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Studies On A Newly Introduced Drug Acting As Anti-Cancer Initiation Activity

Haiam Abd El Raaof¹,Faten S. Bayoumi¹, El Amir A.M.²,

1 Immunogenetics Dep., National Research Centre, Egypt

² Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University.

Corresponding author: drfaten10@gmail.com

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the possible immunomodulatory and chemopreventive effects of a bacterial polysaccharide drug (Bacillus subtilis sulphated Levan; BSL) relevant for prevention of tumour development during the initiation stage. Initiation is the first stage of carcinogenesis. The activity of BSL could be tested via a series of in vivo and in vitro assays; direct scavenging of ROS (Reactive oxygen species), modulation of the carcinogen metabolizing mechanisms, either via inhibiting phase-I drug metabolizing enzymes (particularly CYP 450; Cytochrome P450), which converts of pro-carcinogens to active carcinogens, or via enhancing phase-II conjugating enzymes (e.g. GSTs, Glutathione-S-Transferase), for removing carcinogens. In order to examine the anti-initiation activity of BSL, in vitro experiments; its effect on the CYP 450, GST and GSH (Glutathione) using Hep-G2 cells and its DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging capacity was performed. In vivo experiments on adult Swiss albino male mice was performed to investigate its effect on the level of GST, GSH, MDA (Malondialdehyde), GST-P immunochemical and HDAC (Histone Deacetylase) using hepatocarcinogenesis in the mice by i.p. injection of diethyl-nitrosamine (DEN). In addition, BSL activity was also compared with garlic as a natural compound with chemopreventive action. Results: Through the in vitro studies, statistical inhibition of both CYP1A and GSH activities was noticed in relation to the different doses of BSL. In addition, scavenging capacity of BSL against DPPH radicals was inactive. In vivo studies showed that GST activity of saline and control groups were not significantly altered by administration of garlic, while, BSL administration significantly (P<0.05) enhanced this activity to 2.4-fold of the control. BSL was proved to have an antioxidant activity proved by enhancing the antioxidant protein GSH content to 1.2-fold in induced group of mice with cancer induction. Also, decreased level of LOP (Lipid peroxidation) values was significantly (P<0.05) noticed by BSL administration and was insignificantly altered by garlic administration. GST-P immunohistochemical staining in the mice livers showed absence of initiated cells in mice administered BSL alone and highly decreased initiated cells when administrated BSL before and after DEN injection (the carcinogenic material used). In comparison, treatment with garlic before and after DEN decreased the appearance of the initiated cells to lesser extent than BSL. Results showed that BSL had a highly significant (P<0.05) inhibitory effect on HDAC activity (play an essential role in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis). It decreases HDAC activity to 2 fold of control, while, garlic did not possessed any inhibitory effect. Conclusion: BSL was represented as a promising cancer chemopreventive agent against initiation of hepatocarcinogenesis.

[Haiam Abd El Raaof,Faten S. Bayoumi, El Amir A.M. Studies On A Newly Introduced Drug Acting As Anti-Cancer Initiation Activity. Nature and Science 2012;10(1):1-11]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. 1

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100112.01

Key words: Bacterial polysaccharide drug, GST-P immunochemical, cytochrome P450, carcinogens, initiation stage.

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Methodology of Modern and Archaeological Bone Analysis: Special Reference to the Bone Sample of Garhwal Region (Uttarakhand)

Jaibir Singh Pharswan

Department of History & Archaeology

HNB, Garhwal University (A Central University) Srinagar (Garhwal), Uttarakhand, India

e-mail. jai_pharswan@rediffmail.com

Abstract : Morphological study played an important role in the analysis of bone samples. In this paper we are discussing about the methodology of modern and excavated bone sample collected from different location of Garhwal Region. The taphonomic and archaeological bone sample for the present study were selected from dense cortical parts of long bones. A large number of modern bone sample of cattle (Bos indicus), Goat (Chapra jharal), and Pig were collected for the morphological study of this region.

[Jaibir Singh Pharswan. Methodology of Modern and Archaeological Bone Analysis: Special Reference to the Bone Sample of Garhwal Region (Uttarakhand). Nature and Science 2012;10(1):12-14]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. 2

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100112.02

Key words : Taphonomic bone; Garhwal region; Archaeological bone.

