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Science Journal

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Nature and Science

 (Nat Sci)

ISSN: 1545-0740

Volume 9 - Number 7 (Cumulated No. 52), July 25, 2011

Cover (online), Cover (print), Introduction, Contents, Call for Papers, ns0907

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CONTENTS

No.	Titles / Abstracts / Authors	Full Text	No.
1	Effect of Duration of Starvation on Lipid Profile in Albino Rats OKORO, Onyinyechi Ruth; OGUGUA, Vincent E. and JOSHUA, Parker Elijah Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria Corresponding Author’s Contact: okororuthy2k@yahoo.com; parkeselisco@yahoo.co.uk +2348037617080 and +2348037804687 ABSTRACT:* This study was carried out using forty Wistar rats of both sexes and the test groups were differently starved according to time duration. Blood samples were collected from the rats through ocular puncture at intervals and was used for the analysis of lipid profile. There was no significant increase (p>0.05) in the body weights of the test animals compared with the body weights of the animals in control group at 0 hour of the experiment. The concentrations of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, HDL and LDL of animals of the test groups were not significant (p<0.05) compared with the control at 0 hour of the experiment. There was no significant alteration (p>0.05) in the concentrations of total cholesterol of the test group animals compared with the control at 6 and 12 hours duration, while groups 3 (animals starved and received water) and 4 (animals starved and received fruits only) had elevated concentrations of total cholesterol (p<0.05). In triacylglycerol, a trend of results not significant (p>0.05) was observed at starvation intervals of 6 to 48 hours when a comparison was made between the test groups and control. When the high density lipoprotein and low density levels of the test groups were compared with the control, there was no significant difference (p>0.05). [OKORO, Onyinyechi Ruth; OGUGUA, Vincent E. and JOSHUA, Parker Elijah. Effect of Duration of Starvation on Lipid Profile in Albino Rats. Nature and Science 2011;9(7):1-13]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.01 Keywords: Starvation; total cholesterol, LDL; HDL; TAG.	Full Text	1
2	Biodegradation Potential of 4-Ester Based Drilling Mud Base Fluids under Microaerophilic and Anaerobic Conditions Okoro Chuma. Conlette Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Caleb University Imota, Lagos, Nigeria chuma2k2001@yahoo.com Abstract: Biodegradation potential of 4 – Ester based drilling fluids were monitored at various depths of the sediment over a period of 120 days with the aim of quantifying the roles of microaerophilic and strict anaerobic bacteria species in the degradation of the various ester based fluids. The redox potential at various depths of the sediment were measured to determine the extent of anaerobiosis or otherwise of the sediment. On the average, the three Ester based fluids used in the experiment (BR-EST, CH-EST and PFB-009) recorded about 62% degradation after 30 days of exposure within the 5cm depth where aerobic and microaerophilic microorganisms were observed to be very active and over 95% degradation was recorded at day 120 when the experiment was terminated. The 4^th sample PFE-008 recorded 79% degradation within the same period (30days). At the 10cm depth where microaerophilic microorganisms were observed to be predominant, less than 3% of the residual ester based fluids on the average were available for degradation at day 60 and no traces of these compounds were found thereafter in the sediments after the 90^th day, an indication of complete degradation by microaerophilic microorganisms. Only very little traces of the fluids (less than 0.5%) were found in the anaerobic zone (15cm depth) in two of the sediment samples analysed. The present study have shown that the Ester based drilling fluids used in the experiment diffused very slowly into the sediment and the bulk of the degradation of fluids in the sediment were carried out by aerobic and microaerophilic microorganisms located within the 5cm depth of the sediment. Degradation of the ester based fluids by strict anaerobes in the sediment was very negligible. [Okoro, C.C. Biodegradation Potential of 4-Ester Based Drilling Mud Base Fluids under Microaerophilic and Anaerobic Conditions. Nature and Science 2011;9(7):14-20]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.02 Keywords: Biodegradation, Ester-based drilling fluids, Microaerophilic, Anaerobic	Full Text	2
3	“Antioxidative Activity and Flavonoid Composition from Lepidium sativum” Jyoti Agarwal & D.L. Verma Department of Chemistry, S.S.J. Campus, Kumaun University, Almora 263601, Uttrakhand, India e-mail: j.jyotichemistry@rediffmail.com ABSTRACT - Lepidium sativum (Family Brassicaceae), a small annual herb and a vegetable producing plant of low-reaches of Kumaun Himalaya. It has been identified as a traditional medicinal plant of Kumaun Himalayan hills and has been reported to have enormous biological activities, cardiotonic, Hypotensive, bronchiodilator, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, antibiotic and hypoglycemic. The extract of the plant has highly been reported to have antioxidative property. Antioxidative activity –guided fractionation of aqueous extract of the plant gave two nobel antioxidants, quercetin – 3-O- β-glucosyl (1 ® 6)–β–galactoside and quercetin–3–O–β–glucosyl (1 ® 6)–β–glucoside. The antioxidative potential of both compounds was measured by the recent ABTS free radical peak spiking method in HPLC. The compound, quercetin – 3 – O – glucosyl ( 1 ® 6) glucoside was found more antioxidative compared to quercetin 3 – O – glucosyl ( 1 ® 6) galactoside. (Jyoti Agarwal & D.L. Verma, Antioxidative Activity and Flavonoid Composition from Lepidium sativum. Nature and Science 2011;9(7):21-25]. (ISSN:1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.03 Key Words: Lepidium Sativum, Antioxidant Activity, Quercetin Glycosides	Full Text	3
4	*Improving Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency by Potato (Solanum* tuberosum L.) - A. Influence of Nitrification Inhibitors in Combination with Different Nitrogen Sources on Reducing Nitrogen Losses, Improving Productivity and Chemical Composition Abd El-Badea S. Ezzat*¹, Adel M. Abd El-Hameed², Hamdino M.I. Ahmed ¹ and Amal A. El-Awady ¹ 1Vegetable Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Ministry Agric., EGYPT 2 Plant Nutrition Department, Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Ministry Agric., EGYPT * Corresponding author hamdino@yahoo.com ABSTRACT: Two field experiments were conducted at Baramoon Research Station, Mansoura, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt (+ 7m altitude, 30^o 11^- latitude and 28^o 26^- longitude), during Nili seasons of 2007/08 and 2008/09, to study the effect of soluble-N (ammonium nitrate; AN, ammonium sulphate; AS and urea; U) and/or slow-N (compost and nitroform) fertilizers with or without nitrification inhibitor (guanylthiourea, GTU) on reducing nitrogen loss, productivity, and chemical composition of potato cv. Cara. The obtained results indicate that GTU with compost _50% and AS_50% led to significant increases in all traits, except NO₃ and NO₂ accumulation, which was significantly decreased in potato tubers. Application of compost _50% and AS_50% with GTU had significant effect of most vegetative growth, quality, yield parameters and chemical composition of potato tubers in both season of the investigation. This treatment led to significant increase in plant height, plant dry weight, total and marketable of tuber yield and significant decrease in unmarketable tuber yield in both season of study. Application of compost _50% and AS_50% with GTU significantly increased tuber dry matter, starch and specific gravity and significantly decreased nitrate and nitrite content in tubers in comparison with other treatments. The NPK uptake of potato tubers and nitrogen efficiency ratio in treatment amended with compost _50% + AS_50% and GTU was higher than the other treatments in two seasons. The highest value of residual NH₄-N in soil was obtained from compost treatment alone followed by nitroform, whereas, AN gave the highest residual NO₃-N compared with other treatments, in both seasons of study. It could be concluded that, application of nitrogen fertilizer in the form compost at the rate of 9 ton fed^-1 and ammonium sulphate at the rate of 90 kg fed^-1 with GTU (nitrification inhibitor) in potato fields were the most effective treatment for improvement nitrogen use efficiency with reducing the pollution of environment. [Abd El-Badea S. Ezzat, Adel M. Abd El-Hameed, Hamdino M.I. Ahmed and Amal A. El-Awady (2011) Improving Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency by Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). A. Influence of Nitrification Inhibitors in Combination with Different Nitrogen Sources on Reducing Nitrogen Losses, Improving Productivity and Chemical Composition. Nature and Science 2011;9(7):26-33]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.04 Key words: potato; nitrogen; nitrification inhibitors; guanylthiourea	Full Text	4
