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Science Journal

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Nature and Science

 (Nayt Sci)

ISSN: 1545-0740

Volume 9 - Number 8 (Cumulated No. 53), August 25, 2011

Cover (online), Cover (print), Introduction, Contents, Call for Papers, ns0908

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CONTENTS

No.	Titles / Abstracts / Authors	Full Text	No.
1	The main barriers in rural women’s participation Yasin Sadighi Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: allahyari121@yahoo.com Abstract:* Participation means women’s presence in all stages of development, including: needs evaluation, identification of problems, planning, management, implementation and evaluation. It’s not easy to get equal participation in a patriarchal society, such a matter requires participation of women and especially rural women in particular projects that they are somewhat beneficiary. In all communities, rural women are considered as an important factor in achieving rural development goals and in fact are half of the manpower needed for rural development. However, in the rural community of Iran, there are gaps between the ruling class (capital owners) and villagers, between literate and illiterate, and between men and women. Especially in villages women have fewer possibilities in terms of investment and less power and credit. Role of rural women, over of men, is more influenced with different economic, social, cultural and ecologic factors. Development along with economic growth and income increase is an important goal for most countries. Recently the growth of awareness about destructive effects of poverty has made countries believe that the best way to achieve sustainable development is to eradicate poverty; therefore most development programs have been oriented towards poverty eradication by micro-credit services. Supporting poor to raise their life standards should be based on the belief that the poor are able to help themselves. Explicitly, this proves that among a variety of deprivation they do consider their survival. [Yasin Sadighi. The main barriers in rural women’s participation. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):1-5]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.01 Keywords rural women , participation	Full Text	1
2	*Antibiotics resistance of a strain of Escherichia coli* isolated from bore hole in Ile Ife, Osun state, Nigeri*a O.T, Akande¹, A.A Ajayi², A.O.Adejuwon¹, P. O. Olutiola¹, E.O. Ogunyemi ³ ¹ Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun state, Nigeria ²Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria ³Department of Chemical Pathology and Immunology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu campus, Ogun state, Nigeria Corresponding Author: Ajayi, Adesola Adetutu; Department of Biological Science;Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria. E-mail address: quietasever@yahoo.com Abstract:Escherichia* coli were isolated from water from two boreholes in Ile Ife, Osun state, Nigeria. This was an indication of faecal contamination. These strains of Escherichia coli were Gram negative short rods, Catalase positive, Methyl red positive, Voges Proskaeur negative. The strains could ferment glucose galactose, sucrose, lactose, mannitol and maltose with the production of acid and gas but could not hydrolyze starch. A particular strain was resistant to sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, cephaloridine, streptomycin, carbenicillin, sulfafurazole and tetracycline but sensitive to gentamicin, colistin, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin and colistin sulphate. [Ajayi, Adesola Adetutu. Antibiotics resistance of a strain of Escherichia coli isolated from bore hole in Ile Ife, Osun state, Nigeri. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):6-9]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.02 Key words: Escherichia coli, borehole water, antibiotics resistance.	Full Text	2
3	The role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in improving agriculture Abbas Nikbakhsh Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran E-mail: leila11070@yahoo.com Abstract: Technologies (ICT) during the past two decades have had many points of contact with education and training. The development of technology is placing new demands on expertise, and it is also leading to the increased use of information technology (IT) in instruction and learning. As early as in the 1970s discussions of the future of school systems started to pay attention to the opportunities provided by ICT. Now with the approach of the new millennium, IT is playing an increasingly central role in almost all future planning of schools and instruction. With the help of state and local funding, information technology has been purchased for schools ever since the 1980s. The state has also found many ways to support teacher training in the use of IT, and it has also allocated funds for the production of IT programs. Instruction in the use of IT has also played an important role in teacher training organized by local school authorities . In rural Internet and other information communication technologies (ICT) are mainly used by young, educated, well paid and urban consumers. Elderly, low-educated, low-paid and rural residents are among those who use the Internet the least. In our post-modern network society they are at the risk of social exclusion. This paper is aimed at the analysis of ICT diffusion in rural communities of Lithuania, exploring the main social patterns of diffusion and characteristics of rural Internet users. [Abbas Nikbakhsh. The role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in improving agriculture. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):10-13]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.03 Keywords: Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), agriculture	Full Text	3
4	Assessing Online Classes and Traditional Classes Mohammadreza Ghaffari Department of Communication, Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: allahyari121@yahoo.com Abstract:* This article will focus on the disadvantage of taking Online Classes. Online education is not exactly a trend yet, but it is becoming increasingly popular. The reason for this is that it offers new opportunities where none existed before – Many people wouldn’t have been able to acquire the necessary higher education without it. However, like all things in life, taking Online Classes has some drawbacks and disadvantages as compared to the traditional classrooms.Teachers must be involved in planning the systems, trained to use the tools they provide, and given the flexibility to revise their teaching. Federal and state regulations will need revision to ensure a more flexible and effective use of technology. Connections have been established across geographic, instructional, and institutional boundaries which provide opportunities for collaboration and resource sharing among many groups In the pooling of students and teachers, distance learning reconfigures the classroom which no longer is bounded by the physical space of the school, district, state or nation. [Mohammadreza Ghaffari. Assessing Online Classes and Traditional Classes.Nature and Science 2011;9(8):14-16]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.04 Keyword: Assessing Online Classes and Traditional Classes.	Full Text	4
5	The role of Adult characteristics in their education Mehran Bozorgmanesh Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran E-mail: mehran11070@yahoo.com Abstract: The most serious challenge will be to motivate low-skilled, under-educated adults within the working age population to seek further education. Simply expanding the number of providers and programs will not necessarily increase demand from the populations and communities where the needs are greatest. Deepseated social, economic and cultural barriers—many dating back generations—lead people to undervalue education. In addition, in many counties it is difficult for people to see a direct relationship between better education and better-paying jobs. Either there are no jobs available or many existing employers do little to emphasize the connection between better education and the possibilities for getting a job, keeping a job, or earning a higher wage. For many, getting more education and earning a high school diploma or a college degree has little positive meaning. adult who is able to recognize their needs. He is who knows what will. Refers to individual adults in their lives cross and understand their responsibilities and has accepted the role is social. Adult learners are often those that distinguish each other and have many different targets at the same time and will follow a common challenge to fulfill the goals of building self motivation vectors as educational materials to learn and use the forge. In the past, usually one of the obstacles in the way of learning and development of adult education was being inflexible and time courses were programs. But now most countries have to consider that the speed limit of time and learning ability and facilities must be adults. Flexibility in time means that not only should the time classes and programs for adults is appropriate, but necessary facilities should be provided for independent study. [Mehran Bozorgmanesh. The role of Adult characteristics in their education.Nature and Science 2011;9(8):17-21]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.05 Keywords: adult education, learning	Full Text	5