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The Threat of Urbanization on Beetle Diversity in New Damietta City, Egypt

Eman I. El Surtas_i¹*; Fayez M. Semida²; Mahmoud S. Abdel-Dayem³; Mohamed M. El Bokl¹

¹Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University (Damietta Branch), Egypt.

 ²Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismalia, Egypt.

 ³ Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

*E-mail: eman2006700@yahoo.com

Abstract: Urbanization is a global phenomenon, particularly along coastal Mediterranean Sea that represents a threat to natural ecosystem and whole biodiversity due to the reduction of natural environment with land conversion. This impact was investigated on beetle diversity at three urbanized sites in addition to natural control site in New Damietta city, Egypt for 24 successive months (2007-2009). Within each site, 20 pitfall traps were distributed systematically in grid arrangement. Overall, beetle diversity (diversity index, richness and abundance) showed a highly significant among study sites and clarified the higher species of diversity, richness and abundance in the natural control site compared to urbanized sites. Moreover, cluster analysis and ordination (DCA) differentiated between natural control site and urbanized sites, while canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed seven important environmental factors from 22 factors that correlated with beetle community. This study clarified that urbanization is not only threat to beetle diversity but also on species composition and environmental characters.

[Eman I. El Surtas_i; Fayez M. Semida; Mahmoud S. Abdel-Dayem; Mohamed M. E Bok. The Threat of Urbanization on Beetle Diversity in New Damietta City, Egypt. Nature and Science 2011;10(1):15-23]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. 3

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100112.03

Keywords: Abundance, Coleoptera, Mediterranean, ordination, pitfall traps, species richness.

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On the Biology of Apriona germari Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Infesting Mulberry Plants in Jammu and Kashmir, India

Altaf Hussain¹, Abdul A. Buhroo²

¹ Post Graduate Department of Bioresources, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190006 India

² Post Graduate Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190006 India

² Corresponding author: A. A. Buhroo, abuhroo@yahoo.com

Abstract - Investigations on the biology of mulberry longicorn beetle, Apriona germari Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae), revealed an annual life cycle of the lamiine species with a peak adult emergence in mid July and mid August in Jammu and Kashmir divisions respectively. Sex ratio fluctuated around 1:1 throughout the emergence period and the beetles required 11.0±0.73 days of maturation feeding period. Mature adults mated promiscuously during night with a peak period soon after the sun set, mated for an average of 46.6±4.69 seconds. Males approached females directly, recognized them by olfactory and visual cues. Oviposition started 2-3 days of first mating and eggs were preferably laid in the primary branches, 8-11 mm in diameter, of the host trees. Gravid females laid an average of 116.70±7.12 eggs in 42.60±2.25days of oviposition period. Eggs incubated in 22-24 days and the grubs developed through 9 larval instars in 40 weeks. Pre-pupae made pupal cells in the basal part of the host tree trunk, pupated there for 28.30±1.70 days and moulted into adults. The adults chewed circular emergence holes in the bark and did exit the pupal chambers from dusk to dawn.

[Altaf Hussain, Abdul A. Buhroo^. On the Biology of Apriona germari Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Infesting Mulberry Plants in Jammu and Kashmir, India. Nature and Science 2012;10(1):24-35]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. 4

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100112.04

Key words: biology; Apriona germari; mulberry plants

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Bacteriological Assessment Of Drinking Water Sources In Opuraja Community of Delta State, Nigeria

Ibiene AA, Agbeyi EV and Okonko IO

Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, PMB 5323 Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. ibieneaa@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT: This study aimed at assessing the bacteriological quality of the drinking water in Opuraja community of Okpe Local Government area, Delta State, Nigeria. The total heterotrophic count ranges from 1.45×10³ to 1.5×10⁶ for all sources of water. The MPN values of the water samples ranged from 2 to 17 MPN/100ml. The total coliform count of water samples ranged from 14 to 198 MPN/100ml and the faecal coliform count ranged from 5 to 56 MPN/100ml. The temperature ranges from 22 to 28^oC. The pH varies from 5.0 to 7.6 which are quite acidic. The bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Citrobacter sp., Proteus sp., Klebsiella sp., Vibrio sp., Bacillus sp. and Enterobacter sp. All the water sources fell far below the standards approved by WHO and NAFDAC. The isolation of E. coli, Salmonella sp. and Vibrio sp. in this study is an indication that if not check an outbreak could occur in the near future.