5	*Improving Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency by Potato (Solanum* tuberosum L.) B. Effect of Irrigation Intervals, Nitrogen Rates and Veterra Hydrogel on Growth, Yield, Quality and Nutrient Uptake Abd El-Badea S. Ezzat*, Amal A. El-Awady and Hamdino M.I. Ahmed Vegetable Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Ministry Agric., EGYPT * Corresponding author hamdino@yahoo.com ABSTRACT: A complete randomized field experiment with four replications was conducted at Baramoon Research Station, Mansoura, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt, using furrow irrigated potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Cara). The effect of two irrigation intervals (15 and 26 days, starting after 1^st irrigation) and three nitrogen fertilizer rates (120, 150, and 180 kg fed^-1) with or without veterra hydrogel VH (soil conditioner) on growth, yield, quality, nutritional status and plant water relationships on potato were studied in a clay loam soil. Obtained results could be summarized as follows: 1. Applied conditioners VH and irrigation every 26 days with 150 kg N fed^-1 positively affect vegetative growth characters. These include, plant height, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate in 1^st season only. On the other hand, no significant differences in these traits were evident among the treatments in 2^nd season of study. 2. The increases in total and marketable tuber yields as well as tuber grade No. 1 & 2 and decreases in grade No. 3 for soil application of VH and fertilized potatoes with 150 kg fed^-1 under irrigation every 26 days condition treatment over the other treatments, in both seasons. 3. The highest values of macro (NPK) and micro-nutrients (Fe, Mn and Zn) as well as tuber quality (DM, specific gravity and starch content), plant water relations (free water, total water) and total chlorophyll was obtained from potato receiving 150 kg N fed^-1 and soil amending with VH under 26 days irrigation intervals. 4. The highest values of NO₃ and NO₂ were recorded under the treatment received 180 kg N fed^-1 for both irrigation intervals without application of VH. As regard to residual NH₄⁺ and NO₃^- in soil after harvesting, the greatest values were obtained in the treatments of 150 kg N fed^-1 for both irrigation intervals with application of VH. Generally, it could be cocluded that application of veterra hydrogel as soil conditioner and irrigation every 26 days (4 times for growing season) with moderate N-fertilizers (150 kg fed^-1) to winter potatoes cv. Cara fields might gave the chance for efficient management of soil moisture and increasing nitrogen use efficiency and produce satisfactory and good marketable tuber yield with minimizing environmental impact of over-fertilization. [Abd El-Badea S. Ezzat, Amal A. El-Awady and Hamdino M.I. Ahmed (2011) Improving Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency by Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). B. Effect of Irrigation Intervals, Nitrogen Rates and Veterra Hydrogel on Growth, Yield, Quality and Nutrient Uptake. Nature and Science 2011;9(7):34-41]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.05 Key words: potato; nitrogen ; irrigation; hydrogel	Full Text	5
6	PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND IN-VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ASSESSMENT OF AQUEOUS LEAF EXTRACTS OF Vernonia amygdalina (Asteraceae) and Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae) *ON MOXIFLOXACIN RESISTANT Escherichia coli* ISOLATED FROM CLINICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES.** ¹Akinjogunla, O. J., ¹Ekoi, O. H. and ²Odeyemi, A.T. ¹Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Uyo, P.M.B.1017, Uyo, Akwa-Ibom State. ²Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Ado-Ekiti, P.M.B.5363, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State Corresponding Author: Akinjogunla Olajide Joseph. E–mail: papajyde2000@yahoo.com; Tel No: +2348064069404; +2348057125622 Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the preliminary phytochemistry and antibacterial effectiveness of aqueous leaf extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Ocimum gratissimum on moxifloxacin resistant Escherichia coli isolated from clinical and environmental samples using standard microbiological and agar disc diffusion techniques. The phytochemical analysis of the aqueous leaf extracts of Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina revealed the presence of phyto-constituents such as alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, phlobatanins, anthraquinones, terpenes, deoxy-sugar and cardiac glycosides. The results also showed that moxifloxacin resistant Escherichia coli isolated from clinical and environmental were susceptible to aqueous leaf extracts of Vernonia amygdalina (decoction) and Ocimum gratissimum (decoction) and combination of equal ratio (1:1) by volume of Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina (concoction) at different graded concentrations (6.25mg/ml, 12.5mg/ml and 25.0 mg/ml). The discs containing 25.0mg/ml of aqueous leaf extracts showed the highest Mean ± SD zones of inhibition against both clinical and environmental moxifloxacin resistant E coli, while the discs containing 6.25mg/ml showed the lowest inhibitory zones. The concoctions of the aqueous leaf extracts of O. gratissimum and V. amygdalina exert a much higher activities on moxifloxacin resistant E. coli than decoction of Ocimum gratissimum and decoction of Vernonia amygdalina. The results obtained in this research imply that aqueous leaf extracts of O. gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina as decoctions and concoctions could be useful in the treatment of infections/diseases caused by Escherichia coli. [Akinjogunla, O. J., Ekoi, O. H. and Odeyemi, A.T. Phytochemical Screening and In-vitro Antibacterial Assessment of Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Ocimum gratissimum on Moxifloxacin Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Clinical and Environmental Samples. Nature and Science 2011;9(7):42-52]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.06 Key Words: Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Phytochemical, Decoction, E. coli Moxifloxacin, Concoction	Full Text	6
7	Effect of Extraction Solvents on Phenolic, Flavonoid and Antioxidant activities of Three Nigerian Medicinal Plants ^Anokwuru, C.P.¹, Anyasor, G.N.¹, Ajibaye O.², Fakoya O.¹, Okebugwu P.¹ 1. Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Babcock University, Ilisan-Remo, Ogun State, P.M.B. 21244 Ikeja, Nigeria 2. Malaria research laboratory, Biochemistry division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Nigeria. Corresponding author: Email: anokwuruc@babcockuni.edu.ng; Mobile: +2348025493477 Abstract: The effect of extracting solvents (absolute methanol, ethanol, acetone and ethyl acetate) on the phenolic, flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities of the bark of Azadirachta indica, leaves of Acalypha wilkesiana, and Solanum scabrum were studied. The total phenolic content (TPC) was determined using folin-ciocalteu method while total flavonoid content (TFC) was determined using aluminum chloride method. Antioxidant activity was determined using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazine (DPPH) free radical scavenging and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Acetone extract of S. scabrum recorded the highest phenolic content (34.2g GAE/100g) while methanol extract of A. indica recorded the lowest (3.77g GAE/100g). Ethanol extract of A. indica recorded the highest flavonoid content (8.7 g QE/100g) while acetone extract of A. wilkesiana recorded the lowest (3.41 g QE/100g). Methanol extract of A. wilkesiana recorded the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (85.65%) while etanhyl acetate extract of A. indica recorded the highest inhibition of lipid peroxidation (41.57%). The result of this study showed that the activity of antioxidant of different plants is dependent on extracting solvents. [Anokwuru, C.P., Anyasor, G.N., Ajibaye O., Fakoya O., Okebugwu P. Effect of Extraction Solvents on Phenolic, Flavonoid and Antioxidant activities of Three Nigerian Medicinal Plants. Nature and Science 2011;9(7):53-61]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.07 Keywords: Polyphenols, Antioxidant activity, Medicinal plants, Extracts, solvents	Full Text	7
