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Conflict Resolution in Nigeria: The Niger Delta Experience

Izeoma C. Chinda and Frank O. Amugo

Department of Foundation Studies, School of Foundation and General Studies, Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic Rumuola, P.M.B. 5936, Port Harcourt, Rivers State

frankamugo@yahoo.com; +2348037063542

Abstract: Conflict in the world has come to be accepted as a part of human growth and development. The Niger Delta of Nigeria is not an exception. Conflict could be seen as a situation characterized by confrontation and hostilities to secure strategic objectives among people with incompatible interests. In Nigeria, the Niger Delta region has found itself in the “web” of conflicts, spanning over about two and half decades, snowballing into sustained and pervading forms of youth sub-culture and restiveness. The subsisting conflict situation is alleged to stem from the clash of interest between Niger Delta people, oil multi-national companies, and the Nigerian State. The Government responses to crises have rather been punitive against the Niger Delta people. While the interventionist measures in the form of Development Agencies have not been successful, the Amnesty programme, which seemed to have brought some uncanny peace to the region is tentative, as the root causes of the conflicts are still pending. It is against this backdrop that this paper explores the possible ways and means of resolving the conflict through the prism of history and offering holistic and workable suggestions.

[Izeoma C. Chinda and Frank O. Amugo. Conflict Resolution in Nigeria: The Niger Delta Experience. Academ Arena 2019;11(1):1-7]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 1. doi:10.7537/marsaaj110119.01.

Keyword: Conflict, Militancy, Resolution, Niger Delta.

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基于圆对数理论证伪费马-怀尔斯定理及应用

汪弘轩^[1], 汪一平^[2,3]

^[1]浙江省江山市实验中学高二学生

^[2]浙江省衢州市老科技工作者协会

^[3]中国钱江数学与动力工程研究所

邮箱：wyp3025419@163.com

【摘要】 费马大定理历经三百多年历史和多人猜想辩证，1995年被怀尔斯证明成立。遗憾的是，其只有不等式与等式的差别性，没有发现相容性的整数展开，结论是不公正的。定义群代数闭链是无穷元素任意有限复维次的有序组合集合与平衡，证明其单元性、互逆性、同构性、平行性、极限定理，以及兼顾扩展性、安全性、去中心化等优越性，建立无量纲量圆函数为底的对数，实现在[0~1]之间的算术运算，称圆对数理论。令人信服地证明：任意不等式为整数全等式展开，提出检控Bug损害，破解不可能三角思路。圆对数理论得到物理实验的“天使粒子”等证明。实际工程中有地球电磁场发电机、重力场发动机、涡叶发动机等不对称能量创新发明验证。

[汪弘轩, 汪一平. 基于圆对数理论证伪费马-怀尔斯定理及应用. Academ Arena 2019;11(1):8-18]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 2. doi:10.7537/marsaaj110119.02.

【关键词】费马大定理；不等式与等式；群代数闭链；圆对数-区块链

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Pluripotent Stem Cell Research Literatures

Mark Herbert, PhD

World Development Institute

39-06 Main Street, Flushing, Queens, New York 11354, USA, ma8080@gmail.com

Abstract: Stem cells are derived from embryonic and non-embryonic tissues. Most stem cell studies are for animal stem cells and plants have also stem cell. Stem cells were discovered in 1981 from early mouse embryos. Stem cells have the potential to develop into all different cell types in the living body. Stem cell is a body repair system. When a stem cell divides it can be still a stem cell or become adult cell, such as a brain cell. Stem cells are unspecialized cells and can renew themselves by cell division, and stem cells can also differentiate to adult cells with special functions. Stem cells replace the old cells and repair the damaged tissues. Embryonic stem cells can become all cell types of the body because they are pluripotent. Adult stem cells are thought to be limited to differentiating into different cell types of their tissue of origin. This article introduces recent research reports as references in the related studies.

[Mark H. Pluripotent Stem Cell Research Literatures. Academ Arena 2019;11(1):19-165]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 3. doi:10.7537/marsaaj110119.03.

Keywords: pluripotent; stem cell; life; research; literature

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Cadherin

Mark Herbert, PhD

World Development Institute

39-06 Main Street, Flushing, Queens, New York 11354, USA, ma8080@gmail.com

Abstract: Cadherins (calcium dependent adhesion molecules) are a class of type-1 transmembrane proteins. They play important roles in cell adhesion, ensuring that cells within tissues are bound together. Their functions are dependent from calcium ions (Ca²⁺). The cadherin superfamily includes cadherins, protocadherins, desmogleins, and desmocollins, etc. In structure, they share cadherin repeats, which are the extracellular Ca²⁺-binding domains. There are multiple classes of cadherin molecule, each designated with a prefix (generally noting the type of tissue with which it is associated). It has been observed that cells containing a specific cadherin subtype tend to cluster together to the exclusion of other types, both in cell culture and during development. For example, cells containing N-cadherin tend to cluster with other N-cadherin expressing cells. However, it has been noted that the mixing speed in the cell culture experiments can have an effect on the extent of homotypic specificity. In addition, several groups have observed heterotypic binding affinity (i.e., binding of different types of cadherin together) in various assays. One current model proposes that cells distinguish cadherin subtypes based on kinetic specificity rather than thermodynamic specificity, as different types of cadherin homotypic bonds have different lifetimes.

[Mark Herbert, PhD. Cadherin. Academ Arena 2019;11(1):166-168]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 4. doi:10.7537/marsaaj110119.04.