6	The role of Indigenous agriculture in rural development Mehdi Nazarpour Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran E-mail: allahyari121@yahoo.com Abstract: Different definitions were presented about indigenous knowledge by experts that each of them present their idea about this knowledge from their viewpoint. Each of them emphasis on a special aspect of indigenous knowledge according to their viewpoint. Oxford vocabulary define the word indigenous knowledge such this" it is created naturally in a region which is related to the people of that region. Indigenous knowledge is a knowledge that has been grown in a long time and has transferred from one generation to other generation in hereditary form. Williams and Molina have defined indigenous knowledge such this: indigenous knowledge is the learning methods, understanding and attitude to the world which is the result of experience and solving problems according to test and error by the people who are active and have used their available resources on its suitable time. Chambers with emphasizing on people's role in development process, believed that the phrase rural people's knowledge is more sensible than the other phrase such ethnic ecology, ethnographic knowledge, ethnic classification. He also believed that indigenous knowledge is a knowledge that is created naturally and is emanated from geographical circle. [Mehdi Nazarpour. The role of Indigenous agriculture in rural development. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):22-24]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.06 Keywords: Indigenous knowledge, agriculture	Full Text	6
7	Empowerment of rural women and micro-credit programs in world Mojtaba Sadighi Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Email: mehran11070@yahoo.com Abstract: Rural women constitute about half of the world’s population and in the world production supply they have energetic communion and constitute a great part of agriculture workforce. They constitute% 50 of the workforce and they participate in the production of half of the foods in the agriculture section. As an example the rural women constitute about 70 to% 80 of agriculture workforce in sub-Saharan Africa, %65 in Asia, %45 in Latin American & Caribbean, %80 in Nigeria & Tunisia and %80 in India, but their role in production system is the men’s supplements roles and this causes a big responsibility inside their mother & wife duties and it takes a great time and energy of them. Studies in this field show that women spend about two thirds of their time for production, management & organize of their house as the men spend only one third of their time for such things. rural woman helps to prepare farm , then she plows , harvests , does weeding and transplants , does milking and also acts as shepherd , weaves carpet , tries to make tools and handicrafts , bakes bread , cooks , does housekeeping duties , fetches water from water sources and from distances , fetches firewood , cares children , spins wool and makes curd , buttermilk , yogurt , butter and oil . In addition to all these, she is mother and family supervisor too. In spite of that rural women in developing countries are producer of about 80% of foods and responsible of supervising of about 30% of rural families, but their activities wasn’t considered as economic activity and simply are removed from agriculture and rural development programs. [Mojtaba Sadighi. Empowerment of rural women and micro-credit programs in world Nature and Science 2011;9(8):25-29]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.07 Keywords: empowerment, rural women, micro-credit	Full Text	7
8	Need for indigenous knowledge: Important issue in rural development Abbas Emami Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran E-mail: allahyari121@yahoo.com Abstract: with studying indigenous agriculture we can get points that will help us to design the same systems in industrial countries. Sustainable agriculture which is taken from indigenous systems will remedy the shortcoming of modern agriculture. In a single-product of modern farm, life circles of nature has changed by using chemical poison that give no chance for using principles of ecological agriculture. But completeness (evolution) of culture and environment is the result of local agricultural systems. In indigenous agriculture, variety and alternation of cultivation make minimize the possibility of farming products destruction. Although these systems have resources limitation, but they use of learning advantage and intellectual ways for use of animals, soil and compatible farm species. For this reason, researchers of ecological agriculture know these systems as unexampled kinds to specify constant static scales for agriculture activities. In industrial countries they use of these scales for designing and managing ecological production systems. [Abbas Emami. Need for indigenous knowledge: Important issue in rural development.Nature and Science 2011;9(8):30-33]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.08 Keywords: indigenous knowledge	Full Text	8
9	Quantum Chemical Calculations on Some Substituted Benzothiazole Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Brass in Acidic Media Musa E. Mohamed ^1,, Kamal K. Taha ² 1, 2 Department of Chemistry, College of Applied and Industrial Sciences, Juba University, Khartoum State, Khartoum, Sudan e-mail address: musaahimer5@hotmail.com Telephone number: 00249923023519; fax: 0011222142-249 Abstract:* Gas phase and aqueous phase quantum chemical calculations for the inhibition efficiency of some substituted Benzothiazole (BTH) and its 2-methyl (MeBTH), 2-amino (ABTH), 2-mercapto (MBTH) and 2-phenyl (PhBTH) as corrosion inhibitors for brass in HClO₄ were investigated by means of the AM1, PM6, MNDO and RM1 semi-empirical SCF molecular orbital methods. The calculated quantum chemical parameters correlated to the inhibition efficiency are, E_HOMO, E_LUMO, energy of the gap (DE) and other parameters. The calculated results are in agreement with the experimental data. [Musa E. Mohamed; Kamal K. Taha. Quantum Chemical Calculations on Some Substituted Benzothiazole Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Brass in Acidic Media. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):34-39]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.09 Keywords: Benzothiazoles; Corrosion Inhibitors; Semi-empirical methods; Quantum chemical calculations	Full Text	9
10	Effect of Sitofex (CPPU ) and GA₃ Spray on fruit set ,fruit quality, yield and monetary value of “ Costata” Persimmon. Fathi M. A.;Azza I. Mohamed and. Abd El-Bary A. Horticulture Res. Instit. Agric. Res. Centre-Egypt Corresponding author: dodi1961us@hotmail.com ABSTRACT: The present investigation was carried out during 2009 and 2010 seasons on “Costata” persimmon trees (Diospyros kaki L.) to improve yield and fruit quality. The trees were twenty years old , budded on Tarabuls (Diospyros virgeniana) rootstock ,spaced at 4×4 meters, grown in clay soil under flood irrigation system , in a private orchard at Aga district, Dakahlia Governorate to study the effect of foliar treatment with Sitofex (CPPU) at full bloom or fruit set with 0.5 or 10 ppm was studied. Also, the effect of foliar treatment of gebbrallic acid ( GA₃) at 0,10 or 20 ppm with or without CPPU on vegetative growth (shoot length and diameter, total chlorophyll and number of leaves / shoot), and the fruiting (fruit set , fruit number, yield, fruit quality and monetary value of the yield ) was studied during 2009 and 2010 seasons. The obtained results significantly indicated the superiority of 5 and 10 ppm Sitofex foliar application at fruit set on the testes parameters. Moreover, 10 ppm GA₃ was promised with many vegetative and fruiting characters. So, it can be recommended to persimmon growers to spray their trees with 10 ppm GA₃ + 5 ppm CPPU at fruit set stage to increase growth, yield and their income. [Fathi M. A.;Azza I. Mohamed and. Abd El-Bary A. Effect of Sitofex (CPPU ) and GA₃ Spray on fruit set, fruit quality, yield and monetary value of “Costata” Persimmon. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):40-49]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.10 Key words: persimmon, Costata, CPPU (Sitofex) ( synthetic cytokinin)N-( 2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)-N urea phenyl), gebbrallic acid	Full Text	10
11	Effect of Sitofex (CPPU ) and GA₃ Spray on fruit set ,fruit quality, yield and monetary value of “Costata” Persimmon. Fathi M. A.;Azza I. Mohamed and. Abd El-Bary A. Horticulture Res. Instit. Agric. Res. Centre-Egypt Corresponding author: dodi1961us@hotmail.com ABSTRACT: The present investigation was carried out during 2009 and 2010 seasons on “Costata” persimmon trees (Diospyros kaki L.) to improve yield and fruit quality. The trees were twenty years old , budded on Tarabuls (Diospyros virgeniana) rootstock ,spaced at 4×4 meters, grown in clay soil under flood irrigation system , in a private orchard at Aga district, Dakahlia Governorate to study the effect of foliar treatment with Sitofex (CPPU) at full bloom or fruit set with 0.5 or 10 ppm was studied. Also, the effect of foliar treatment of gebbrallic acid ( GA₃) at 0,10 or 20 ppm with or without CPPU on vegetative growth (shoot length and diameter, total chlorophyll and number of leaves / shoot), and the fruiting (fruit set , fruit number, yield, fruit quality and monetary value of the yield ) was studied during 2009 and 2010 seasons. The obtained results significantly indicated the superiority of 5 and 10 ppm Sitofex foliar application at fruit set on the testes parameters. Moreover, 10 ppm GA₃ was promised with many vegetative and fruiting characters. So, it can be recommended to persimmon growers to spray their trees with 10 ppm GA₃ + 5 ppm CPPU at fruit set stage to increase growth, yield and their income. [Fathi M. A.;Azza I. Mohamed and. Abd El-Bary A. Effect of Sitofex (CPPU ) and GA₃ Spray on fruit set, fruit quality, yield and monetary value of “Costata” Persimmon. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):40-49]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.11 Key words: persimmon, Costata, CPPU (Sitofex) (synthetic cytokinin)N-( 2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)-N urea phenyl), gebbrallic acid	Full Text	11