[Ibiene AA, Agbeyi EV and Okonko IO. Bacteriological Assessment Of Drinking Water Sources In Opuraja Community of Delta State, Nigeria. Nature and Science 2012;10(1):36-41]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. 5

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100112.05

Keywords: Bacteriological quality, Faecal coliform, Total coliform, Total Heterotrophic Count

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Immunoadsorption for Children systemic lupus

Ren Qi¹ YU ShengYou ²

1. Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, HuBei, WuHan, 430030, China

2. Central Laboratory1022, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180，China

E-mail: shengyouyu@163.com

Abstract: Immunoadsorption (IAS) is used as a rescue therapy in SLE patients who are refractory to conventional therapies. IAS is superior to other related therapies, such as plasma exchange. In addition,prolonged IAS appeared beneficial without increasing the risk for side effects. This aims at the rapid and extensive removal of pathogenic immunocomplexes (ICs) and (auto-)antibodies (Abs).IAS can decrease the titers of ANA and ds-DNA antibody,We found that it can decrease the activity of SLE and is of higher safety, IAS offers an alternative therapeutic strategy in severe, active refractory SLE not only in the short-term，IAS was safe and effective in our study.

[Ren Qi YU ShengYou. Immunoadsorption for Children systemic lupus. Nature and Science 2012;10(1):42-44]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. 6

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100112.06

Key word：Immunoadsorption；systemic lupus；immune complexes；Children

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Studies on Biologically Significant Mercury(II) , Nickel(II) and Lead(II) – Isoleucine Binary Complexes in Solution

Brij Bhushan Tewari

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Guyana, P. O. Box: 101110, Georgetown, Guyana, Tel: 592-222-4926, Fax: 592-222-3596, Email: brijtew@yahoo.com

Abstract: The stability constants of Hg²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Pb²⁺ complexes with isoleucine were determined by paper ionophoretic technique. Present method is based upon the migration of a spot of metal ions on a paper strip at different pHs of background electrolyte. A graph of pH against mobility gives information about the binary complexes and permit to calculate their stability constants. The first and second stability constants of [Hg(II) – isoleucine], [Ni(II) – isoleucine] and [Pb(II) – isoleucine] complexes were found to be (8.80 ± 0.02, 7.52 ± 0.05), (7.27 ± 0.01, 5.86 ± 0.03 and (7.17 ± 0.05, 3.32 ± 0.09) for Hg(II), Ni(II) and Pb(II) complexes, respectively at 0.01 M ionic strength and a temperature of 35° C.

[Brij Bhushan Tewari. Studies on Biologically Significant Mercury(II) , Nickel(II) and Lead(II) – Isoleucine Binary Complexes in Solution. Nature and Science 2012;10(1):45-52]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. 7

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100112.07

Key words: paper electrophoretic technique; overall mobility; mercury(II) complexes; nickel(II) complexes; lead(II) complexes; isoleucine ; stability constant.

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Detection of HCV antibody among intending blood donors

Okonko IO¹, Oyediji TO², Anugweje KC³, Adeniji FO⁴, Alli JA⁵, Abraham OA⁶

¹Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, East-West Road, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria;

²Department of Microbiology, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria;

³Department of Health Services, Lulu Briggs Health Centre, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria;

⁴Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria;

⁵Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria;

⁶Department of Haematology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria;

mac2finney@yahoo.com, iheanyi.okonko@uniport.edu.ng

Abstract: This study was carried out to detect hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody among intending blood donors. In order to estimate the prevalence rate of HCV antibody, blood samples were screened by parallel diagnostic method using One Step Strip Style HCV test kits, by Dia Spot® Diagnostics, USA and Global Diagnostic^® Canada. Anti-HCV antibody was repeatedly detected in 2(1.0%) of the blood donors. Intending blood donors aged 40 years and above had the highest prevalence of HCV (2.1%) compared to age groups 18-39 years (0.7%). Anti-HCV antibody was only detected among male blood donors [2(1.2%)]. This study however, further confirmed the presence of HCV among apparently healthy intending blood donors. This highlights the necessity to adopt measures that will ensure safe blood transfusion. General surveillance and public health education to stop the spread of the infection on intending blood donors and the whole society is advocated.

【Okonko IO, Oyediji TO, Anugweje KC, Adeniji FO, Alli JA, Abraham O A. Detection of HCV antibody among intending blood donors. Nature and Science 2012;10(1):53-58]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. 8

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100112.08

Key words: Anti-HCV antibodies, HCV, Sexually active group, Seroprevalence, Nigeria

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Proximate Composition, Macro and Micro Mineral Elements of Some Smoke-dried Hill Stream Fishes from Manipur, India.

