigeria

³Department of microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria

Email: oloism@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT: Joloo is a herbal preparation locally used in the management of breast tumour in southwestern Nigeria. This study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of the formulation. The organisms implored in this study include Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli (ATCC 12900), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigellia dysenteriae, Proteus vulgari, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Salmonella typhi and fungi (Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma Spp, Rhizopus Spp and colletotrichum gloeosporioides). The antimicrobial screening of Joloo was carried out invitro in three different concentrations (500mg/ml, 1000mg/ml and 1500mg/ml) against standard broad spectrum antibacterial (Amoxicillin) and antifungal (fluconazole) as control using the agar well dilution method. The standard qualitative analysis method was used for the phytochemical screening. The study revealed that Joloo inhibited P.vulgari, Y.enterocolitica, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. dysenteriae and S. typhi with 20, 15, 14, 13, 12, and 10mm respectively. However Klebsiella pneumonia was resistant to the preparation. Joloo also inhibited Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma Spp, and Rhizopus Spp with 14, 8 and 7mm respectively while colletotrichum gloeosporioides was resistant to Joloo. The MIC observed for all the organisms inhibited was 500mg/ml. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, tannins, phlobatannins, cardenolides, flavonoids, phenols and free and bonded anthraquinones. Cyanogenetic glycosides were absent in the formulation. Sequel to these findings, it implies that Joloo is antimicrobial and posses different important constituents that can be beneficial in the development of new drug leads in the fight against pathogenic microbes, thereby justifying its pharmacological claims.

[Oloyede, A.M, Aduramigba-Modupe, A.O, Efem I.K. EVALUATION OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF A HERBAL PREPARATION. Nat Sci 2012;10(7):43-48]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 7

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100712.07

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[Nat Sci 2012;10(7):49-57]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 8

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Biological Screening for Some Newly Synthesized Pyrazolo[3,4-d]Pyrimidine Derivatives

Zeinab Y. Ali ^1*, Sawsan A. Mohamed ², Mastoura M. Edrees ³

^1. Department of Biochemistry, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt.

^2. Department of Physiology, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza 12311, Egypt

^3. Department of Organic Chemistry, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza 12311, Egypt, Current address: King Khalid University, Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department,
 P.O. Box 9004, ABHA, KSA

zeinabyousef65@ymail.com

Abstract: In recent years, pyrazole and pyrimidine derivatives attracted organic chemists due to their widespread potential biological and chemotherapeutic activities. In this study, three novel pyrazolo[3,4-d] pyrimidine derivatives namely 4-(2-(furan-2-ylmethylene)hydrazinyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-6(7H)-thione,
6-(Benzylthio)-4-(2-(thiophen-2-ylmethylene) hydrazinyl) -1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d] pyrimidine and 6-(Benzylthio)-4-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)hydrazinyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine, respectively were synthesized through different reactions of 5-Amino-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile. Biological screening was designed to investigate their acute toxicity value, antioxidant potential and their ability to inhibit deoxyribose degradation, protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and xanthine oxidase (XOD) as well as, for their analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities. The results revealed that their median lethal intraperitoneal doses (LD₅₀) in male mice were found to be 245.8, 241.7 and 233.3 mg/100g b.w., respectively. The first compound (I) exhibited a good antioxidant activity including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide free radicals scavenging potential and a slightly more potent inhibitor to protein oxidation, LPO and XOD. The second compound (II) showed moderate activities while the third compound (III) was less active. Furthermore, the three compounds revealed a remarkable analgesic activity in acetic acid-induced writhing response, appreciable antipyretic activity by Brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia and antiinflammatory activity reflected by their ability to reduce the Brewer’s yeast- induced paw edema comparable to reference drugs.