12	Improving education through distance education and online learning Maryam Abarashi Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran E-mail: fereshteh12150@yahoo.com Abstract: in distance education teachers often are separate and comprehensive. Preparation of educational materials, supporting learners under the supervision of a training center takes place almost never do as a group are not. For services to education and electronic learning aids such as printed materials, computers and the Internet rely on. Another look at the educational system of a new e-business and artistic and is a comprehensive solution to the institutions that want to move in the direction that technology and change their teaching methods and environments are possible to achieve the new educational approach provides. In its original form, teachers using distance education traveled to remote sites and taught a class, or corresponded with students through mail, telephone, or fax machine. Individualized study has been a method of reaching the remote student for some time. Detailed course instructions are sent to the learner who performs the assigned tasks and returns the completed work to the teacher for evaluation and reassignment if necessary. Technology has raised the quality of individualized distance instruction. The use of various forms of electronic media increases time effectiveness and improves the delivery of information. Video, audio, and computer-based applications may enhance the product received by the independent learner. Electronic delivery can occur using synchronous communication, in which class members participate at the same time, or asynchronous communication where participants are separated by time. [Maryam Abarashi. Improving education through distance education and online learning. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):55-58]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.12 Keywords: online Learning, distance education	Full Text	12
13	Effect of Sitofex (CPPU ) and GA₃ Spray on fruit set ,fruit quality, yield and monetary value of “Costata” Persimmon. Fathi M. A.;Azza I. Mohamed and. Abd El-Bary A. Horticulture Res. Instit. Agric. Res. Centre-Egypt Corresponding author: dodi1961us@hotmail.com ABSTRACT: The present investigation was carried out during 2009 and 2010 seasons on “Costata” persimmon trees (Diospyros kaki L.) to improve yield and fruit quality. The trees were twenty years old , budded on Tarabuls (Diospyros virgeniana) rootstock ,spaced at 4×4 meters, grown in clay soil under flood irrigation system , in a private orchard at Aga district, Dakahlia Governorate to study the effect of foliar treatment with Sitofex (CPPU) at full bloom or fruit set with 0.5 or 10 ppm was studied. Also, the effect of foliar treatment of gebbrallic acid ( GA₃) at 0,10 or 20 ppm with or without CPPU on vegetative growth (shoot length and diameter, total chlorophyll and number of leaves / shoot), and the fruiting (fruit set , fruit number, yield, fruit quality and monetary value of the yield ) was studied during 2009 and 2010 seasons. The obtained results significantly indicated the superiority of 5 and 10 ppm Sitofex foliar application at fruit set on the testes parameters. Moreover, 10 ppm GA₃ was promised with many vegetative and fruiting characters. So, it can be recommended to persimmon growers to spray their trees with 10 ppm GA₃ + 5 ppm CPPU at fruit set stage to increase growth, yield and their income. [Fathi M. A.;Azza I. Mohamed and. Abd El-Bary A. Effect of Sitofex (CPPU ) and GA₃ Spray on fruit set, fruit quality, yield and monetary value of “Costata” Persimmon. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):40-49]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.13 Key words: persimmon, Costata, CPPU (Sitofex) ( synthetic cytokinin)N-( 2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)-N urea phenyl), gebbrallic acid	Full Text	13
14	Rural women in developing countries Khatereh siyar Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: khaterehsiyar@yahoo.com Abstract:* In all communities, rural women as an important factor in achieving rural development goals were discussed and in fact, half of rural human resources development are needed, however, the rural population of Iran, the ruling class (the owners of capital) and rural people, between urban and rural, between literate and illiterate, between men and women, there is a deep cleft. Women, especially in villages of fewer possibilities in terms of investment, credit and enjoy the power. Miran role of rural women is more than men, influenced by various factors, conditions and economic, social, cultural and ecological. Rural women, either directly (production of crops, livestock, handicrafts and rural) or in terms of helping the agricultural sector (as labor) considerable potential in the community are considered. About 5/6 million women in the production Iran's agricultural sector involved. Activities related to planting, and harvesting, processing and preparation of animal feed, preservation and care of livestock and poultry and some related activities including marketing and sales field role and participation of rural women. [Khatereh siyar. Rural women in developing countries. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):66-70]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.14 Keywords: rural women, developing countries	Full Text	14
15	Key factors in the process of distance education Yasin Sadighi Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: allahyari121@yahoo.com Abstract:* Technologies training web-based technology as one of the most effective learning tools in educational issues have been identified and a total of E-learning as it is referred. . But if the scientific and cultural infrastructure with this technology's Day is not coordinated development of information will be obtained. This weakness caused by lack of growth and development of training required for pandemic knowledge of existing technology is. In many systems of scientific tools and capabilities needed to provide hardware and commissioning are still technological problems resulting from lack of knowledge of poverty and poor education in these centers to be seen. In other words, the country still in the feasibility assessment and appropriate to make public the necessary training for operation and application of scientific principles and technological tools is has been done and why certain movements and sometimes non-normative point will not be able node an unlock. The conditions and according to the capacity of developing countries and training facilities required a knowledge-based society feels is felt. If all processes in technology education and technology optimization and standardization of the Hungarian education should go, and appropriate channels that the best option in this area could benefit from state universities is capabilities. [Yasin Sadighi. Key factors in the process of distance education. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):71-75]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.15 Keywords: Distance Education, Education	Full Text	15
16	Financial support of rural women Abbas Emami Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: hossein11070@yahoo.com Abstract:* Development is a multidimensional process and has various economic, social, political and cultural dimensions. Rural women’s participation has not been active and effective; because this participation’s most important aspect, namely economics, is for rural women. However the value of their work in agricultural products is rarely considered as income and they are not independent either. For an active participation of women in development, first we need to give a definition for their role in development and then barriers related to their role will be discussed. Although apparently there is no difference of gender in development programs but reality is that women are less considered in participatory programs and most of these plans are planned for men. Finally, planner’s optimistic look toward women’s participation will be greatly helpful improve rural family budget and will increase the difference between urban and rural families. If, by credit, loans and other financial facilities, rural families are able to build up their own business and make a living through the income and become financially self-reliance or independent, no doubt we will witness some social, economic and cultural changes in villages. [Abbas Emami. Financial support of rural women. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):76-80]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.16 Keywords: financial support , empowerment, rural women	Full Text	16