Abdul Hei¹ and Ch. Sarojnalini²

¹Lilong Haoreibi College, Usoipokpi, Lilong-795138, Manipur
²Life Sciences Department, Manipur University, Canchipur-795003, Imphal.

Ph. (0385)2435163, Fax. (0385)2222936 E-mail. ahei541@gmail.com

Abstract : The proximate composition, macro and micro mineral element contents of some smoked dry hill stream fishes Neolischochilus stracheyi, Labeo pangusia, Semiplotus manipurensis, Schizothorax rechardsonni and Ompok bimaculatus, were determined. The range of moisture mean content in all the fishes was between 9.36±0.01 % and 15.765±0.02 %. The highest protein level (71.31±3.11%) was found in Schizothorax rechardsonni and the lowest (30.51±2.19%) in Ompok bimaculatus. The highest lipid content (19.63±.879%) was found in Ompok bimaculatus and the lowest (6.68±.34%) in Schizothorax rechardsonni. The ash content was between 4.33±0.015-5.55±0.00 % in all fishes. The macro elements Ca, Mg, K, Na and P were abundant in all the fishes examined while micro elements Cu, Co, Zn, Fe, Ni and Cr were present in trace amounts. The toxic metal element Hg was absent and As, Pb and Cd were negligibly low . The P contents were most dominant in most fishes, with the highest in Schizothorax rechardsonni (973.15 mg/100g). The next dominant contents in most fishes were K, the highest being in Semiplotus manipurensis (284.24 mg/100g). Among the micro elements, Fe contents were dominant in most fishes examined. The fishes examined were good sources of minerals, proteins and other nutrients required for the balanced diet of human consumption.

[Abdul Hei and Ch. Sarojnalini. Proximate Composition, Macro and Micro Mineral Elements of Some Smoke-dried Hill Stream Fishes from Manipur, India. Nature and Science 2012;10(1):59-65]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. 9

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100112.09

Key words: Proximate composition; macro and micro mineral elements; smoke-dried hill stream fishes; atomic absorption spectrometer

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Syphilis and HIV, HCV and HBsAg co-infections among Sexually Active Adults

 Okonko IO¹, Anugweje KC² and Adeniji FO³, Abdulyekeen RA⁴

¹Medical Microbiology & Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, East-West Road, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria;

²Department of Health Services, Lulu Briggs Health Centre, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria;

³Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria;

⁴Department of Microbiology, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria;

mac2finney@yahoo.com, iheanyi.okonko@uniport.edu.ng

ABSTRACT: The objective of the study was to assess the possibility of syphilis co-infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among sexually active adults. Screening for HIV, HBV, HCV, and syphilis was carried out by laboratory tests commonly used for diagnosis of HIV, HBV, HCV, and syphilis. Among the 400 samples, serological reactivity was detected for HIV-1/2 in 35(8.8%), HBV in 5(1.3%), HCV in 2(0.5%), and syphilis in 3(0.8%). The incidence of HIV-1/2, HBV and HCV was higher among males 35/179 (19.6%) than females 7/221 (3.2%). Co-infection was observed for HIV—HBV in one (0.3%). None were found to have co-infection with HBV—HCV, HIV—syphilis, HIV—HCV, HBV—syphilis, and HCV—syphilis. Age, sex, locality, and presence of different sexually transmitted infections significantly influence syphilis, HIV, HBV and HCV seropositivity (P<0.05). The study shows that a substantial percentage of the samples screened harbor syphilis, HIV and viral hepatitis infections, which otherwise would remain undiagnosed without serological screening.

[Okonko IO, Anugweje KC and Adeniji FO, Abdulyekeen RA. Syphilis and HIV, HCV and HBsAg co-infections among Sexually Active Adults. Nature and Science 2012;10(1):66-74]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. 10

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100112.10

Keywords: Antibodies, Treponema pallidum, Syphilis, HIV, HBV, HCV, co-infections, sexually active adults

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Possible Hepatoprotective Potential of Cynara scolymus, Cupressus sempervirens and Eugenia jambolana Against Paracetamol-Induced liver Injury: In-vitro and In-vivo Evidence