[Zeinab Yousef Ali, Sawsan Ahmed Mohamed, Mastoura Mohamed Edrees. Biological Screening for Some Newly Synthesized Pyrazolo[3,4-d]Pyrimidine Derivatives. Nat Sci 2012;10(7):58-69]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 9

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100712.09

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Emerging Multidrug Resistant Ampc Beta-Lactamase and Carbapenamase Enteric Isolates in Abeokuta, Nigeria

Akinduti Paul Akinniyi^a*, Ejilude Oluwaseun^a, Motayo B.O^b, Adeyokinu A. F^b

^a Department of Medical Microbiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu Campus, Nigeria.

^b Department of Pathology, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria.

niyiakinduti@gmail.com

Abstract: Rapid emergence of multidrug co-resistant AmpC β-Lactamase and Carbapenamase Enteric Isolates in Abeokuta, Nigeria was investigated. A total of 426 faecal samples was obtained and tested for AmpC ß-lactamases using Inhibitor based test method and carbapenamase production. Their antibiotics susceptibility to various commonly used antibiotics was evaluated accordingly. Only 5(45.5%) express AmpC beta-lactamase among hospital patients while 17/59(63.0%) from community residents. Carbapenamase producing ESBL isolates among the hospital patients shows 0.76% rate compare to 3.3% recorded among the community residents. High resistant of 100% was recorded in some enteric isolates such as Klebsiella spp, Pseudomonas spp and Proteus spp to ampicillin while 81.0%, 67.5% and 63.0% were resistant to ceftazidime, azithromycin and cefuroxime (MIC<8). Proliferation of multi-drug resistance AmpC beta-lactamase and carbapenamse strains may become predominant in our health care facilities and in the community as a result of the indiscriminate use of antimicrobial agents and fecal carriage among the people who serve as risk factor, and thereby making formulation of public health guidelines unachievable.

[Akinduti Paul Akinniyi, Ejilude Oluwaseun, Motayo B.O, Adeyokinu A. F. Emerging Multidrug Resistant Ampc Beta-Lactamase and Carbapenamase Enteric Isolates in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Nat Sci 2012;10(7):70-74]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 10

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100712.10

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The Non-hero of Postmodern Drama (i.e. absurd)

Yousef Afarini

Department of Art and Architecture, Sepidan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sepidan, Iran.

yafarini@yahoo.com; sepidanfaculty@gmail.com

Abstract: The non-hero is the main person in new novel or drama and his/her personality is very different from the characteristics we used to attribute to main character or traditional hero in a classical literature . In addition, we shouldn’t make mistake between the opponent character, who was stand against the hero in classical dramas, and the non- hero. Non- hero appears only in postmodern and absurdist dramas. Instead of having qualities such as magnanimity, power, dignity, and heroic characteristics, he is an incompetent, abject, disgraceful and dishonest person. This non-hero perhaps is similar much to Nietzsche's Superman or a man who is thrown to a corner of universe introduced by Heidegger.

[Yousef Afarini. The Non-hero of Postmodern Drama (i.e. absurd). Nat Sci 2012;10(7):75-77]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 11

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100712.11

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Field Performance for Genetically Modified Egyptian Cotton Varieties (Bt Cotton) Expressing an Insecticidal- Proteins Cry 1Ac and Cry 2Ab Against Cotton Bollworms