17	Online Classes and Traditional Classes in adult education Mehran Bozorgmanesh Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: mehran11070@yahoo.com Abstract:* Imagine a future without campuses and classrooms. Instead there will be academic cyber-space and scholarly chat rooms. Accredited academic programs world-wide will be given via the Internet, producing an unprecedented global number of world experts in every field. This is not yet the case today, but online schools are already offering great opportunities where none existed only a few years ago. Higher education is becoming easily available to people who would otherwise never even dream of it – Adults who work full time, family people, people from remote countries all over the world converging in world-class learning centers. Because online education is still a new field, it is important to know exactly what it can and cannot offer you. [Mehran Bozorgmanesh. Online Classes and Traditional Classes in adult education. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):81-84]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.17 Keywords: Online Classes, Traditional Classes, distance education	Full Text	17
18	*A Monomicrobial Infection Of Staphylococcus Aureus* Associated With Erectile Dysfunction - A CASE REPORT** ¹Momoh, A.R.M., ²Idonije, O.B., ³Okogbo, F., ⁴Okhiai, O., ⁵Ekhator, C.N.,¹Okolo, P.O., ⁶Turay, A.A., ⁷Momoh, A.A Departments of ¹Medical Microbiology, ²Chemical Pathology, ³Obstetrics and Gynaecology, ⁴Nursing, ⁵Physiology, ⁶Medical Laboratory Sciences, ⁷Microbiology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. dridonije@yahoo.com Abstract:Staphylococus aureus is a very common pathogen implicated in urinary tract infections, in males and females as well as pelvic inflammatory disease in the female. This organism is also a vital aetiologic agent in wound infections and in some cases diarrhea. This unique bacterium has also been associated with cases of infertility in males and females. However, hitherto, there has been little or no evidence linking Staphylococcus aureus with erectile dysfunction as seen in this reported case. [Momoh, A.R.M., Idonije, O.B., Okogbo, F., Okhiai, O., Ekhator, C.N.,Okolo, P.O., Turay, A.A., Momoh, A.A. A Monomicrobial infection of Staphylococcus aureus associated with erectile dysfunction - A case report. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):85-87]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.18 Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, Erectile dysfunction, Monomicrobial infection.	Full Text	18
19	Scientific basis of subirrigation as a factor of increasing the efficiency of using the underground and ground water in arid zones Muradov Shuhrat Odilovich The South regional scientific centre of the Academy of the sciences of Uzbekistan, Karshi, Uzbekistan 108100 E-mail: m.oikos@rambler.ru Abstract: The necessity of the use of subirrigation in arid zones is motivated on the base of experimental-theoretical researches. The principles of the calculation of the device was stated for regulating the drainage sewer. The way of the cascade building of the device was offered. The results of the research permit to raise water supply of the irrigated lands and to improve the hydro ecological conditions of the aeration zones. [Muradov Shuhrat Odilovich. Scientific basis of subirrigation as a factor of increasing the efficiency of using the underground and ground water in arid zones.Nature and Science 2011;9(8):88-93]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.19 Keywords: arid; irrigation; pickling and desalination of the soil; subirrigation; the critical interval of the subsoil water; hydro ecology; natural water farming region.	Full Text	19
20	Adult Teaching: methods and principles Kobra Lashgari , Khatereh siyar and Mehdi Nazarpour Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: saba11085@yahoo.com Abstract: Concept of adult education in revolutionary countries, is a combination of these two concepts. Changes in these countries due to social, political and cultural revolution, resulting from, literacy and continuing education necessary to find because of the revolution, there is cultural poverty on the other hand the implementation of development plans and the need for skilled personnel are expert. General adult education system based on economic conditions - social and cultural community is different and each specific goals will follow. General objectives of adult education and literacy in two categories is divided into professional education. Continuing education is a broad term. In the most general sense, any time you return to a classroom of any kind to learn something new, you are continuing your education. [Kobra Lashgari, Khatereh siyar and, Mehdi Nazarpour. Adult Teaching: methods and principles. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):94-97]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.20 Keywords: adult education, Teaching Principles	Full Text	20
21	Numerical analysis of the geomembrane behavior in the earth dams Hamidreza Ahmadaghaei¹ and Mohammad Azadi² ¹Department of Civil Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran ²Department of Civil Engineering, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran Corresponding author: h_ahmadaghaei@yahoo.com Abstract: The use of geomembranes as Tatrava surface can be considered as valuable and affordable solution compared to other techniques for sealing of earth dams. In one Of the earth dams in Iran (Sar Chesmeh Copper mine dam), the geomembrane is used to increase the height of the dam. In this study, using by software modeling to try to achieve the optimum thickness for geomembranes used in The shell was added to the old dam, based on analysis of Seepage and slope stability downstream slope of dam, So using by obtained thickness of the geomembrane, the smallest leak can cause, and Downstream slope of dam can maintain its consistency and economic aspects are also considered for implementation. To achieve this purpose, Geomembranes with different thickness in the respective place, Considered as a model and determine the optimal thickness of the geomembrane By comparing the results from the analysis of leakage. Then downstream slope dam stability will examine. [Hamidreza Ahmadaghaei , Mohammad Azadi. Numerical analysis of the geomembrane behavior in the earth dams. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):98-101]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.21 Keywords: Geomembrane, Earth dams, Numerical analysis, Sealing.	Full Text	21
22	Assessing marketing mixture in sport Azita Zamani, Hadi Absollah and Abbas Rezazadeh Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: abbasrezazadeh80@yahoo.com Abstract: Marketers are trying to create positive relation with customers through various tools such as ads , public relation , ads production and financial sponsoring . now , financial sponsoring in sport has changed as significant marketing tool . when financial sponsoring happens that one firm invests on sport program or matches which provides supporters firms , ads subjects related to sport programs through it. During years , financial sponsoring for changing to great ads tool has increased. Sport marketing , has changed to global gainful industry. So, it led to high revenue for sports including ticket selling and ads. It is not possible to gain revenue for paying caused costs, without having interested fan of different sports and lack of enough ticket selling. [Azita Zamani, Hadi Absollah and Abbas Rezazadeh. Assessing marketing mixture in sport. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):102-106]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.22 Keywords: marketing mixture, sport	Full Text	22
23	Reasons of sport industry growth Hadi Abdollah, Azita Zamani and Abbas Rezazadeh Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: abbasrezazadeh80@yahoo.com Abstract: Financial sponsoring , is important action for many organizations across the world. Cost of Financial sponsoring of USA is about 11.14 billion dollars in 2004 , 7.4 billion dollars at Europe , 4.7 billion dollars at Oceania and 2.2 billion dollars at south and central America. also , cost of Financial sponsoring by firm at north America has increased from 10.20 billion dollars from 2003 to 14.93 billion dollars in 2007 . while it is predicated that 37.7 billion dollars is cost of Financial sponsoring across the world. Financial sponsoring of sport events, attract marketer who seeks to target markets by Financial sponsoring of events which has high coordination with customers. [Hadi Abdollah, Azita Zamani and Abbas Rezazadeh. Reasons of sport industry growth. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):107-110]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.23 Keywords: sport industry, sport	Full Text	23