Zeinab Y. Ali ^1,*, Hanan A. Atia ² and Nancy H. Ibrahim ²

1. Biochemistry Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza 35521, Egypt.

2. Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

zeinabyousef65@ymail.com, hananmoawad@gmail.com

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate in-vitro antioxidant activities of hydroethanolic extract of leaves of Cynara scolymus L., Cupressus sempervirens L., and Eugenia jambolana Lam comparing with ascorbic acid, and their correlation with in-vivo hepatoprotective activity in rat model of paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity, comparing with silymarin as reference agents. In-vitro study revealed that the tested extracts contain abundant amount of phenolic and flavonoids compounds attributed to their effective antioxidant potential in different models of assay that was decreased in the order of ascorbic acid ≥ E. jambolana > C. sempervirens > C. scolymus. In-vivo study, the pre-treatments with either extract (250 mg/kg/day, p.o) or silymarin (100 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 4 weeks have good safety profile in normal rats and exhibited a marked hepatoprotection against single toxic dose of paracetamol (4 g.kg^-1b.w, p.o.) as proved from 1. significant preserving the normal liver function parameters, 2. maintenance the hepatic redox status as evident from significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced glutathione with inhibition of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. 3. decreasing nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor alpha 4. membrane stabilizing effects as confirmed from significant increase in the hepatic Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity and decrease in lysosomal enzyme activities which were changed in the untreated paracetamol-intoxicated rats. These protection was decreased as silymarin ≥ E. jambolana > C. sempervirens > C. scolymus. In conclusion: E. jambolana may be applied as potential sources of natural antioxidant with hepatoprotective effect and may be recommended for early prophylaxis of patients with paracetamol-induced hepatic injure.

[Zeinab Y. Ali, Hanan A. Atia, Nancy H. Ibrahim. Possible Hepatoprotective Potential of Cynara scolymus, Cupressus sempervirens and Eugenia jambolana Against Paracetamol-Induced liver Injury: In-vitro and In-vivo Evidence. Nature and Science 2012;10(1):75-86]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. 11

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100112.11

Key words: phenolic; flavonoids; antioxidant; hepatoprotection; liver function; hepatic redox status; lipid peroxidation; protein oxidation; nitric oxide; tumor necrosis factor alpha; Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase; lysosomal enzymes

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Chemistry of interstellar medium& nebulae and their relationship to elements formation

Basant Ali Hassan

Student at fourth level Honor Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University

Abstract: How magnificent is the universe! Lots of materials had been observed through modern telescopes, lots of reactions had been estimated ;but not yet cosmologists had found the true mechanism of the universe formation ,not even the galaxies or stars…The chemistry of heliosphere and cosmic rays affect our Earth directly as well as the life of our Sun. Knowing the chemistry and components of nebulae and interstellar medium may help us found new ways to make nucleosynthesis and new atoms; this may help to save Earth and Sun some day. The chemical process in the interstellar medium may appear to be like those on Earth but the existence of neutrinos and active nuclei in the centre of galaxies make things going different. Studying the stars and galaxies from formation to death may open our minds on the system the universe follow. Some theories goes to the fusion of atoms together as a reversible nuclear reaction ,may be focusing on the nuclear reaction mechanism and following its steps in deep universe allows us some day to start a new century of chemistry studies, when we don’t only make molecules but we make atoms as well.

[Basant Ali Hassan. Chemistry of interstellar medium& nebulae and their relationship to elements formation. Nature and Science 2012;10(1):87-112]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. 12

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100112.12

Keywords: cosmology, heliosphere, cosmic ray, interstellar medium, nebula, element, nuclear

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Population of House Sparrow, Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Different Habitats of District Kurukshetra, Haryana (India)

Girish Chopra¹, Ajay Kumar² and Parmesh Kumar³

^{1, 2} Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra -136119, Haryana, India

³ University College, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra -136119, Haryana, India

email: ²ajayindorakuk@yahoo.com,

Abstract: The house sparrow, Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) is closely associated with human habitations and cultivation from historic times. However, this bird species once seen widely everywhere has now shown marked decline in its population in many parts of the world including India. The present study was carried out to assess the population status of house sparrow in different habitats of district Kurukshetra, Haryana (India). For this purpose monthly periodic visits from January, 2010 to December, 2010 were made in the four selected habitats namely, rural open areas/rural residential premises, ware houses/godowns/rice shellers, agricultural area and fallow lands. Line transects and scan sampling methods were used for counting the numbers of house sparrows. The maximum population of house sparrow was recorded in rural open areas/rural residential premises followed by ware houses/godowns/rice shellers and agricultural area. However, not even a single individual of house sparrow was spotted in selected fallow lands in all the four tehsils of district Kurukshetra during the study period. The average population density in rural open area/rural residential premises, ware houses/godowns /rice shellers, agricultural area and fallow lands was estimated to be 6.47±1.11, 0.91±0.23, 0.55±0.22 and 0.00±0.00 individuals/Km²_, respectively. There was a significant difference in abundance of birds during different months in the selected habitats. Specific reasons for monthly variation in the sparrow populations in general and the absence of birds in the fallow lands could not be ascertained.