Hassan Farag Dahi

Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

hassandahi@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study is the first attempt in Egypt which devoted to evaluate the field performance of some Egyptian cotton varieties Gossypium barbadense L. (Giza 80, Giza 90 and Giza 89) which genetically modified by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) genes against bollworms, pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella and spiny bollworm Earias insulana. However, no variety of Bt cotton has yet been approved for commercial planting in Egypt. This work was conducted on three Egyptian cotton varieties (Giza 80, 90 and 89) in which were Genetically Modified (GM) by transfer tow genes (Cry 1Ac and Cry 2Ab) from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to the American cotton Gossypium hirsutum by the gene particle gun, then transfer those tow genes to the three Egyptian cotton varieties by crossing between the American cotton and the Egyptian cotton varieties. Cotton bollworms P. gossypiella and E. insulana belong to the order Lepidoptera and therefore are sensitive to Bt Cry I Ac and Cry II Ab proteins, which are specific to them. The maximum percent of bollworms infestation during 2011 cotton season for Giza 80 were 2.0 and 22.0 % by P. gossypiella for Bt cotton and non Bt, respectively, and for E. insulana the maximum percent reached 1.0 and 90.0 % for Bt cotton and non Bt, respectively. For Giza 90, the maximum percent were 1.0 and 21.0 % by P. gossypiella for Bt cotton and non Bt , respectively and for E. insulana the maximum percent reached 2.0 and 82.0 % for Bt cotton and non Bt, respectively. For Giza 89, the maximum percent were 1.0 and 14.0 % by P. gossypiella for Bt cotton and non Bt, respectively, and for E. insulana the maximum percent reached 1.0 and 32.0 % for Bt cotton and non Bt, respectively. On the other hand, the artificial infestation for the three cotton varieties by the P. gossypiella and E. insulana neonate larvae at laboratory cleared that the infestation % was 0.0 % for Giza 80, 90 and 89 Bt progenies compared to 76 – 100 % for Giza 80, 90 and 89 non Bt varieties. These attempts were elucidate to rationalize the using of insecticides via IPM program on cotton crop in Egypt.

[Hassan F. Dahi Field Performance for Genetically Modified Egyptian Cotton Varieties (Bt Cotton) Expressing an Insecticidal- Proteins Cry 1Ac and Cry 2Ab Against Cotton Bollworms. Nat Sci 2012;10(7):78-85]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 12

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100712.12

Key words: Genetically modified cotton; Egyptian Bt cotton; Insecticidal proteins; Cry1Ac; Cry 2Ab; Bollworms infestation; Pectinophora gossypiella and Earias insulana.

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AVIAN BIODIVERSITY IN AND AROUND MAJOR WETLANDS OF “LOWER SHIVALIK FOOTHILLS” (INDIA)

Girish Chopra¹ and Sanjeev Kamal Sharma²

^1,2Depatrment of Zoology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136119, India.

²e-mail: sharmaksanjeev_37@rediffmail.com

Abstract:The avifauna was studied in and around three major wetlands of “Lower Shivalik Foothills” in India, i.e., two lakes in the offshoots of Morni hills at Tikkar Tal, in district Panchkula (Haryana) and one lake at Shri Renuka ji in district Sirmour (Himachal Pradesh), from December 2009 to December 2010. A total of 88 bird species were observed which belonged to 17 orders and 32 families. Of the 88 bird species, 22 species were water birds and 66 were terrestrial species. Maximum, i.e., 35 (40%) species belonged to order Passeriformes. As many as 21 (24%) bird species were migratory. Of the 21 recorded migratory bird species, 13 (62%) were local migrants and 8 (38%) were winter visitors. Immigrations were mostly observed in the months of November and December, and the emigrations were recorded in late January and February months. Based on the frequency of their sightings during the field visits, 37 (42%) were designated as abundant, 30 (34%) common, 18 (21%) occasional and 3 (3%) as rare species.

[Girish Chopra and Sanjeev Kamal Sharma. Avian biodiversity in and around major wetlands of “lower shivalik foothills” (india). Nat Sci 2012;10(7):86-93]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 13

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100712.13

Key words: Wetlands, Migratory, Immigrations, Emigrations.

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A Comparative Study of Extreme Groups of Delinquency Proneness, on the Non-Verbal Dimensions of Creativity – in Kashmir Region