Keywords: cadherin; cell; protein; DNA; life

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Genome editing and Stem Cell Research Literatures

Mark Herbert, PhD

World Development Institute

39-06 Main Street, Flushing, Queens, New York 11354, USA, ma8080@gmail.com

Abstract: Stem cells are derived from embryonic and non-embryonic tissues. Most stem cell studies are for animal stem cells and plants have also stem cell. Stem cells were discovered in 1981 from early mouse embryos. Stem cells have the potential to develop into all different cell types in the living body. Stem cell is a body repair system. When a stem cell divides it can be still a stem cell or become adult cell, such as a brain cell. Stem cells are unspecialized cells and can renew themselves by cell division, and stem cells can also differentiate to adult cells with special functions. Stem cells replace the old cells and repair the damaged tissues. Embryonic stem cells can become all cell types of the body because they are pluripotent. Adult stem cells are thought to be limited to differentiating into different cell types of their tissue of origin. This article introduces recent research reports as references in the related studies.

[Mark Herbert, PhD. Genome editing and Stem Cell Research Literatures. Academ Arena 2019;11(1):169-173]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 5. doi:10.7537/marsaaj110119.05.

Key words: genome editing; stem cell; life; research; literature

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Totipotent of Stem Cell

Ma Hongbao, PhD

Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11212, USA

mahongbao@gmail.com

Abstract: The definition of stem cell is an unspecialized cell that gives rise to a specific specialized cell, such as a blood cell. Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst stage embryos. Somatic stem cells differentiate into only the cells the specific tissue wherein they reside. Stem Cell is the original of life. All cells come from stem cells. The totipotent of stem cell is the most important property for the stem cell to keep the life continuously.

[Ma H. Totipotent of Stem Cell. Academ Arena 2019;11(1):174-177]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 6. doi:10.7537/marsaaj110119.06.

Key words: DNA; eternal; life; stem cell; totipotent

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Umbilical Cord Blood and Cancer Biology Research Literatures

Mark Herbert, PhD

World Development Institute

39-06 Main Street, Flushing, Queens, New York 11354, USA, ma8080@gmail.com

Abstract: Cancer is the general name for a group of more than 100 diseases. Although there are many kinds of cancer, all cancers start because abnormal cells grow out of control. Untreated cancers can cause serious illness and death. The body is made up of trillions of living cells. Normal body cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion. During the early years of a person’s life, normal cells divide faster to allow the person to grow. After the person becomes an adult, most cells divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells or to repair injuries. This article introduces recent research reports as references in the related studies.

[Mark Herbert, PhD. Umbilical Cord Blood and Cancer Biology Research Literatures. Academ Arena 2019;11(1):178-187]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 7. doi:10.7537/marsaaj110119.07.

Key words: cancer; umbilical cord blood; cell; biology; life; research; literature

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Power Relations in Teacher-Students Discourse in Trilingual classes

Morteza Pahlevani

Linguistics Master, Sanandaj, Iran

pahlevanimorteza@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study is an attempt to explore patterns of social power relations in teacher-student discourse. The basic theoretical framework of the present study lies in the critical discourse of Fair clough (1989, 2001). In this research, data were collected based on observations in a language institute (Sokhan Institute, Sanandaj, Iran) where learners from different age groups, mostly teenagers take part to learn English. Although English is the main language for learners to be able to speak English, as the target of these classes is Persian, as the second (Formal) language, and Kurdish, as their mother tongue are used inevitably. For some outsiders Persian is also the first language. The four constraint devices of Fair clough (1989, 2001) including interruptions, explicitness, controlling and formulation were found in this Iranian teacher-student discourse, but also eight more were taken out and reported some of which like Swearing (Oath) and Generalizing tu/vous patterns to other persons seemed culture-bound (Using swears to justify oneself, and tu/vous pattern which in Persian are generalized to I/We and S (he)/They patterns. In sum, the outcome of analyzing the texts, ended up with 12 power relation patterns or restriction techniques. The crucial significance of this research is the intensive focus on unequal social-power-relation patterns which are felt unpacked and unnoticed in other such works. There is expectation for this research to open ways to linguists of other cultures and languages to find trace of the highlighted social power patterns in their own culture and discourse and for both academic people and laymen to get aware of the processes happening in their relations and discourse.

[Morteza Pahlevani. Power Relations in Teacher-Students Discourse in Trilingual classes. Academ Arena 2019;11(1):188-192]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 8. doi:10.7537/marsaaj110119.08.

Key words: power relations, powerful, powerless, discourse, teacher-student, school

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石墨烯+多波长近视防控研究

赵猛 博士

中国国家石墨烯应用产业技术创新战略联盟理事长、推码（上海）科技有限公司董事长。

上海市松江万达嘉立国际广场昂立大厦10楼

电子邮箱：982643453@qq.com

摘要：人体接受外界信息82%以上来自视觉，近视不仅会对孩子个人身体健康造成损害，还会对社会发展带来负面影响。中国儿童青少年近视率高居世界第一。一种基于“石墨烯+光生物刺激”条件下的多波长光照射研究，正在为世界青少年近视防控提供更多可能与保障。

[赵猛. 石墨烯+多波长近视防控研究. Academ Arena 2019;11(1):193-198]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 9. doi:10.7537/marsaaj110119.09.

关键词：近视 石墨烯 多波长

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