8	Induction of Apoptosis, Necrosis and differentiation in hepG2 cell line (Comparison between natural and Synthetic products) Wafaa A. Ahmed¹ ; Farid A. Abu Bedair¹; Abd El Hameed O.M²and Nasser E.A.³ ¹ Department of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. ² Clinical Biochemistry – Biomedical Engineering Department- High Institute of Engineering el-Shorouk-Academy. ³ Toxicology & Microanalysis unit, Faculty Science, Suez Canal University. drwafaaeg@hotmail.com Abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most common malignancies worldwide, is highly resistant to standard therapy. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which are the most health-threatening conditions drawing considerable attention from medical professionals and scientists. While liver surgery is not suitable in many of the HCC cases, patients are mostly given palliative support cares or transarterial chemoembolization or systemic chemotherapies. However, HCC is well known to be a highly chemoresistant tumor, and the response rate is <10–20%. To this end, alternative medicines are being actively sought from other sources with hopes to halt the disease's progression or even eliminate the tumors. In this work, we discuss our findings and trial studies of some semisynthetic and natural compounds on human HCC cell line. The effect of Vit. E, Corn Oil, t-BHQ and HMBA) against Hep-G2 cells was assessed using MTT assay to investigate cytotoxcity and cell proliferation.Flow cytometeric analysis was used for measurement apoptosis, nicrosis and cell cycle analysis. The results revealed that the treatment of Hep-G2 cells with Vit. E, corn oil, HMBA and TBH dramatically inhibited the cell growth in a dose dependent manner, with IC₅₀ values of 4.48, 3.97, 3.35 mM and 350.02 µM, respectively. Flow cytometric analysis was performed. The growing cells were treated with IC₅₀ value of different investigated compounds for different intervals (6 and 12 hrs). The untreated cells showed the expected pattern for continuously growing cells, whereas the cells treated with HMBA and TBH for 12 hrs showed a progressive accumulation in the S phase and G2/M phase of the cell cycle correlating with decreased number of cells in the G0/G1 phase. Meanwhile, Vit. E and Corn oil treated cell showed a progressive accumulation in the Go/G1 phase. The treatment of HMBA showed highest induction of apoptosis followed by TBH, vit. E and the lowest induction of apoptosis was corn oil. It is concluded that the cytotoxicity of semisynthetic compounds (HMBA & TBH) has direct effect on the liver cells represented by the effects on the cell cycle and apoptotic mechanism while natural compounds (vit. E & corn oil) has less effect by the two mechanisms than other tested compounds but still has cytotoxic effect. [Wafaa A. Ahmed ; Farid A. Abu Bedair; Abd El Hameed O.Mand Nasser E.A.Induction of Apoptosis, Necrosis and differentiation in hepG2 cell line (Comparison between natural and Synthetic products). Nature and Science 2011;9(7):62-73]. (ISSN:1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.08 Keywords: Apoptosis; Necrosis; Hepatocellular carcinoma; malignancies; chemoembolization.	Full Text	8
9	Financial support of rural wome n in third world ¹Mehran Bozorgmanesh and ² Mojtaba Sadighi 1, 2 Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: mehran11070@yahoo.com Abstract:* In all communities, rural women are considered as an important factor in achieving rural development goals and in fact are half of the manpower needed for rural development. However, in the rural community of Iran, there are gaps between the ruling class (capital owners) and villagers, between literate and illiterate, and between men and women. Especially in villages women have fewer possibilities in terms of investment and less power and credit. Role of rural women, over of men, is more influenced with different economic, social, cultural and ecologic factors. Rural women are considered as a noticeable potential in the community either directly (crops production, livestock, handicrafts, cottage industries) or indirectly by helping the agricultural sector (as labor).Global researches show that women played critical and important role at agriculture and now at most countries, they form major workforce of this part. In spite of importance of women workforce at different systems of agriculture, they have fewer access to development resources, compare to men. although during past two decades, various programs has been performed to enable women at agriculture, but due to different problems, gained success was very fewer than required extent. One of major problem in this filed is inadequate and inappropriate access to extensional services. Low efficiency of agriculture extension systems to provide services for rural women doesn't just refer to structure and function of these organizations and systems, but refer to other issues including research and cultural barriers in this field. However, one of essential needs to extend agriculture is, determining appropriate ways and approaches to educate women at every region or country. at many past decades, significant global efforts were done to provide educating how to access information, appropriate and effective technology for female farmers that led to positive effects on producing agricultural crops and consequently increasing family welfare. [Mehran Bozorgmanesh, Mojtaba Sadighi. Financial support of rural wome n in third world.Nature and Science 2011;9(7):74-80]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.09 Keywords: empowerment, rural women, financial support	Full Text	9
10	Biodegradation Potential of Paraffin and Olefin Synthetic Based Drilling Mud Base Fluids under Microaerophilic and Anaerobic Conditions Okoro Chuma. Conlette. Dept. of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Caleb University Imota, Lagos, Nigeria chuma2k2001@yahoo.com Abstract: Biodegradation rates of synthetic Paraffins and Olefins used for drilling oil and gas wells were determined over a period of 120 days at various depths of the Gulf of Guinea sediments with the aim of establishing the exact roles strict anaerobic and microaerophilic bacteria play in the degradation of these substrates within the subsurface sediment. The direct approach for biodegradability tests used was the measurement of substrate disappearance by means of gas chromatography while redox potential measurements were used to predict the extent of the sediment aerobiosis or anaerobiosis as the case may be. We observed that about 80-90% of the original synthetic Paraffins and Olefins that were used to spike the sediment were degraded within the 5cm depth zone mostly by the aerobic and microaerophilic bacteria. Very negligible concentration of the residual SBFs were able to diffuse into the strict anaerobic zone (15cm depth) where partial degradation were carried out by the resident strict anaerobes. Linear and Internal Olefins showed higher biodegradation rate than synthetic Paraffins. From the available data, it can be advanced that the microaerophilic bacteria were more active and relevant than the strict anaerobes in the degradation of synthetic Paraffins and Olefins in the subsurface sediment. [Okoro Chuma. Conlette. Biodegradation Potential of Paraffin and Olefin Synthetic Based Drilling Mud Base Fluids under Microaerophilic and Anaerobic Conditions. Nature and Science 2011;9(7):81-88]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.10 Keywords: Biodegradation, Synthetic Paraffins and Olefins, Microaerophilic bacteria, Strict Anaerobic bacteria, Gulf of Guinea sediments.	Full Text	10