[Girish Chopra, Ajay Kumar and Parmesh Kumar. Population of House Sparrow, Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Different Habitats of District Kurukshetra, Haryana (India). Nature and Science 2012;10(1):113-122]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. 13

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100112.13

Keywords: House sparrow, Selected habitats, Population density, Haryana

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Detection of Genetic Diversity In Egyptian Cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) Varieties Using RAPD Markers and Morphological Traits

A.M. El-Zanaty¹^*, K.F.M. Salem² and R.M. Esmail ³

¹ Genetic Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shibin El-Kom, Menoufia University, Egypt

² Plant Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute

(GEBRI), P.O. Box, 79, Sadat City, Menoufia University, Egypt

³ Genetics and Cytology Department, National Research Center (NRC), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

ABSTRACT: Two marker systems, 19 RAPD and 8 agronomic traits were used to estimate the genetic diversity in Egyptian cotton. RAPD primers produced a total of 101 amplicons, which generated 86.25% polymorphism. Number of amplification products ranged from 2 to 7 where percent genetic similarity for the studied primers ranged from 72.2% to 89.9% with an average 81.4%. PIC values of the RAPD markers ranged from 0.855 (UBC 20) to 0.909 (UBC 54) with an average of 0.896 per marker. Highly significant differences were obtained between genotypes for all traits except boll weight, lint percentage and fiber strength. PCV were higher than its corresponding GCV for number of open bolls per plant, boll weight, seed cotton and lint yields per plant. However, no great difference between PCV and GCV for the three fiber characters. Broadsense heritability estimates were ranged from 17.18% to 90.97% for boll weight and fibre strength, respectively. High genetic advance under selection was noted for lint cotton yield per plant, seed cotton yield per plant, number of open bolls per plant, fiber strength, fiber length and micronair value. However, low genetic gain obtained for boll weight and lint percentage. Number of bolls per plant showed high positive phenotypic correlation coefficients with both seed cotton and lint yields per plant. This study of the genetic diversity of Egyptian cotton varieties with RAPD markers and agronomic traits support the need to introduce new alleles into the gene pool of the Egyptian cotton breeding program.

[A.M. El-Zanaty¹^*, K.F.M. Salem² and R.M. Esmail. Detection of Genetic Diversity In Egyptian Cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) Varieties Using RAPD Markers and Morphological Traits. Nature and Science 2012;10(1):123]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. 14

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100112.14

Key Words : Cotton (Gossypium barbadense L) , RAPD markers, Genetic diversity, Heritability, Genetic advance.

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Determination Of Some Trace Heavy Metals In Tap Water Of South Saudi Arabia by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Technique

Asia Alshikh

Girl’s College of Educational, Jazan, Ministry of Higher Education, Jazan University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Ziadahmed1020@hotmail.com

Abstract: In this work, the direct determination of some trace heavy metals in the tap water were carried out by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) technique at Multi Mode Electrode (MME) ,mercury drop capillary for MME working electrode, using a differential pulse mode. The stripping current arising from the oxidation of metals were connected with the concentration the metals in the sample. The concentration of some trace heavy metals found in tap water sample were determined using acetate buffer (pH: 4.2). This value of elements in this study is between the limit values suggested by WHO, TSE and EPA , it is understood that the concentration of Zn(II), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) in Tap water of Abu-Arish, Sabia, Jazan and Bani-Malik areas have no influence on the human health .

[Asia Alshikh. Determination Of Some Trace Heavy Metals In Tap Water Of South Saudi Arabia by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Technique. Nature and Science 2012;10(1):124-129]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. 15

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100112.15

Key words: Tap water; DPASV; Saudi; Trace heavy metals.