24	Physico-chemical evaluation of broad spectrum herbicide (glyphosate isopropyl ammonium 48%) liquid formulations of highly desirable samples in local market El-Shiekh, Y. W. A.^{* 1}and Radwan, A. Olfat² ¹ Department of Pesticides Formulation Research, ² Department Pesticides Analysis Research^,Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Egypt. ^yasserwahied@yahoo.com Abstract:* The present study was carried out to investigate the physico- chemical parameters and stability of eleven formulations for glyphosate isopropyl ammonium (48% glyphosate IPA) collected from local market. The formulation samples (48% active ingredient) from one to eleven were stored under different storage conditions at zero º C ± 1 for 7 days and at 54 ºC for 3& 14 days. The effect of storage at cold and hot conditions on chemical stability of Glyphosate IPA from samples number one to eleven were determined by HPLC. The active ingredient (%) decreased at cold conditions and it was clear at hot storage one, compared with the data obtained at initial time. Samples number 1,3,8,and 9 were less stable in both hot storage conditions at 54 ºC for 3 & 14 days , while storage at 54 ºC for 14 days accelerated the chemical composition of glyphosate IPA with samples number 2,5,7and 11. On contrast the active ingredient % of glyphosate IPA in samples number 4,6,and 10 which were stored at 54 ºC for 14 days, and all samples were stored at zero ºC for 7 days were more stable. Moreover, another target of this study is to evaluate of some physical parameters after cold conditions (at 0 ºC ± 1 for 7 days) and hot conditions (at 54 ºC for 3 &14 days). No significant changes in density, specific gravity and refractive index were recorded, the surface tension and the acidity (%) were decreased in all tested glyphosate isopropyl ammonium formulations samples under cold & hot storage conditions compared with the same formulations at initial time, while the viscosity were increased with all tested formulations samples which stored at 0 ºC ± 1 for 7 days. On contrast the viscosity were decreased with all tested glyphosate isopropyl ammonium formulations which stored at 54 ºC for 3 &14 days. The physical properties of spray solutions of glyphosate isopropyl ammonium formulations samples, foaming test, emulsion stability, viscosity, surface tension, pH values, conductivity (mM), salinity (%) and total dissolved salts (mg/l) were tested. [El-Shiekh, Y. W. A.and Radwan, A. Olfat, Physico-chemical evaluation of broad spectrum herbicide (glyphosate isopropyl ammonium 48%) liquid formulations of highly desirable samples in local market. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):111-121]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.24 Key words: Glyphosate isopropyl ammonium, physical or chemical properties, IR spectra	Full Text	24
25	*Variations in Vac A nucleotides and peptides domain of Helicobacter* pylori coccoid forms isolated from a patient suffering from gastritis in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia** Rajaa M. Milyani Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Corresponding author: rajaamilyani@hotmail.com Abstract: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) strain Makka-7 isolated from gastric biopsies taken from patients complaining of gastric disorders in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia. The strain stored at -40°C for ten years after which morphological changes resulted into coccoid forms. The latter forms were subsequently cultured on a novel medium containing mainly amino acids. PCR amplifications of H. pylori isolate Makkah-7 (HQ622108) revealed the 750 bp fragment that represented the Vac A gene. Sequence alignment of Vac A gene was performed and total number of 255 nucleotide positional differences with base-pair substitutions was identified for Makka-7 isolate compared to GenBank strains of H. pylori. The highest number (31) with positional differences with base-pair substitutions was obtained from Thymine (T) to (A), followed by Guanine (G) that changed to (A) with 30 and (A) changed to (T) with 29. In contrary, the lowest number with 9 positional differences was detected in (G) that changed to (C), followed by 12 from (C) to (G) and (T) to (G). Translation of the Vac A sequence induced a putative signal polypeptide of 199 amino acids with a molecular mass of about 140 kDa and a isoelectric point (pI) of 8.79. An amino acid sequence comparison revealed that the predicted protein is a vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) putative domain. Amino acids alignment of vacuolating cytotoxin A of isolate Makkah 7 (ADU05468) compared with 100 obtained GenBank H. pylori strains and isolates revealed mutations in different positions. Several amino acids existing in Makka-7 were changes to other individual GenBank amino acids at different positions. For instant, the highest number of amino acids (9) that changed to Asparagine (Asn) were Ala changed to Asn at positions 12, 101 and 161; (Lys to Asn) at 80 and 160; (Ser to Asn) at 70 and 146; (Phe to Asn) at 233 and (Arg to Asn) at 112. Moreover, Asn changed to Asp at positions 4 and 10; (Arg to Asp) at 1; (Ser to Asp) at 157. Other amino acids were uniquely changed to individual GenBank amino acids, such as Lys to Gly at 48, Asn to His at 133, Trp to Met at 78. Phylogenetic analyses based on both of Vac A gene and its peptide domain sequences showed that Makka-7 isolated strain formed a phylogenetically distinct group, separate from all other species of H. pylori. The obtained results evidently indicated a large diversity with unique characteristics of the Saudi Arabian H. pylori strain from all the other established strains. [Rajaa M. Milyani. *Variations in Vac A nucleotides and peptides domain of Helicobacter* pylori coccoid forms isolated from a patient suffering from gastritis in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):122-137]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.25 key words:** Accession HQ877021, Helicobacter pylori, isolate, Vac A gene, variations	Full Text	25
26	The Growth Comparison Of Two Catfishes (C. Gariepinus And Heteroclarias) SOLOMON, R.J. AND TARUWA. S. M. Department Of Biological Sciences, University Of Abuja, Federal Capital Terretory, Nigeria. E-MAIL: johnsol2004@yahoo.com Abstact: Eight weeks (two months) experiment was conducted in the Botanical garden of the department of Biological science at University of Abuja, to evaluate the growth performance in two catfishes ( Clarias gariepinus & Heteroclarias) in circular tanks each having a capacity of sixty liters (60 liters).The fishes were divided into three culture groups, two monocultures and a polyculture. Experimental fishes were fed with copean multifeed (floating diet) a complete dry catfish food.The fingerlings were fed 4% of their body weight twice daily, morning (6.00am – 8.00am) and evening (6.00pm–8.00pm).Growth performance and physiochemical parameters were measured weekly. The results show that treatment B(monoculture of Heteroclarias) had the best growth performance with a mean weight gain of 1.46g and mean length gain of 0.985cm which exceed that of treatment A(monoculture of C.gariepenus) that had a mean weight gain of 1.0575g and mean length of 0.75cm.In treatment C (polyculture of C.gariepInus & Heteroclarias), Heteroclarias had the best growth performance with a mean weight gain of 1.22g and mean length gain of 0.945cm exceeding that of C.gariepenus which had a mean weight gain of 0.6975 and mean length gain of 0.472. At the end of the study period, Heteroclarias had the best growth in both monoculture and polyculture systems. [SOLOMON, R.J. AND TARUWA. S. M. The Growth Comparison Of Two Catfishes (C. Gariepinus And Heteroclarias). Nature and Science 2011;9(8):138-148]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.26 Keyword: Growth Comparison , Catfishes, C. Gariepinus, Heteroclarias.	Full Text	26
27	*Kohlrabi (Brassica caulorapa* L): A Potent Anticancer Vegetable Processed in Baked Biscuits** ^1 Esmat A Hassan, ²Ahmad Hussein, and ¹El-Awadi M. E. ¹Botant Department, ²Department of Food Technology National Research Centre, Dokki, 12311.Giza, Egypt Esmat_hassan@yahoo.com Abstract:* Nutritive constituents of protein , fat ,crude fiber , total phenols and phenolic acids were detected in two kohlrabi cultivars .Total phenols per a baked biscuit unit fortified with kohlrabi stem flour were calculated after baking . The results revealed that total phenols were higher in the leaves as compared to stems in both kohlrabi cultivars. Salicylic acid represented the maximum fraction detected in the green skin kohlrabi stems (56.1mg/100gm ) , reaching ca. double fold value of that existed in the red one (28.5mg/100g) on dry weight base. Maximum recovery of total phenols were 83.4 mg and 52.0 mg per one biscuit unit ( of ca.22 and 18 g ) at 15% and 8% levels of the added green and red kohlrabi stems in the blend respectively. Slight changes were recorded in the final baking characteristics due to kohlrabi stem flour addition. An enriched nutritive value and a prolonged shelf-life of the baked biscuit product were observed. This could be due to the bioactive antioxidants existed in such a vegetable .It is herein suggested to encourage baked products fortified with kohlrabi stem flour to be included in a dietary system in cancer care avoidance and /or prevention regime particularly in case of children. [Esmat A Hassan, Ahmad Hussein, and El-Awadi M. E. Kohlrabi (Brassica caulorapa L): A Potent Anticancer vegetable Processed in Baked Biscuits. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):149-157]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.27 Key words: Cancer, biscuits, kohlrabi, phenols, nutritive value.	Full Text	27
28	*Biology of the Hairy Mangrove Crab, Sersema Huzardii* (Decapoda: Graspidae) from a Tropical Estuarine Lagoon.** Aderonke Omolara Lawal-Are* and Hilary Nwankwo Department of Marine Sciences, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos –Nigeria. Corresponding author: aolawalare@gmail.com ABSTRACT: The size composition, growth pattern, food habits, reproductive biology and feedstuff preferences of the mangrove crab, Sesarma huzardii* in a tropical estuarine lagoon were investigated. The carapace length ranged from 1.5cm to 4.7cm and weight from 4.5g to 27.8g. The crab exhibited negative allometric growth. The condition factor ranged between 3.6 and 13.5 and decreased with size. The crabs fed mainly on diatoms, algae, higher plants and insect parts. The sex ratio was 1: 0.6 (male/female) which was significantly different from the expected 1:1 ratio. The fecundity ranged between 1.2 and 3.5 million eggs. The average fecundity was 2.5million eggs. Egg diameter ranged from 0.21 to 0.33mm with a mean diameter of 0.24mm. The crab had the highest gain in weight when fed with white mangrove leaves and least with animal food. [Aderonke Omolara Lawal-Are and Hilary Nwankwo. Biology of the Hairy Mangrove Crab, Sersema Huzardii (Decapoda: Graspidae) from a Tropical Estuarine Lagoon. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):158-164]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.28 Keywords: Mangrove crab, growth, feeding habits, reproductive biology	Full Text	28