11	Effect of Exercise Intervention on White Blood Cell Count and Duration of Hospital Stay among Patients Undergoing Allogenic Bone Marrow Transplantation Salwa Samir Kamel^1, Nahed Ahmed Mersal² and Mohamed Abdel-Mooti Mohamed² ¹Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt ²Medical Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt ^{sosoamoura@live.com} Abstract: Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is a therapeutic procedure aimed at curing various forms of malignant hematological diseases. Preliminary evidence indicates that physical exercise may be an effective strategy for patients undergoing (BMT). Nursing research in the area of physical exercise concerning patients undergoing (BMT) has been nearly scares despite its importance to patients' physical and psychosocial outcomes. Some studies demonstrated that exercise has a positive impact on immune system function, white blood cells and duration of hospital stay. The objectives of this study were to examine the effect of exercise intervention on white blood cell count and duration of hospital stay among patients undergoing allogenic bone marrow transplantation. It was hypothesized that the patients undergoing BMT who will be exposed to exercise intervention (study group) will have improved white blood cell count and reduced hospital stay, compared to the patients in the control group who will not be exposed to exercise intervention. A quasi-experimental research design has been utilized.The study was conducted at the Bone Marrow Transplant Unit in Naser Teaching Institute in Cairo-Egypt. A purposive sample of patients was included in the study. Inclusion criteria include the following: Adult patients, admitted to BMT unit for the procedure of BMT, all had a diagnosis of leukemia, severe a plastic anemia, patients should be able to communicate with the researchers and understand the goals and procedure of the study, physically able to perform exercise sessions as approved by physician. The tools were used to collect data related to this study were; patient's assessment and clinical data sheet, patient's exercise observation sheet, and patient's complications monitoring sheet. The findings of this study showed improving of white blood cells count in patients undergoing BMT in the study group after implementation of exercise intervention. The present study findings reported increase in white blood cell differential count including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophilic and easinophilic count for BMT patients. The present study results showed a highly significant p<0.01 decrease in hospitalization days for patients in the study group received exercise intervention compared to patients in the control group. It is concluded that the effect of exercise intervention starts to show significant difference p<0.05 at 14 days of exercise implementation which means that the effect of exercise improves the total and differential white blood cell count and reduced hospital stay. (1) What is already known about the topic? Exercise intervention has been associated with benefits for patients during and following BMT, including improvements in physical and psychosocial outcomes. (2) What this paper adds? This study demonstrates that physical exercise intervention could improve white blood cell count and reduce hospital stay for patients undergoing BMT. [Salwa Samir Kamel, Nahed Ahmed Mersal and Mohamed Abdel-Mooti Mohamed. Effect of Exercise Intervention on White Blood Cell Count and Duration of Hospital Stay among Patients Undergoing Allogenic Bone Marrow Transplantation. Nature and Science 2011;9(7):89-98]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.11 Keywords: Bone marrow transplantation, Duration of Hospital Stay, Exercise, Nursing, White blood cells.	Full Text	11
12	Incidence of De Novo Hypertension in Patients Undergoing Living Donor Liver Transplantation and its Relation to the Type of Immunosuppression (Retrospective Study) Wael Safwat^1, Rasha Refea², Medhat Abdel Aal², Ibrahim Mostafa¹ and Mahmoud El Meteini³ ¹Theodor Bilharz Research Institute²Wadi Al Neel Hospital ³Ain ShamsUniversity ^{waelsafwat@yahoo.com} Abstract: Background: Hypertension is a common problem after liver transplant occurring in 55-85%. Hypertension is a risk factor for ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, renal failure and death. Objectives: This was a retrospective study to determine the incidence of de novo hypertension in patients undergoing living transplantation from a living donor. Our second objective was to compare the effect of different calcineurin inhibitors on the incidence of de novo hypertension. Methods: This was a retrospective study that included 98 adult patients whom had passed 6 months after undergoing living donor liver transplantation, the included patients all didn’t have pretransplant hypertension this was an exclusion criterion. Results:From the 98 patients included in the study, age range was 37-62 years with a median age of 44 years. The study also included 71 males and 27 females. Five patients (5.1%) had temporary or transient hypertension which has resolved within the first 2-6 months with follow up or treatment that has been withdrawn and no subsequent development of hypertension. Within the studied group 34 (34.7%) patients developed hypertension after liver transplantation. Patients who had de novo hypertension were divided into 2 groups; one group who received ciclosporine and the other group who received tacrolimus. In the group which used tacrolimus; the incidence of de novo hypertension was 39.4%, while the group in which ciclosporine was used; the incidence of de novo hypertension was 42.86% (P>0.05) (non-significant). Conclusion: The incidence of de novo hypertension is 34.7% in patients undergoing LDLT. The incidence of de novo hypertension is 40.4% in patients undergoing LDLT. In this study there was no statistically significant difference in the effect of either neoral nor FK in the occurrence of de novo hypertension in patients undergoing living donor liver transplantation. [Wael Safwat, Rasha Refea, Medhat Abdel Aal, Ibrahim Mostafa and Mahmoud El Meteini. Incidence of De Novo Hypertension in Patients Undergoing Living Donor Liver Transplantation and its Relation to The Type of Immunosuppression (Retrospective Study)]. Nature and Science 2011; 9(7):99-101]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.12 Keywords: Living donor liver transplantation – De Novo hypertension –immunosuppression.	Full Text	12
13	Application of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points in Dairy Products: A Case Study of Probiotic Talbina Soher E. Aly¹, Amal S. Hathout¹ and Ahmed F. Sahab^2* ¹Toxicology & Food Contaminant Dept., ²Plant Pathology Dept., National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Cairo, Egypt. ^ahmedsahab2002@yahoo.co.uk Abstract:* Probiotic Talbina (Pro-Talbina) is a new traditional dairy product prepared by cooking barley flour with milk and adding probiotic cultures. Usually such products are not produced under sanitary conditions and are most probably evolved in the home through trial and error. Nowadays, traditional foods are produced both at home and at the commercial level, in small and large amounts. Therefore, the implementation of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system is regarded as a developing system for food hygiene and safety, and monitoring to confirm and ensure food safety. Thus, the aim of this study is to identify and establish critical control points (CCPs) and determine a HACCP plan for the production of Pro-Talbina. The study revealed that CCPs for Pro-Talbina production were raw milk, pasteurization, barley flour, probiotic bacteria, filling containers and storage. The safety of the final product is dependent on the prevention of biological (i.e. pathogenic bacteria and moulds), chemical (i.e. mycotoxins, heavy metals, pesticides, and antibiotic residues) and physical hazards. The use of probiotic bacteria cultures (Lactobacillus gasseri, and Lactobacillus reuteri) enhanced and controlled the risk of hazards that may be present. In conclusion, this study revealed the importance of HACCP for producing safe and good quality Pro-Talbina as well as to ensure marketing and safe human consumption of the products. [Soher E. Aly^, Amal S. Hathoutand Ahmed F. Sahab. Application of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points in Dairy Products: A Case Study of Probiotic Talbina]. Nature and Science 2011;9(7):102-113]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.13 Key words: HACCP, food safety, Talbina, dairy products, raw milk, barley flour, probiotic bacteria, mycotoxins	Full Text	13