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The Effect of Job Conscientiousness on Job Performance

Wafaa Fathi Sleem¹ and Neamat Mohmed El-Sayed²

¹Nursing Administration Department, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

² Nursing Administration Department, Faculty of Nursing, Damnhore University, Damnhore, Egypt

dr_wafaasleem@yahoo.com; neamat_mohamed@yahoo.com

Abstract: Job conscientiousness used as a predictor of job performance, because of it is one of the Big Five dimensions that is good in all jobs. So, the study aimed to examine the relation between job conscientiousness and job performance of staff nurses at Mansoura Main University Hospital. All staff nurses (n=68) working in surgical units were included in the study .A descriptive correlation design was used. Data collected through two tools, the first consists of two parts, the first part was intended to collect individual characteristics of studied staff nurses, the second part was six factor personality questionnaire to measure job conscientiousness. The second tool was observation check list to measure job performance. The relation between job conscientiousness and job performance of staff nurses were no significant, positive correlation.

[Wafaa Fathi Sleem and Neamat Mohmed El-sayed. The Effect of Job Conscientiousness on Job Performance. Nature and Science 2011; 9(1): 130-136]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. 16

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100112.16

Keywords: Job Conscientiousness -Job Performance -Surgical units.

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Determination Of Natural Radioactivity In Drinking Water And Consequent

Dose To Public

W.M. Abdellah and H.M. Diab

National Center for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Control , Atomic Energy Authority of Egypt, P.O. 7551, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt. E-mail: wmsra@yahoo.com

 Abstract : Tap potable water in Egypt is a necessity practice, rather than a choice. Radium as well as other heavy metals in drinking water can pose a health hazard to human. In this work, determination of natural radium isotopes (²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra) activity concentrations (mBq/L) in potable water samples from various locations in Egypt were carried out. The effective dose (mSv/y) and the associated cancer risk to public were estimated. The activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra were found to be in the range of 0.5 ± 0.2 to 22.0 ± 1.3 mBq/L with an average 3.6 ± 0.4 mBq/L. The activity concentration of ²²⁸Ra were in the range of 41.6 ± 5.19 to 116.8 ± 14.6 mBq/l with an average 57.97 ± 9.49 mBq/l. The average estimated effective doses due to water consumption were 0.73 µSv/y for ²²⁶Ra and 38.26 µSv/y for ²²⁸Ra. The cancer risks due to water consumption during the life time (70 y) estimated was found to be in the range 1.83 x 10^-7 to 11.95 x 10^-5 with an average value of 7.89 x 10^-5.

[W.M. Abdellah and H.M. Diab. Determination Of Natural Radioactivity In Drinking Water And Consequent

Dose To Public. Nature and Science 2012; 10(1): 137-142]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. 17

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100112.17

Key words: Water; ²²⁶Ra; ²²⁸Ra; Dose equivalent; Cancer risk

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Comparative evaluation of Foot and mouth disease Vaccines used in Egypt

Saad, MA.*; Wafaa Deghaidy

 *Central lab for evaluation of veterinary biologics, Abbasia, Cairo.

**Vet. Serum and vaccine research institute, Abbasia, Cairo

SUMMARY: Once vaccine formulation, bottling conditions, and labels fulfill the requirements of national or international standards, safety and potency tests must be performed under the responsibility of an independent control Authority. In our study we evaluate four commercial FMD vaccine Batches (two oil and two gel ) , Two of this vaccine prepared from the local Egyptian O and A FMD strain and the other two prepared from a range of A and O antigens used in combinations that are specifically targeted for a particular territory .The four vaccine batches tested were safe .The first oil vaccine batch gave 80% protection for FMD strain A and O ,The second gel gave 80% protection for FMD strain A and O , The third gel vaccine batch gave 100% protection for FMD strain A and O,while the fourth oil vaccine batch gave protection 100% for FMD strain A and 80% for FMD strain O .All the vaccine batches are evaluated with the Egyptian FMD strain A and O .the SNT titer for calves sera with batch one were 1.59 log10 ,1.68 log10 for FMD strain A and O respectively ,while the SNT titer for calves sera vaccinated with batch 2 were 1.78 log10 ,1.77 log10 for FMD strain A and O respectively, while the SNT titer for calves sera vaccinated with batch 3 were 1.94 log10 ,1.95 log10 for FMD strain A and O respectively, while the SNT titer for calves sera vaccinated with batch 4 were 1.92 log10 ,1.83 log10 for FMD strain A and O respectively.