29	Numerical Assessment and Analysis of Textural Deposits of Beach Sediment: A case study of Ajah (Okun Mopo) Beach Lagos South West Nigeria. Titocan Mark Imhansoloeva^, Akinnigbagbe Edward Akintoye, Ibitola Philips Mayowa, Rabiu Abdulkarin, Imo Daniel Oguwuike, Shonde Olubukola, Faleye Bamidele Ruth Marine Geology/Geophysics Department, Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research (NIOMR), Lagos, Nigeria. asktito@yahoo.com ABSTRACT:* Grain size distributions and gradation coefficients of sediments are determined and they give the purview of the numerical assessments and textural deposits on Ajah Okun Mopo Beach. During a singular observational period, sediments were collected from the Okun mopo beach on the waterline and berm of each of the established 10 beach profile stations perpendicular to the shoreline. Grain size distribution was assessed by dry sieving and the analysis showed that high current and strong wave energy are responsible for the grain size distribution on the beach. The principal sediment modes ranges from coarse sand on the waterline to medium sand on the berm, and their average grain sizes are recorded as 0.9488Ф and 1.1848Ф respectively. The grains show homogeneity of moderately well sorted sand, mesokurtic and poorly graded (well sorted) sediments on both the waterline and the berm. The grains are finely skewed at the waterline and near symmetrical at the berm with values of 0.1141 on the waterline and 0.0864 on the berm. However, with medium sand reportedly deposited on the berm and coarse sand deposited on the waterline indicate that the beach is influenced by strong wave energy oscillations capable of causing imminent coastal erosion, coastal seawater inundation and flooding, and thus, dangerous to the structural settlements at close proximities to the beach with no appropriate flood or shoreline protections. [Titocan, Mark Imhansoloeva, Akinnigbagbe Edward Akintoye, Ibitola Philips Mayowa, Rabiu Abdulkarin, Imo Daniel O., Shonde O., Faleye Bridget Ruth. Numerical Assessment and Analysis of Textural Deposits of Beach Sediment: A case study of Ajah (Okun Mopo) Beach Lagos South West Nigeria. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):165-174]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.29 Key words: Textural deposits; Grain size distributions; transport dynamics; gradation coefficients.	Full Text	29
30	Fate of cobalt and nickel in B. firmus and B. subtilis El-Meleigy, M.A.¹; Abed, N.N.² and Sari, I. P.² ¹Department of Biology Faculty of Education Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia ²Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt elmeleigymagda@yahoo.com; nermin.abed@yahoo.com; ira_puspita_sari@yahoo.com Abstract: Two bacterial isolates were isolated from Helwan city soil obtained from cement industry region, they tolerated high levels of cobalt and nickel. They identified as B. firmus and B. subtilis, the MIC for cobalt and nickel was 0.06 % (w/v). Proteins of metal tolerant bacterial isolates B. firmus and B.subtilis were fractionated and separated by using gel filtration on column of Sephadex G25. Different high and low molecular weight metaloproteins, metalothioneine and phytochelatins were obtained. Acid hydrolysates of those proteins revealed the presence of variable amounts of amino acids as methionine, glycine and high amounts of proline. Cells walls and membranes were thickened in presence of metal ions in the two tested bacteria. Endospore formation increased to overcome the dangerous effect of the metal ions. The endospores appeared with very thick spore wall and high dense intercellular due to Ni²⁺ precipitation and endospores became asymmetry ellipsoidal with high dark dense material due to Co²⁺precipitation. Presence of Co²⁺ and Ni²⁺ ions in the cultivation medium metamorphosed cells and affected all cell constituents. Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDX) for B. firmus and B. subtilis at different concentrations of CoCl₂ and NiCl₂ (respectively) reveal the presence and absence of some essential and heavy metals ions. [El-Meleigy, M.A.; Abed, N.N.and Sari, I. P.Fate of cobalt and nickel in B. firmus and B. subtilis]. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):175-]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.30 Keywords: Heavy metals, cobalt, nickel, bacterial tolerance, metaloproteins, metalothioneine, chelators and x-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDX).	Full Text	30
31	*Comparism Of Glycine Max And Sida Acuta* In The Phytoremediation Of Waste Lubricating Oil Polluted Soil** Stephen, E¹. and Ijah, U.J.J² 1. Department of Microbiology, Kogi State University, Anyingba Kogi State, Nigeria 2. Department of Microbiology, Fed. University of Technology Minna, Niger State, Nigeria psychsea07@gmail.com,+234-8036347036 Abstract:* Glycine max and Sida acuta were compared to evaluate their potential in phytoremediation of waste lubricating oil contaminated soil in a 56 day field experiment. The experimental methodology involved simulation of 15kg of soil with 2 litres of waste oil to achieve 13.3% (w/w) pollution level. The result of the analysis revealed that bacteria counts were higher in G.max treatment than S. acuta and the control (OPS). pH, Moisture, Electrical conductivity and Phosphorous levels were lower in the S. acuta treatment than the G. max treatment. Statistical analysis revealed that there were significant differences in pH, Electrical conductivity, Nitrogen, Iron, Nickel and Copper (p<0.05) whereas bacteria counts, Moisture, Organic matter content, Phosphorous, Lead and Zinc had no significant difference at 0.05% confidence level. The results indicate that G.max had a better potential than S. acuta in the remediation of waste lubricating oil contaminated soil. [Stephen, E. and Ijah, U.J.J. Comparism Of Glycine Max And Sida Acuta In The Phytoremediation Of Waste Lubricating Oil Polluted Soil. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):190-193]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.31 Key words: phytoremediation, Glycine max, Sida acuta, waste lubricating oil, pollution	Full Text	31
32	Geochemical Characteristics of the Charnockitic and Associated Granitic Rock, Akure Area, Southwestern Nigeria. Ademeso Odunyemi Anthony ^1, Alabi Kayode ^1, 1. Department of Geology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria tonyademeso@gmail.com Abstract:* The geochemical characteristics of the charnockitic and associated granitic rocks of Akure area were studied. Field and petrographic characteristics had earlier been reported. The granitic rock within the hybrid (xenoliths) plotted in QAP diagram as tonalite while those outside plotted as granite indicating possible absorption of some of the minerals of the xenoliths. The charnockitics plotted as quartz-diorite while the hybrid plotted as tonalite. The major element geochemistry shows similarity between the granitic rock and the hybrid while the charnockitic is distinct. Middleton discriminating diagram plotted the charnockitics inside the eugeosynclinal sandstone region, the hybrid plotted inside and outside while the granitic plotted outside. Garrels and Mackenzie discriminating diagram plotted the charnockitics as sedimentary/metasedimentary, the granitic as igneous and the hybrid as both. These indicate that the charnockitic magma most likely had sedimentary parentage, the granitic an igneous and the hybrid which seems to possess dual parentage probably resulted from the hybridization of the two rock types. [Ademeso Odunyemi, Alabi Kayode. Geochemical Characteristics of the Charnockitic and Associated Granitic rock, Akure Area, Southwestern Nigeria. Nature and Science 2011:9(8):194-198]. (ISSN:1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.32 Key words: Goechemistry, Hybrid rock, Discrimination, QAP, Charnockitic	Full Text	32
33	*Age-Growth, Length-Weight and Condition Factor of a Hill Stream Fish, Garra Lamta* (Hamilton-Buchanan) of Kumaun Himalaya.** B.P.S. Kanwal* and S.S. Pathani Department of Zoology, Kumaun University Soban Singh Jeena Campus, Almora 263 601 (UK) Email: drbpskanwal@gmail.com, +91-9997707761 Abstract: The age and growth of a hill stream fish, Garra lamta was determined by scales in the present study. One to four years classes of the fish were obtained from Petsal and Sironia garh, tributaries of Suyal river of Kumaun Himalaya. The average radius of one year scale 962.36 microns, two year scale 1412.20 microns, three year scale 18.38.82microns and four year scale 2767.43microns were enumerated. The first year fish has attained 5.1cm, second year 6.5cm, three year 9.1cm and 12.5cm.. Straight line relationship between total length and body weight (W = 2.5154L - 13.092 where r = 0.9213) of the fish has been established. The condition factor fluctuates month wise and season wise among both the sexes and different age groups. [B.P.S. Kanwal and S.S. Pathani. Age-Growth, Length-Weight and Condition Factor of a Hill Stream Fish, Garra Lamta (Hamilton-Buchanan) of Kumaun Himalaya. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):199-206]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.33 Key word: Garra lamta, Age and growth, length weight, condition factor, hill stream fish.	Full Text	33