14	Birds Of Three Different Forest (Sal, Pine And Oak) Habitats In Nainital District (Western Himalaya) Of Uttarakhand, India Kamal Kant Joshi¹, Dinesh Bhatt² ¹Department of Environment and Chemistry, DIT, Dehradun, Uttarakhand India ²Avian Diversity and Bioacoustics Lab, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science Gurukula Kangri University, Haridwar 249 404, Uttarakhand, India kamal_josi@yahoo.com Abstract: The present study were made to estimate the avian fauna in terms of species richness and diversity and guild structure in forest habitats of Nainital district of Uttarakhand (350 - 2450m asl; 29⁰ N). Field studies were conducted during January 2006 to December 2007. Total 88, 106 and 95 species were recorded from Nainital, Bhowali and Haldwani forest habitats. A checklist of 160 avian species has produced of Nainital district forest habitat. It is suggested that this study provide a base line structure for further study on species distribution in different forest habitat in Nainital district. [Kamal Kant Joshi, Dinesh Bhatt. Birds of three different forest (sal, pine and oak) habitats in Nainital District (Western Himalaya) of Uttarakhand, india. Nature and Science 2011;9(7):114-121]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.14 Key words: Diversity, Richness, Nainital, Species	Full Text	14
15	Measure the Impact of some Variables on The Level of Productive Capacities of the Fattening Chicken Farms in Qaliubiya Governorate, Egypt Mohy El-Din M. Kh. El-begawy, Yousria Ahmed Allam, Heba. Y. A. Yassen and Hanan. M. Mahrous Department of Agricultural Economics - National Research Centre – Egypt Abstract: The aim of this study is to measure the impact of some variables on the level of capacities in productive of fattening chicken farms in Qaliubiya Governorate., also study the most important problems facing the producers of broilers in Qaliubiya governorate and some proposed solutions for it. The study relied on field data of the stratified random sample of chicken broiler farms in the private sector of Qaliubiya governorate in 2009. In addition to the secondary data which published in reports and official publications relevant to the subject. Furthermore, the study relied on the methods of descriptive and quantitative, analysis where multiple regressions in double logarithmic scale was form used form to estimate the production functions and costs for the different production capacities and the total sample. The results of the study revealed that, the average net return of the session to produce a ton of live chicken broiler was about 1029.3, 1124.7, 1182.0, and 1081.5 pounds for the first, second and third yield capacities and the total sample of the study, respectively. This indicates, that the production of the third capacity is the most efficient capacity studied, in terms of its efficient use of production inputs and achieve the highest net return. As explained in the results of the overall estimating elasticity’s of productivity, the farm capacity of the third capacities work in the second phase of the productivity function. The productive flexibility reached to 0.894, reflecting the declining of the relationship returns to scale. While, the working farms of the first and second capacities followed the first phase of the productivity function. Where, the total flexibility of productivity for each of them is 1.249 and 1.178, respectively and thus reflects an increasing return to scale. The factor of elasticity for the total productivity of farms in the study sample has been estimated at 1.102, this reflects the increasing relationship of returns to scale. Moreover, the study shows that the optimal size to minimize costs at about 7.8, 16.5, 31.6, 19.5 tons of productivity capacity of first (> 5000 chick), second (5000-10000 chick), third (<10 000 chick) and the total study sample, respectively, and that the size of maximizing profit amounted to about 10.3, 19.7, 35.5, 22.7 tons for each of the capacities yield the first, second, third and the total sample of the study, respectively. Nevertheless, the results indicated that the total elasticity of cost function for capacities yield of the first, second, third and the total sample of the study, amounting to 0.972, 0.917, 0.865, 0.879 for each of the three capacities and the total sample, respectively. This indicated that the farm capacities of the three and the total sample of study working in the stage of non-economic for production. The study illustrated the most important problems facing the producers of broilers in Qaliubiya governorate, marked by the obstacles of yield such a as the steady rise in all prices of production inputs the lack of chicks with high conversion efficiency, the lack of trained technical persons, and the spread of diseases and epidemics. As well as obstacles of financing such as: the reduced of cash and self-financing difficulty in obtaining bank loans. There are some marketing obstacles such as: the magnitude of fluctuations in prices, the control of brokers and intermediaries in the marketing process, and the decline of the massacres and refrigerators. The study recommended that there is a need to provide good chicks with strains of high yield, and the provision of production inputs with providing support for farmers’ especially small farms, and interest of Stock Exchange of poultry so that it is controlling the prices and not the middlemen and traders. While, working to encourage the establishment of projects to complement the projects fattening poultry, such as the establishment of more feed mills and slaughterhouses by which to accommodate production and availability during the periods of the year. [Mohy El-Din M. Kh. El-begawy, Yousria Ahmed Allam, Heba. Y. A. Yassen and Hanan. M. Mahrous. Measure the Impact of some Variables on The Level of Productive Capacities of the Fattening Chicken Farms in Qaliubiya Governorate, Egypt]. Nature and Science 2011; 9(7):122-131]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.15 Keywords: standard Estimation, fattening poultry, productivity capacities, production functions, cost functions, productivity, elasticity, elasticity of costs.	Full Text	15
16	Comparing Effects Of Organic Acid (Malate) And Yeast Culture As Feed Supplement On Dairy Cows Performance Ebtehag, I. M. Abou-Elenin,^* Hoda, M. El-Hosseiny and H. M. El-Shabrawy Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. ^eabouelenin@hotmail.com Abstract* : This study was conducted to compare the effect of two chemical forms of malate supplementation (malic acid and a commercial malate salt) and a natural feed additive (yeast culture) in rations of lactating crossbred Friesian cows on nutrients digestibility, nutritive values, milk yield, milk composition, blood metabolites and economical return of the tested rations. Sixteen lactating crossbred Friesian cows averaged 496.06 ± 1.51 kg live body weight (LBW) at the 3^rd and 4^th parities were assigned after parturition to four similar groups (4 animals each). Animals were fed concentrate feed mixture and berseem hay at the rate of 70: 30 % on DM basis (as a basal ration). The first group was a control group (C) fed a basal ration without feed additive, the second group (MA) was fed the basal ration supplemented with 10 g/h/d of malic acid, the third group (YC) was fed a basal ration plus 10 g/h/d of yeast culture (Saccharomyces Cerevisiae 1×10⁹ CFU/g) and the fourth group (MS) was fed a basal ration supplemented with 10 g/h/d of malate salt during 75 days of lactation period. Results indicated that rations supplemented with malic acid (MA) and Yeast culture (YC) increased significantly (P<0.05) DM and OM digestibilities in comparison with C ration and MS ration. Malic acid supplementation decreased significantly (P<0.05) CF digestibility and significantly (P<0.05) increased NFE digestibility as compared to control and other additives rations. There were no significant differences among animals fed rations supplemented with MA, YC and MS in both values of CP and EE digestibilities. The nutritive values as TDN % and DCP% showed that C ration had (P<0.05) the lowest value than the other supplemented rations, while, the ration supplemented with YC had the highest value followed by MA and MS rations. Milk yield and fat corrected milk (4% FCM) of dairy cows increased by (10.36% and 8.31%) for MA, (6.83 % and 4.84 %) for YC and (6.17 % and 4.89 %) for MS supplementation, respectively, compared to the control group. Animals fed MA ration had greater milk persistency till the 10^th week of lactation period followed by those fed MS and YC rations, respectively. Milk content of fat, lactose and TS were significantly (P<0.05) lower in cows fed rations with MA, YC and MS when compared with those fed control ration. There were no significant differences among groups in milk protein, SNF and ash percent. Feed efficiency values as kg 4% FCM per one kg DM, TDN or DCP were higher with MA, MS and YC rations than that of C ration. Blood parameters were in the normal physiological ranges with no adverse effect on dairy cows health. Economic efficiency value was the highest with YC followed by MS while, MA had the lowest value as compared to the control ration C. [Ebtehag, I. M. Abou-Elenin, Hoda, M.El-Hosseiny and H.M. El-Shabraw. Comparing Effects Of Organic Acid (Malate) And Yeast Culture As Feed Supplement On Dairy Cows Performance. Nature and Science 2011; 9(7):132-140]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.16 Keywords: Malate, Yeast culture, nutritive values, economic efficiency, dairy cow performance.	Full Text	16