Prof. Neelofar Khan¹, N.A.Gash²

1. Director, Directorate of Distance Education, University of Kashmir.

2. Research Scholar, Department of Education, University of Kashmir.

Corresponding author: showkat80ahmad@gmail.com

Abstract: The study was conducted on the titled topic, “A Comparative Study of Extreme Groups of Delinquency Proneness, on the Non-Verbal Dimensions of Creativity – in Kashmir Region”. The extreme high and low delinquency prone adolescent groups were identified, then to compare these two extreme groups on the various dimensions of non-verbal creativity, i.e, Elaboration and Originality. The N=100 adolescent subjects were drawn randomly, Lidhoo`s delinquency proneness scale and Baqer Mehdi`s non verbal tool of creativity were administered. The extreme group technique was utilized to categorize high and low delinquency prone groups. These groups were compared on the various dimensions of non-verbal creativity by using required statistical technique viz, Mean, S.D and t-value respectively, to find out the final results of the study. The result of the said study revealed that the high and low delinquency prone adolescents shows no significant difference on the originality dimension of non-verbal creativity, were as the elaboration dimension shows significant difference between high and low delinquently prone adolescent groups. Also the high delinquency prone group on sexwise comparision on elaboration shows significant difference, were as the same group on sexwise comparison on originality does not differ significantly. The same result were obtained from the low delinquency prone group on sexwise comparison, on elaboration shows significant difference, were as the same group on sexwise comparison on originality does not differ significantly.

[Neelofar Khan, N.A.Gash. A Comparative Study of Extreme Groups of Delinquency Proneness, on the Non-Verbal Dimensions of Creativity – in Kashmir Region. Nat Sci 2012;10(7):94-98]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 14

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100712.14

Key words: Delinquency prone Adolescents, Extreme groups, Non-Verbal Creativity, Elaboration, Originality

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Production of Pectinase Enzymes system in culture filtrates of Penicillium variabile Sopp

Akintobi AO¹, Oluitiola PO², Olawale AK³, Odu NN⁴, Okonko IO⁴

¹Department of Microbiology, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria

²Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria;

³Department of Applied Sciences, Osun State Polytechnics, Iree, Osun State, Nigeria;

⁴Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, PMB 5323; Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria;

mac2finney@yahoo.com, iheanyi.okonko@uniport.edu.ng

ABSTRACT: Penicillum variabile Sopp produced enzymes with polygalacturonase, pectin transeliminase and pectin methylesterase activity when grown in liquid culture media containing pectic substances as sole carbon sources. The enzymes were also present in infected cocoa bean tissues. Production of pectinase enzymes by P. variabile was optimum at 30°C. Optimum pH for pectin methylesterase and pectin transelimiñase activities was best at pH 8.0 while polygalacturonase activity was at pH 5.0. When the cultures were agitated, less cellulase and pectinase enzymes were produced than when the cultures were stationary. Production of pectin methylesterase appeared, at least in part, to be constitutive, while polygalacturonase and pectin transeliminase were inducible. The pectinase complex was separated by molecular exclusion followed by ion exchange chromatography, into four components.

[Akintobi AO, Oluitiola PO, Olawale AK, Odu NN , Okonko IO. Production of Pectinase Enzymes system in culture filtrates of Penicillium variabile Sopp. Nat Sci 2012;10(7):99-109]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 15

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100712.15

Keywords: Penicillum variabile, cellulose, pectinase, enzymes, molecular exclusion

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Anemia, Iron Status and Calcium-Phosphorus levels in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

Aida A.Mahmoud ¹ and Mohamed A. Ismail ²

¹Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag Universit, Egypt

²Rheumatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Egypt

aidamahmoud11@yahoo.com

Abstract: The occurrence of anemia, iron status and calcium-phosphorus levels were studied in 70 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Anemia was found in 52.8% of the patients, 43.24 % of the anemic patients had iron deficiency anemia (microcytic hypochromic anemia and decreased serum iron and ferritin) and 56.76 % had anemia of chronic disease (normocytic normochromic anemia and normal serum ferritin level). Calcium/phosphorus ratio was found disturbed in RA patients as compared to controls and more disturbed in anemic RA patients than RA without anemia.

[Aida A.Mahmoud and Mohamed A. Ismail. Anemia, Iron Status and Calcium-Phosphorus levels in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Nature and Science. 2012; 10(7): 110-114]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. 16

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100712.16

Keywords: Anemia, Iron, Calcium, Phosphorus, Rheumatoid Arthritis.

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