34	*Effects of Aqueous Stem Bark Extract of Vitex doniana* (sweet) on Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Hepato-Toxicity in Albino Rats. Sanni Saka¹,Joy Gararawa Usman^#2, Ayi Vandi Kwaghe³, Ayuba mohammed 1. Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, University of Abuja, Nigeria 2. National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria. 3. University of Maiduguri, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Borno State, Nigeria najocheri@yahoo.com, sannisaka@yahoo.com # Former Joy Gararawa Thliza Abstract:** Traditional herbal medicine is an essential component in the treatment of various ailments and diseases in Nigeria. It is a common scenario due to its availability and affordability by majority of the population most of whom live in the rural areas. This study was conducted to verify the effectiveness of Vitex doniana in the treatment of hepatic disorders. The study indicated that the stem bark extract of Vitex doniana has hepatoprotective properties by decreasing the levels of the liver enzymes (ASAT and ALAT) in rats treated with 100mg/kg extract + CCl₄ and 150mg/kg extract + CCl₄ as compared with the groups treated with CCl₄only. However, the decrease in enzyme activity (ASAT and ALAT) was not dose dependent based on this study. It was expected that the plant Vitex doniana will be further explored in order to discover means by which it can be used effectively in hepatic disorders. [Sanni Saka, Joy Gararawa Usman, Ayi Vandi Kwaghe, Ayuba Mohammed. Effects of aqueous stem bark extract of Vitex doniana (sweet) on carbon tetrachloride induced on hepato-toxicity in albino- rats. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):207-210]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.34 Key words: traditional herbal medicine, vitex doniana extract, hepatoprotective, ASAT and ALAT.	Full Text	34
35	Report on a Study upon Basic Issues of Light and Entropy Zhang Wei Staff and Workers School of Queshan County, Henan Province, China (Zip Code: 463200) Communications`author (`The only author)`:` Zhang Wei Communications address: `Staff and workers school of queshan county, henan province, China,` `Zip code:463200` `E-MAIL:` zhangwei2006zw1@yahoo.com.cn; `PHONE: 86-0396-7026333` Abstract: The text summed up the newest observational progress of oscillation for the speed of light and open entropy in recent years ,as well as theoretical research dynamic. The text put forward new theoretical opinion and pointed out the important role of these work in connecting quantum mechanics by opening out mutual connection and existent problems between the oscillation for the speed of light and open entropy. [Zhang Wei. Report on a Study upon Basic Issues of Light and Entropy. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):211-213]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.35 [Key Words] : light ; entropy ; problem; probe into	Full Text	35
36	Impact of Teaching Guidelines on Quality of Life for Hemodialysis Patients ¹Hala Mohamad Abd El hamed Ali, ²Nahed Abdel monem Elsebai, ³Fardous Abdel Fattah Ramadan; ¹Wafaa Ismail Sherif Salam and ⁴Tarek Medhat Abbas Abdelhady ¹Adult Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing-Mansoura University ²Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of nursing-Alexandria University ³Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine - Mansoura University ⁴Internal Medicine and Nephrology Department, Urology and Nephrology Center-Mansoura University ^{dr_hala_abdelhamed@yahoo.com} Abstract:* Background Chronic kidney disease is a worldwide public health problem with an increasing incidence and prevalence, poor outcomes, and high costs. The guidelines are an important step in the process of improving the quality of dialysis practice and improving ESRD patient outcomes. Therefore, the aims of the study were to develop, implement teaching guidelines for HD patients and evaluate the impact of guidelines on QOL for HD patients at the study settings. Methods A Quasi-experimental research design was conducted in the HD units at Urology and Nephrology Center at Mansoura University, Mansoura International Special Hospital and Nabarro General Hospital. The data were collected from 115 adult HD patients of both sexes who corresponded to inclusion criteria. Results The results indicates increased total knowledge score for patients at post more than follow up tests and increased total QOL score for studied patients at follow up test. Also it was found decreased KPS of patients at post and follow up tests. There were a positive correlation between QOL and KPS of studied patients in the three groups in relation to their knowledge. Conclusion The implementation of teaching guidelines has a positive effect on the studied patients' total knowledge scores and regarding almost QOL domains but there wasn't an effect on patients' KPS score. [Hala Mohamad Abd El hamed Ali, Nahed Abdel monem Elsebai, Fardous Abdel Fattah Ramadan, Wafaa Ismail Sherif Salam and Tarek Medhat Abbas Abdelhady, Impact of Teaching Guidelines on Quality of Life for Hemodialysis Patients]. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):214-222]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.36 Keywords: End stage renal disease, Hemodialysis, Guidelines, Quality of life, Karnofsky performance score.	Full Text	36
37	*Viability of encapsulated shoot tips of Capparis orientalis* Duh. Ghada Abd El-Moneim Hegazi Tissue Culture Unit, Plant Genetic Resources Department, Desert Research Center, 11753 El-Matarya, 1 Mathaf El-Matarya St., Cairo, Egypt E-mail address: hegazighada@yahoo.com; Telephone no.: (+2012) 7550486 – (+202) 24729019 Abstract:** A method was developed for plant regeneration from alginate-encapsulated shoot tips of Capparis orientalis Duh. Shoot tips excised from in vitro proliferated shoots were encapsulated in calcium alginate beads. The best gel composition was achieved using 3% sodium alginate and 100 mM calcium chloride (CaCl₂.2H₂O). The regrowth ability of encapsulated shoot tips on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium was affected by the storage duration at 4˚C, and the presence or absence of MS nutrients and sucrose in calcium alginate beads. Both high viability and regrowth performance of explants were registered in all encapsulation mixtures tested. Nutrient medium and sugar significantly affected the initial development of the shoot tips. Sucrose appeared to play an important role in the starting stage of the regrowth event. The present synthetic seed technology could be useful in short-term preservation and germplasm distribution and exchange of C. orientalis. [Ghada Abd El-Moneim Hegazi. Viability of encapsulated shoot tips of Capparis orientalis Duh. Nature and Science 2011; 9 (8): 223-228]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.37 Key words: Capparis orientalis, encapsulation, in vitro preservation, shoot tips.	Full Text	37
38	*Evaluation of Compost Fortified with Trichoderma* Spp. Isolates as Biological Agents against Broomrape of Chamomile Herbs** Lobna S. Nawar¹ and Ahmed F. Sahab^2 ¹Biology Dep., Fac. of Science, King Abd El-Aziz Univ., Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. ²Plant Pathology Dept., NRC, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt ^{ahmedsahab2002@yahoo.co.uk} Abstract: Several diseased broomrape samples were collected from different fields of tomato, broad bean and chamomile cultivation located in Egypt. One hundred and seventy seven fungal isolates were recorded on PDA medium from diseased orobanche samples mainly, Alternaria alternate, Aspergillus spp., Cephalosporium spp., Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp. and Trichoderma spp. Pathogenicity test showed that Chaetomium sp., F. oxysoprum , F. solani, R. solani, Sclerotium rolfsii and T. harzianum attacked living tissues of Orobanche. ramose segments causing black lesion, soft rot and complete deterioration within 7 days (100%). The average number of bacteria in the rhizosphere of chamomile plants of infested soil with orobanche seeds was lower than that the corresponding figures of the control (untreated plants), as the average count was decreased from 605.2 to 597.9 cfu x 10⁴ colonies / 1g (1.19%) respectively. The same trend was also observed in the rhisosphere of chamomile plants taken from the root infested with orobanche seeds and applied with compost + T. viride (18.81%), followed by plant guard treatment (7.26%). However, the infestation of soil with orobnanche seeds alone increased the average of total fungal community in the rhisosphere of chamomile from 49.6 to 61.6 cfu x 10³ colonies /g (24.20%). Also, the application of soil with compost + T. viride , compost + T. hammatum and/ or plant guard reduced the total fungi, as the averages numbers in the rhizosphere of these treatments reduced the average from 61.6 cfu x 10³ colonies /g in the control to 24.3, 43.3 and 17.7 cfu x 10³ colonies /g respectively. One the other hand, opposite trends was observed when soil was applied with compost + T. harzianum. The application of chamomile plants with compost fortified with T. harzianum disappeared or reduced the average percentage occurrence of Alternaria, Fusarium , Phycomycetes and synchetrium spp. by 67.16%, 27.62, 11.04, 100.0 and 13.83% respectively. Whereas, the same treatment stimulated the growth of Trichoderma spp. and sterile fungal spp. by 12.14 and 3.04 folds respectively. Application of T. harzianum and plant guard resulted in a reduction of number of orobanche shoots from 9 to 1 (88.9%) in comparison with the control, however the other two species of Trichoderma (T. viride and T. hamatum) were also effective in reducing the orobanche shoot numbers from 9 in the control to 3 (66.7%). [Lobna S. Nawar and Ahmed F. Sahab. *Evaluation of Compost Fortified with Trichoderma* Spp. Isolates as Biological Agents against Broomrape of Chamomile Herbs]. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):229-236]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.38 Keywords:** Orobanche ramose, rhizosphere microorganisms, mycoherbicides, biological control	Full Text	38