17	Streptomyces anulatus a Tellurium Tolerant Actinomycete Some modes of Tolerance El-Meleigy , M . A.¹; Mohamed, H. F.²; Mohamadein, M. M.³ and Salem, M. S.² ¹Biology Dept., Faculty of Education, Shaqraa University, K.S.A. ² Botany and Microbiology Dept., Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo , Egypt. ³Medical Laboratory Science Dept., College of Applied Medical Sciences, Alkharj University, K.S.A. mereamsalah@yahoo.com Abstract: Tellurium-tolerant actinomycete was isolated from the soil sample collected from the Egyptian contaminated sites in Hellwan City beside cement factory using starch nitrate agar medium supplemented with 1000 ppm of sodium tellurite. Identification depending on its morphological ,physiological and biochemical characterization , chemical analysis of the cell wall, cultural characteristics using the recommended media of the international Streptomyces project (for actinomycetes ) and with help of 16S rRNA sequencing, which revealed that it is Streptomyces anulatus strain MG 001 (GenBank accession number GU569951.1), Identities = 98 % , Gaps = 1 % . It is highly tellurite tolerance up to 0.6 % (w/v). Fractionation of protein on Sephadex gel G25 revealed the presence of low and high molecular weight proteins. Fraction number 7 showed maximum tellurium and protein content at the same time for all investigated protein fractions. Amino acid analysis of low molecular weight protein containing fraction number 7 showed the presence of proline, methionine and histidine representing Te-protein. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphological feature compared to control and reveal the most common feature of mycelium fragmentation when Streptomyces anulatus was exposed to a tellurite-containing medium (1000 ppm). Scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDX) technique for the detection of the element uptake demonstrate the percentage of tellurium accumulated in microbial culture (4.430 %) compared to control culture (tellurite free). [El-Meleigy, M . A; Mohamed, H. F.; Mokhtar, M. M. and Salem, M. S. Streptomyces anulatus a Tellurium Tolerant Actinomycete Some modes of Tolerance]. Nature and Science 2011;9(7):141-153]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.17 Key words: Heavy metals-tolerant actinomycetes, Streptomyces sp., Morphological, Biochemical Identification and partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing, SEM-EDX.	Full Text	17
18	Tsunami: meaning and causes; a theoretical approach. Abdulsalam, Nasir Naeem Department of Physics, University Of Abuja, P.M.B.117, Abuja, Nigeria nasnaeem@yahoo.com Abstract: Tsunami is the Japanese word that describe a “harbour wave”. Tsunamis are natural catastrophes caused by some geological processes. All tsunami are caused by the sudden displacement of large volumes of water. All are the result of violent events with enough power to displace large volumes very rapidly. However, tsunami may be caused by events that are not local to the tsunami site. Because the waves have been generated by huge releases of energy and they travel so effectively through the deep ocean. Some tsunamis are caused by events that literally happen on the other side of the world. Historically, tsunamis have been a constant threat to humans. This paper discusses the geological processes that can cause tsunamis. [Abdulsalam, Nasir Naeem. Tsunami: meaning and causes; a theoretical approach. Nature and Science 2011;9(7):154-157]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.18 Keywords: earthquakes, landslides, volcanoes, meteors.	Full Text	18
19	Application of sugarcane straw anion exchanger for nitrate removal Masoomeh Farasati¹, Saeed Boroomand nasab^{1, }, Hadi Moazed¹, Nemaat Jafarzadeh², Jahangir Abedi kupaee³ 1. Water Sciences Engineering Faculty. Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran. 2. Environmental Technology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundi Shahpur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. 3. Agricultural Faculty, Isfahan Industry University, Isfahan, Iran. farasati_1362@yahoo.com, boroomandsaeed@yahoo.com, hmoazed955@yahoo.com, N_Jaafarzadeh@yahoo.com, kupaee@yahoo.com Abstract:* The effect of sugarcane straw-AE of micrometer and nanometer particle sizes on nitrate removal by batch and column experiments has been investigated. The effects of operating conditions such as pH, adsorbent dosage, initial anion concentration, the coexisting ions and desorption experiments were examined. The results showed that the optimum pH=6 and the equilibrium time was 3h and 2h for micrometer-(µm) and nanometer-(nm) sized sugarcane straw-AE, respectively. The effect of initial concentration of NO₃^- ions with varying solution NO₃^- concentrations 5, 15, 50, 80, and 120 mg/L at optimum pH and time was investigated. With increasing initial NO₃^- concentration, R% from 78% to 60% and 87% to 80% decreased for micrometer and nanometer sized sugarcane straw-AE, respectively. With the increase of adsorbent dose from 0.1 to 0.5 g, for micrometer and nanometer sized sugarcane straw-AE, the R% increased from 43% to 69% and 52% to 71% respectively, but remained almost unchanged when adsorbent dosage ranged from 0.5 to 1g. Adsorption isotherm of nitrate ions onto sugarcane straw–AE fitted Langmuir isotherm model well. Adsorption kinetics of nitrate ions could be most successfully described by the pseudo-second order model. In column experiment, q_e for micrometer and nanometer sized sugarcane straw-AE obtained 3.84, 11.57, 24.54 mg/g and 6.99, 12.7, 17.28 mg/g, respectively. This study indicated that sugarcane straw-AE could be used for the removal of nitrate ions in water treatment. [Masoomeh Farasati, Saeed Boroomand nasab, Hadi Moazed, Nemaat Jafarzadeh, Jahangir Abedi kupaee. Application of sugarcane straw anion exchanger for nitrate removal. Nature and Science 2011;9(7):158-168]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.19 Key word: Sugarcane straw, nitrate removal, nanometer particle size, anion exchange	Full Text	19
20	Assessing Private extension models ¹ Mehdi Nazarpour and ² Abbas Emami 1, 2 Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: saba11085@yahoo.com Abstract:* Private firms provide services in accordance with their specialized incentives and farmers respond in terms of what they see as most beneficial to them. As each type of extension (public and private) has limitations, the objective for farmers, and agricultural development organisations of all types (local and international) is to attain the best mixture of public, private and NGO services. As Roth (1987) asserts, the public sector in general is over-burdened by numerous activities and moving some of them to the private sector might allow more effective implementation of essential services. While extension services cannot, and should not, be totally privatized, there is room for both some privatization of public extension activities and active promotion of private and NGO extension activities which complement rather than replace existing public extension services. The analysis in this paper draws on cases in which information exchange, feedback to research, and all other major extension functions form only one part of a larger agribusiness operation or agricultural project. This paper focuses on Implication of private extension in developing countries. When agricultural extension is discussed, privatization is used in the broadest sense – of introducing or increasing private sector participation, which does not necessarily imply a transfer of designated state-owned assets to the private sector. In fact, various cost-recovery, commercialization, and other so-called privatization alternatives have been adopted to improve agricultural extension. [Mehdi Nazarpour and Abbas Emami. Assessing Private extension models. Nature and Science 2011;9(7):169-172]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.20 Keywords: private extension; firm; farm	Full Text	20