[Saad, MA.*; Wafaa Deghaidy. Comparative evaluation of Foot and mouth disease Vaccines used in Egyp. Nature and Science 2012; 10(1): 143-147]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. 18

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100112.18

Keyword: Comparative evaluation; Foot; mouth disease ;Vaccines .

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Effect of GA₃ and Potassium Nitrate in Different Dates on Fruit Set, Yield and Splitting of Washington Navel Orange

^*Abd El-Rahman, G.F.; Hoda, M.Mohamed and Ensherah, A.H.Tayh

Citrus Department, Hort. Res. Instit., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt

*gamalelashmanty@yahoo.com

Abstract: Two concentrations of GA₃ were used alone or with 0.5% urea i.e. (50 and 100 ppm) and three levels of potassium nitrate (KNO₃₎ 2، 4 and 6% were tested as foliar sprays at different times i.e. first time application at full bloom stage , the second time application was at fruit diameter from 1.5-2.0 cm and (first and second time of application) for investigation their effects on fruit set, yield, fruit quality and splitting of 40-years-old Washington navel orange(Citrus Sinensis), trees budded on Sour Orange (Citrus aurantium, L.Obseck) rootstock during 2008 and 2009 seasons. Data indicated that, all treatments increased fruit set, yield and fruit quality and decreased fruit splitting as compared with control treatment. Data also revealed that, foliar sprays of trees by (GA₃ at 50 ppm) with or without 0.5% urea were superior for inducing the highest increase of fruit set and yield, in addition KNO₃ at 4% comparing with 2% and 6%. Also, KNO₃ treatments increased fruit size, peel thickness and juice acidity especially with high concentrations; on the other hand, the use of GA₃ at 50 or 100 ppm alone or with 0.5% urea increased fruit T.S.S and reduced nitrite and nitrate contents in fruit juice as compared with KNO₃ treatments. Moreover, it is noticed that trees sprayed at first application or first and second time of application gave the best results, while second application was the best for reducing fruit splitting. It could be recommended the best treatment for increasing yield and gave high fruit quality is GA₃ at 50 ppm with or without 0.5% urea at full bloom stage especially in respect with reducing nitrite and nitrate in fruit juice, and use KNO₃ 4% at the second time of application to reduce fruit splitting.

[Abd El-Rahman, G.F.; Hoda, M.Mohamed and Ensherah, A.H. Tayh. Effect of GA₃ and Potassium Nitrate in Different Dates on Fruit Set, Yield and Splitting of Washington Navel Orange. Nature and Science 2012;10(1): 148-157]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. 19

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100112.19

Key word: GA_3, Navel Orange, KNO_3, Fruit Set, Yield

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IMPROVEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE SOLIDIFICATION PROCESS USING MODIFIED BENTONITE MATERIALS

M. Abdel Geleel; N. S. Mahmoud

National Centre for Nuclear Safety and Radiation control, Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City 11762, B.O Box 7551 Cairo, Egypt. mnnarmine@hotmail.com

Abstract: The solidification matrix is an important barrier for the safety of disposal site. Improvement of this matrix is done by incorporation of Na-bentonite and K-bentonite loaded by cobalt and cesium into ordinary Portland cement. To improve the compressive strength of the final solid block, bentonite was coated by acrylic acid and styrene. The compressive strength for Portland cement containing 25 wt. % K-bentonite was increased from 15 MPa to 27 and 36 MPa when coated by acrylic acid and styrene respectively. On the other hand, the compressive strength of Na-betonite was increased from 14 MPa to 24 and 33 MPa when coated by acrylic acid and styrene respectively. Mechanical, chemical and radiation stability has been carried out under different experimental conditions. The effect of radiation dose to solidified cemented waste form was investigated and the results show that at 1.5 Mrad the compressive strength increased to its maximum value 57 Mrad and 51.2 Mrad for K-bentonite and Na-bentonite, respectively. To assess the safety of radioactive waste-cement composition, the leaching of ⁶⁰Co and ¹³⁷Cs from a waste composite into a surrounding fluid has been studied using underground water as leachant. Leaching tests were carried out in accordance with a method recommended by the IAEA.

[M. Abdel Geleel; N. S. Mahmoud. IMPROVEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE SOLIDIFICATION PROCESS USING MODIFIED BENTONITE MATERIALS. Nature and Science 2012;10(1):158-164]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencpub.net. 20

doi:10.7537/marsnsj100112.20

Key words: Disposal; Safety assessment; Radio active waste; Solidification process.

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