39	Preemptive Intraperitoneal Administration of Pentoxyphylline Ameliorates Cytokine Response to Intraperitoneal Injection of Acetic acid in a Dose-dependent Fashion in Albino Rats Mohamed K. M. Mahfouz Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Vet Medicine, Benha University drm_mahfouz@yahoo.com Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of preemptive administration of pentoxyphylline (PTX) on cytokine response to intraperitoneal (IP) administration of acetic acid. Thirty two male albino rats divided into 4 equal groups: Negative control group (C1 group) received IP injection of 2 ml saline, Groups PTX-1 and PTX-2 received IP injection of PTX in a dose of 0.8 and 1.6 mg/kg, respectively, in 2 ml injection volume and Positive control group (C2 group) received no preemptive medication. Thirty minutes after priming, IP injection of acetic acid was conducted for PTX-1, PTX-2 and C-2 group. Two venous blood samples, the 1^st as baseline sample for all groups and the 2^nd sample was obtained from PTX and C-2 groups 4-hours after IP injection of acetic acid for estimation of serum levels of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Serum levels of all studied cytokines estimated at 4 hrs after IP injection of acetic acid was significantly higher in PTX-1, PTX-2 and C-2 groups compared to their baseline levels. Four-hours serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly higher in group C-2 compared to PTX-1 and PTX-2 groups with significantly higher levels estimated in PTX-1 compared to PTX-2 group. However, 4 hrs serum levels of IL-10 were significantly lower in group C-2 compared to PTX-1 and PTX-2 groups with significantly lower levels estimated in PTX-1 compared to PTX-2 group. Definite dose-dependency was evident in the obtained study and was manifested as a negative significant correlation between serum TNF-α and IL-6 and injected dose of PTX, while serum IL-10 showed positive significant correlation with injected dose of PTX. It is concluded that preemptive administration of PTX attenuates release of IL-6 & TNF-α and stimulates the release of IL-10 in a dose-dependent fashion after direct exposure to extensive injury. [Mohamed K. M. Mahfouz. Preemptive Intraperitoneal Administration of Pentoxyphylline Ameliorates Cytokine Response to Intraperitoneal Injection of Acetic acid in a Dose-dependent Fashion in Albino Rats.] Nature and Science 2011;9(8):237-243]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.39 Keywords: Pentoxyphylline, Acetic acid, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10	Full Text	39
40	A Comparative Study on Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement for Some Metallic Alloys Used in Nuclear Applications *A. H. Khalifa, M.M. El-Fawal and A.A.Gadalla** National Center for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Control, Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City-P.O. Box 7551, Cairo, Egypt, mohamed_Elfawal@hotmail.com Abstract: In the present study, saturated nucleate pool boiling in aqueous surfactant solutions from horizontal tubes has been investigated. Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) with different concentrations is the test surfactant. A pool boiling test rig has been designed and constructed to carry out heat transfer experiments using three testing tubes with different materials which have wide range of applications in nuclear industry. Brass, aluminum and stainless steel which have wide range of applications in nuclear industry, were selected to be the test tube materials. Effects of wall heat flux, wall superheat and concentration of aqueous surfactant solutions on the nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient are the major studied parameters. A detailed analysis of the experimental data showed remarkable enhancement in the heat transfer coefficient for all testing concentrations of SDS using the three test tube materials. It was found that aluminum alloy 6061 tube heater material exhibits the best heat transfer coefficient enhancement with respect to other investigated materials. The three parametric distribution function N(r) for the size of the stable vapor bubbles in active nucleation sites are deduced for the three test tubes using different test concentrations of aqueous surfactant solutions. A trial is made to correlate the size distribution function’s constants (Nmax /A, rst and m) with the concentration of the aqueous surfactant solutions. Attention is directed to correlate the experimental results of wall heat flux, wall superheat and active nucleation site density; to get a helpful tool for predicting the thermal performance of nucleate pool boiling in aqueous surfactant solutions. Good agreement is found between the present experimental data and the available published data. [A. H. Khalifa, M. M. El-Fawal and A. A. Gadalla. A Comparative Study on Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement for Some Metallic Alloys Used in Nuclear Applications]. Nature and Science 2011; 9(8): 244-254]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.40 Key Words:* Boiling heat transfer / Surfactants / Enhancing heat transfer coefficie	Full Text	40
41	Reciprocal Relationship between Obesity and Angiogenesis and Accentuated Pro-Inflammatory Response Mohamed Khalid Mohamed Mahfouz Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Vet Medicine, Benha University drm_mahfouz@yahoo.com Abstract: Objectives: To determine serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-13 (IL-13) and C-reactive protein (CRP) after induction of obesity and diabetes in rats as a trial to elucidate their role in pathogenesis of obesity. Materials & Methods: The study included 45 male albino rats divided into Control group received no medications, Obese and Diabetic groups maintained on high-fat diet (HFD) for 2 weeks and then 15 rats were injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ) and diabetes was confirmed on the 3^rd day. Venous blood samples were obtained at two weeks after induction of obesity and assurance of development of diabetes for ELISA estimation of serum VEGF, IL-13 and CRP .Results: Pre-induction blood glucose, serum insulin, VEGF, IL-13 and CRP levels were non-significantly different among studied groups. Post-induction blood glucose and serum insulin levels were significantly higher compared to control and pre-induction levels with significantly higher levels in diabetic versus obese groups. Post-induction serum VEGF, IL-13 and CRP levels in obese and diabetic groups were significantly higher compared to both control group and pre-induction levels with significantly higher post-induction serum IL-13 and CRP level. However, post-induction serum VEGF levels were non-significantly higher in diabetic compared to obese group. Conclusion: The obtained indicated that obesity and obesity-associated type-2 diabetes mellitus represent double-crossing vicious circles of obesity, disturbed immune system and promoted angiogenesis. [Mohamed Khalid Mohamed Mahfouz, Reciprocal Relationship between Obesity and Angiogenesis and Accentuated Pro-Inflammatory Response.]. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):255-260]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.41 Keywords: Obesity, Vascular, endothelial, interleuki	Full Text	41
42	Rotifer fauna in Lake Alau, Arid Zone of Nigeria in West African Idowu Rachel Toyosi and Gadzama Usman Ngamarju Department of Biological Science, University of Maiduguri, Borno state, Nigeria, West Africa ugadzama@yahoo.com, idowu_toyosi@yahoo.com Abstract: Rotifer fauna constitute an important source of natural food resources for aquatic organisms especially the young stage of fish and fisheries. Despite their importance in the sustainability of aquatic ecosystem, adequate information about their species composition in most African inland waters is lacking. Meanwhile understanding the species richness of rotifers could provide baseline information for the management of the productivity of water. A study was conducted to determine the species composition and relative abundance of rotifer fauna in lake Alau, Maiduguri, Borno State of Nigeria between 2009 and 2010. Rotifer samples were taken from 4 varied depths of the lake forth nightly for a period of 12 months using standard methods. The result showed that rotifer faunas were represented by 5 families, and 15 species. The faunastic composition and density was found to be higher between the months of July and September and varied in relation to water depth with higher concentration at 2.5 m depth constituting 29.27 % compared to other other depth values. [Idowu Racheal Toyosi, Gadzama Usman Ngamarju. Rotifer fauna in west Africa Arid Zone Lake. Nature and Science 2011;9(8):261-267]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090811.42 Key words: Rotifer fauna, species composition, relative abundance, lake Alau, Nigeria	Full Text	42

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