21	Reactivity of pyridin-2-thione derivatives towards some nucleophilic and electrophilic reagents Nahed F. Abdel-Ghaffar Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, AI-Azhar University, Cairo-Egypt prof_nahed@yahoo.com Abstract: The bifunctional 3-cyano-2-thioxo (1H) pyridine derivatives (1) were prepared by the reaction of cyanothioacetamide with α,β, unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Compound (1) reacted with thiourea to give the corresponding thiouredo derivatives (2). Compound (2) was used as the key intermediate to prepare the pyrido pyrimidine thione derivatives (3,6,7,8) through its reaction with malonic acid, diethyl malonate, acetylacetone and acetoacetic ester. Reaction of (3) with aromatic aldehydes and/or primary amines and formaldehyde (Mannich reaction conditions) were also investigated. The reaction of (Ib) with ethylchloroacetate followed by hydrazinolysis gave the hydrazide derivative (lla) which on treatment with phenyl isothiocyanate followed by cyclyization with conc. Sulfuric acid, mercuric oxide or sodium hydroxide to give (13,14, and 15). Reaction of compound (l1d) with sulfuric acid affected cyclization to give (16). Alkaline hydrolysis of the mercapto ester (10) gave the acid derivative (17). [Nahed F. Abdel-Ghaffar. Reactivity of pyridin-2-thione derivatives towards some nucleophilic and electrophilic reagents]. Nature and Science 2011;9(7):173-182]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.21 Keywords: Cyanopyridine, mercaptopyridine, chemical and biological activity	Full Text	21
22	*Comparative Study among the Germination and Propagation of Different Capsicum Annuum* Cultivars using Tissue Culture Techniques** Omar M. Akram¹, Mona Gaafar², Gehan Safwat^1,2and Ayman Diab^1,3 ¹Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Egypt ²Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Centre, Egypt ³ Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Egypt ^{gehan.safwat@hotmail.co.uk} Abstract: Morphogenetic potential of seed and explants culturing of three capsicum annuum L. (pepper) genotypes (Gedion, Moaz, and Mohand) were studied to evaluate different plant regeneration protocols and develop a reliable system for plant propagation. An efficient procedure of in vitro plant regeneration through seed and direct shoot bud induction was tested from different explants of capsicum annuum L. Several methods of media preparation with combinations of growth regulators were used, and 2 combinations were found ideal for seed propagation with 7 mg/l 2,4-D or 5 mg/l IBA respectively. Additionally, it was indicated that seed dormancy can effect its propagation also the positioning of the seed or explants onto the media. Propagated seeds demonstrated shoot and root elongation. Regeneration of the explants did not show satisfactory results because most of the explants did not develop into normal shoots but instead developed into calli after 15 days of culture. HPLC Analysis of cultivars demonstrated that fructose suger percentage was higher in the three different types of pepper, followed by sucrose then glucose. Also the HPLC analysis drew out that media supplemented with 7mg/l 2,4-D generally had the highest effect of capsaicinoid sugar content in the following order i.e. cultivar Mohand was showed high significant in sugar content of capsaicinoid followed by Gedion and Moaz. Application of DPPH method illustrated that extracts obtained from Moaz leaves characterized the most proactive antioxidant (vitamin C) properties than Gedion and Mohand. A were noticed. The results of these studies indicated that antioxidant activities of the extract prepared from pepper leaves depended mainly on phenolic compounds. [Omar M. Akram, Mona Gaafar, Gehan Safwatand Ayman Diab. Comparative Study among the Germination and Propagation of Different Capsicum Annuum Cultivars using Tissue Culture Techniques]. Nature and Science 2011;9(7):183-189]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.22 Key words: Capsicum Annuum L., micropropagation.	Full Text	22
23	Synthesis and Biological evaluation of Some Nitrogen Containing Heterocycles Nahed. F. Abdel-Ghaffar Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science,Al-Azhar University(for girl´s) Egypt prof_nahed@yahoo.com Abstract: Anew series of quinazolin-4-one derivatives (I-XVII) has been synthesized and subjected to evaluate their antibacterial properties. The reactivity of these derivatives towards some nucleophilic and electrophilic reagents was investigated. Most of the synthesized compounds of the series displayed remarkable activity in comparison to standard drug. The structure – activity relationships and antimicrobial activity of the prepared compounds were also discussed. [Nahed. F. Abdel-Ghaffar. Synthesis and Biological evaluation of Some Nitrogen Containing Heterocycles. Nature and Science 2011;9(7):190-201]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.23 Keywords: Quinazoline-4-ones, Synthesis, Antimicrobial activity	Full Text	23
24	Synthesis, Reactions and Antimicrobial activity of Some Substituted 4, 6-Diphenyl Pyridine 2-Thione Derivatives Nadia T. A. Dawoud Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Girls’ branch Al-Ahzar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt dawoudnadia @yahoo.com Abstract: Some substituted 4, 6-diaryl-3-cayno-2-thioxopyridine derivatives were synthesized from appropriate substituted 1, 3-diphenyl prop-2-en-1-one (Chalcone) reaction with cyanothioacetamide. The final compounds were structurally elucidated on the basis of IR, ¹H-,¹³C-NMR and EIMS data and microanalyses as well as chemical evidence via reactions with some nucleophilic and electrophilic reactants. [Nadia T. A. Dawoud. Synthesis, Reactions and Antimicrobial activity of Some Substituted 4, 6-Diphenyl Pyridine 2-Thione Derivatives. Nature and Science 2011;9(7):190-201]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.24 Keywords: Pyridones, 2-thioxopyridine, reactions, biological activity	Full Text	24
25	Removal of chromium ions from liquid waste solutions using immobilized Cunninghamella elegans Abdel-Razek A.S. Radiation Protection Dept. - Hot Laboratories Center- Atomic Energy Authority, Abu-Zaable, Cairo, Egypt. alasayabdelr@yahoo.com Abstract: The removal of chromium ions from aqueous waste solution using Ca-alginate (CA) beads, immobilized alive and dead Cunninghamella elegans beads was investigated in batch and fixed bed column. In batch studies the behavior of the adsorption was investigated through studding the influences of contact time, pH, initial Cr(VI) concentration, immobilized fungal biomass (IFB) load and temperature. The Cr(VI) removal rate increased with a decrease in pH and increase in initial Cr(VI) concentration. The maximum removal of Cr(IV) achieved at pH 2.0. The immobilized fungal biomass increased the Ca-alginate sorption capacity by at least two fold. Equilibrium and kinetic analyses were done to estimate sorption capacities, rates and the possible reaction mechanisms. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to fit the equilibrium isotherm. The desorption of Cr(IV) using dist. H₂O was found to be efficient than other alkaline solutions, because it maintain the viability and mechanical strength of the different beads throughout five repeated cycles with little decrease in its removal capacities. Column experiments were also done to evaluate the continuous removal of chromium ions by the different beads. The effect of; bed heights (4.5, 9.0, 13.5 cm), feed flow rates (1, 2, 3ml/min) and inlet chromium ions concentrations (25, 50, 100 ppm) on the breakthrough curve were studied using immobilized dead Cunninghamella elegans (Cun. el.) beads. According to the sorption capacity, the immobilized dead Cun. el. beads can be considered as a suitable biosorbent for applications. [Abdel-Razek A.S. Removal of chromium ions from liquid waste solutions using immobilized Cunninghamella elegans. Nature and Science 2011;9(7):211-219]. (ISSN: 15450740) http://www.sciencepub.net doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.25	Full Text	25
26	Role of Hypertension and Metabolic Abnormalities in the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy among Egyptian Patients with Type 2 Diabetes ^1Azza M. El-Wakf; ²Tarek M. Abbas ; ³Rizk A. El-Baz and ¹Wafaa A. Mohammed. ¹Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt. ²Urology & Nephrology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt. ³Genetics Unit, Childern Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt. ^ dr_azzaelwakf@yahoo.com Abstract: Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most severe diabetic micro-angiopathies. Various factors are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy including, interactions between metabolic and haemodynamic factors, as well as genetic susceptibility to develop nephropathy. This study aims to evaluate the role of metabolic abnormalities and hypertension in the development of chronic renal failure among type 2 diabetic cases. The measurement of fasting blood sugar (FBS), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol, triglycerids (TGs), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), creatinine (Cr) and urinary albumin was done. This study included 90 type 2 diabetic patients (mean age: 57.47 ± 0.77 year, male/female: 30/60) and 30 non diabetic healthy volunteers served as control (mean age: 51.17 ± 1.07 year, male/female: 8/22). Diabetic patients were further divided into 2 main groups: patients without nephropathy, (n =30) and those with nephropathy, (n = 60) who were subdivided into: micro-albuminuric and macro-albuminuric patients. Diabetic patients with nephropathy were older, more obese and had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DSP). Diabetic patients also exhibited higher blood glucose, HbA1c and lipid profile, as well as increased serum creatinine and urinary albumin concentrations, which in all tended to be markedly pronounced in diabetic patients with macro-albuminuria (overt renal failure). The study concluded that obesity, hypertension and metabolic abnormalities are risk factors related to prevalence of nephropathy among diabetic subjects and for individual differences in its onset and severity. It is therefore possible to prevent the increasing prevalence of diabetic nephropathy by improving these factors. [Azza M. El-Wakf; Tarek M. Abbas; Rizk A. El-Baz and Wafaa A. Mohammed. Role of Hypertension and Metabolic Abnormalities in the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy among Egyptian Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Nature and Science 2011;9(7):220-228].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.26 Keywords: Diabetic nephropathy, type 2 diabetes, blood pressure, metabolic abnormalities.	Full Text	26
27	Use of Tumeric and Curcumin to Alleviate Adverse Reproductive Outcomes of Water Nitrate Pollution in Male Rats ^Azza M. El-Wakf; EL-Said M. Elhabiby; Waffa M. El-kholy and Eman Abd El-Ghany. Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University ^dr_azzaelwakf@yahoo.com Abstract: The present study was carried out to examine adverse reproductive effects of water nitrate pollution in male rats and the use of whole plant, tumeric (Curcuma longa) and its active component, curcumin in alleviating these effesosoamoura@live.com, cts. Nitrate pollution was achieved in rats via NaNO₃ intake in drinking water at a dose of 550 mg/L for period of four months. Tumeric plant was given as powder in diet (1% w/w), while curcumin was given orally at dose of 20 mg/kg b.w. Nitrate exposed rats showed significant elevations in total lipid (TL), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs) and phospholipids (PLs) in serum and testis, but significant reduction in total protein, RNA and DNA contents was recorded. Also, a reduction in epididymal sperm number, weights of testis and epididymis and male sex hormones [testosterone (T) & dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)], as well as testicular 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) was observed following nitrate exposure. Meanwhile, the results showed marked reduction in the testicular antioxidant components, glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT), along with elevation in the level of nitric oxide (NO), lipid peroxidation (MDA) and protein carbonyl, indicating induction of oxidative stress in testis of nitrate exposed rats. On the other hand, the use of turmeric and curcumin appeared to be effective in reducing nitrate-induced reproductive changes, as evidenced by normalized NO, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl and lipid profile, as well as antioxidant components, total protein, DNA, RNA, male hormones and sperm number. The results thus suggested that tumeric and curcumin could be useful in treatment of male infertility, with oligospermia, reduced male sex hormones and other adverse reproductive outcomes. [Azza M. El-Wakf; EL-Said M. Elhabiby; Waffa M. El-kholy and Eman Abd El-Ghany. Use of Tumeric and Curcumin to Alleviate Adverse Reproductive Outcomes of Water Nitrate Pollution in Male Rats. Nature and Science 2011;9(7):229-239].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.27 Key words: Lipid peroxidation, nitic oxide, oxidative stress, oligospermia.	Full Text	27
28	*Physico-chemical studies on the growth of an Ochratoxin A-degrading Rhizopus* sp. Ilesanmi Fadahunsi¹Emmanuel Garuba² and Olayinka Elutade² ¹Department of Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria ²Department of Biological sciences Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria oluwaseungaruba@live.com, samifadahunsi@yahoo.com. Abstract:** Studies were conducted on the effects of some physico-chemical factors such as pH, temperature and various mineral elements on the vegetative growth of an Ochratoxin A-degrading Rhizopus sp. The pH studies revealed an increase in mycelial weight as the pH of the medium increase, with a mycelial weight of 18.0+2.0333 mg/50cm³ at pH 3.0, 73.0+1.0837 mg/50cm³ at pH 4.0 before reaching the peak (106.0+1.4204 mg/50 cm³) at pH 5.0. Thereafter, an increase in pH resulted in a reduction in mycelia weight with no growth detected at pH 9.0. Temperature studied showed that a temperature of 30 ºC produced the highest mycelial weight of 145.5 mg/50 cm³ closely followed by 120.6 mg/50 cm³ at 35 ºC while the lowest mycelial weight (15.5 mg/50 cm³) was recorded at 20 ºC and no growth detected at 15 ºC. Among the various microelements investigated, Zinc appears to be the most important with a Zinc-free medium producing the poorest mycelia weight of 37.01+0.6666 mg/ 50 cm³ while Cobalt appears not to play any significant role in the growth of this Rhizopus sp. as the Cobalt-free medium produced identical mycelial weight (57.3 mg/50 cm³) with the medium containing all the nutrients. Investigation of the macroelement requirement of the organism showed that Calcium is the most important with a Calcium-free medium producing the poorest growth of 15.0+0.7676 mg/50 cm3 while the best growth was (50.7+0.4096 mg/50 cm³) was observed in a complete medium without Magnesium. [Ilesanmi Fadahunsi, Emmanuel Garubaand Olayinka Elutade. Physico-chemical studies on the growth of an Ochratoxin A-degrading Rhizopus sp. Nature and Science 2011;9(7):240-244].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.28 Keywords: Temperature, pH, Microelements, Macroelements, physic-chemical	Full Text	28
29	The Pollution Status of West African Arid Zone Lake Idowu Rachel Toyosi¹, Gadzama Usman Ngamarju¹ 1. Department of Biological Science, University of Maiduguri, Borno state, Nigeria, West Africa ugadzama@yahoo.com, idowu_toyosi@yahoo.com Abstract: Limnological studies were conducted in Lake Alau, the second largest lake in the North east arid zone of Nigeria, West Africa to determine its pollution status. Five sampling stations were selected to determine the physical and chemical parameters. The result showed that water temperature range from 23.05±0.12°C to 25.25±0.25, P^H varied from 6.59±0.01 to 7.29±0.05, dissolved oxygen range from 5.10±0.02mg/l to 6.35±0.03mg/l. the range for the Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was 4.30±0.03 to 5.31±0.25. Conductivity was between 115.47 ohms/cm and 131.45±0.75 ohms/cm. Total dissolve solids (TDS) was between 59.17±0.42 and 65.84±0.62mg/l. The dissolved metals are arranged in the following order of abundance: Cu>Fe>Mn. The levels of metals in Lake Alau were markedly lower than those found in some Africa inland water. The results obtained from the study show that most of the physicochemical parameter were within tolerable limit for human consumption, biodiversity productivity and are below pollution level. [Idowu Racheal Toyosi, Gadzama Usman Ngamarju. The pollution Status of West Africa Arid Zone Lake. Nature and Science 2011;9(7):245-249].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature doi:10.7537/marsnsj090711.29 Key word: Lake Alau, pollution, arid zone, temperature, conductivity and dissolved metals	Full Text	29

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